Analysis University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 1
(Back of Analysis Divider) Page 2... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy The Campus Lighting Strategy is a response by the University of Iowa to lighting issues on campus. Issues, documented in previous studies and gathered from current comments, include concerns about safety, visual quality, cost efficiency, and light pollution. A Campus Lighting Master Plan Committee - consisting of University staff and students - with assistance from additional staff and students, members of adjoining communities, and representatives of various service groups and advocacy programs was established to address issues and define solutions. The process for defining the Campus Lighting Strategy includes Analysis and Recommendations: Analysis Series of workshops with the Campus Lighting Master Plan Committee to define a Mission Statement, establish goals, and define methods to measure success. Review of existing "Lighting Studies" from 1989 to present to identify previously identified problem areas. Review of existing "problem areas" identified in previous lighting studies through on site visual survey of each problem area, day time photographs of selected areas, and nighttime photographs of those selected areas from the same location as daytime photographs. Also, to establish a basis for comparison, collect nighttime footcandle measurements of some of the selected areas. Recommendations Establish recommendations based on a multi-year implementation plan for effective, long-term, solutions that address security, appearance, economy, and pollution. Establish fixture types for specific locations and define footcandle levels and uniformity ratios. Establish routes through campus where lighting efforts will be concentrated, define timing for implementing recommendations, and define specific recommendations for locations through analysis of existing conditions and application of general recommendations. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 3
Mission Statement The mission of UI lighting is to enhance campus safety as much as possible. In the process, lighting should improve the appearance of the campus, be energy efficient, and minimize light pollution. Lighting must be adaptable to future campus development and changing technologies, and responsive to input from campus users. The Mission Statement was defined through analysis and summary of information gathered in an initial workshop with the Campus Lighting Master Plan Committee. Five questions were asked at the workshop. The statement was refined and finalized with the Committee at a succeeding workshop. Complete results of the initial workshop are in Appendix C and are summarized as follows: 1. What is the purpose for lighting on campus? Lighting provides safe, secure passageway throughout the campus at night and enhances and unifies the appearance of the campus at all times. 2. What is different about campus lighting now than three years ago? Safety awareness and concerns have increased. The campus has more buildings and walkways. Parking lot lighting has been improved and lighting is being extended into the neighborhoods. Campus lighting variety, amount, and levels have proliferated. 3. How should campus illumination be different five years from now? Lighting should be at a perceived safe level along designated "secure" walkways and bikeways. Lighting levels should be pleasant and energy efficient, and not cause light pollution. A plan should eliminate problem areas, and be flexible enough to respond to changing campus patterns. 4. What should campus illumination be? Planning for campus illumination should address issues of personal safety, aesthetics, and energy efficiency for the entire campus. 5. What unique features will help to reach the goals? A lighting plan should respond to input from concerned parties. It should have a series of standard lighting fixtures and place them based on targeted light levels. The plan should search for new technologies that will conserve energy, keep costs down, and minimize light pollution. Page 4... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Goals Goal 1 To provide sufficient levels of illumination at building entrances and along routes between campus buildings, parking lots, bike racks, bus stops, campus entrances, and isolated areas so that pedestrians, drivers, bicyclists, and other users can travel safely at night. Goal 2 To establish a system that provides a unity and continuity to the campus and enhances the character of the campus architecture and landscape. Goal 3 To balance energy efficiency and cost issues with other goals. Goal 4 To minimize the nuisance effects of light pollution. Goals were defined through analysis and summary of information gathered in a workshop with the Campus Lighting Master Plan Committee that asked for lists of critical needs for campus lighting. (Complete results of the workshop are in Appendix C.) The lists were combined, sorted, and distilled into four goals and were refined with the Committee at succeeding workshops. Objectives and specific tasks were defined for each of the goals. Goals, objectives, and tasks are as follows: GOAL 1 Provide sufficient levels of illumination at building entrances, for signage, and along routes between campus buildings, parking lots, bike racks, bus stops, and campus entrances so that pedestrians, drivers, bicyclists, and other users can travel safely at night. Objective 1.1 Task 1.1.1 Task 1.1.2 Task 1.1.3 Task 1.1.4 Task 1.1.7 Task 1.1.5 Task 1.1.6 Task 1.1.8 Task 1.1.9 Task 1.1.10 Objective 1.2 Define minimum illumination at each place. Define places. Define users. Research legal definitions. Define light level standard for safety. Define light level standard for perceived sufficiency. Look at structure -- context. Determine minimum standard for multiple use areas, e.g. roads with walkways. Look at lighting uniformity or lack thereof. Inventory light levels of areas surrounding campus. Identify places where lighting can be improved by landscape trimming for visibility. Identify areas that are problems and deal with them. Task 1.2.1 Inventory existing lighting at areas (see Tasks 1.3.3, 3.3.1 and 3.4.4). Task 1.2.2 Determine why area is a problem. Task 1.2.3 Photograph areas in daylight and at night. Task 1.2.4 Verify problem areas by checking crime statistics. Task 1.2.5 List solutions. Task 1.2.6 Implement standards so areas will conform. Objective 1.3 Task 1.3.1 Task 1.3.2 Task 1.3.3 Task 1.3.4 Task 1.3.5 Task 1.3.6 Task 1.3.7 Task 1.3.8 Task 1.3.9 Better use of lighting already in place through improved maintenance and servicing. Define better maintenance. Determine if less than adequate maintenance is a perception or reality. Inventory all exterior lighting fixtures by type, location, condition, etc. (see Tasks 1.2.1, 3.3.1 and 3.4.4) Establish a fixture cleaning schedule. Set up group relamping schedules. Review maintenance systems technology, equipment, processes. Monitor lighting system frequently by campus security or other personnel. Set up method for public to report non-working lights. Establish measures of success for maintenance: number of lamps serviced per year, complaints/responses, etc. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 5
GOAL 2 Establish a system that provides a unity and continuity to the campus and enhances the character of the campus architecture and landscape. Objective 2.1 Identify various types of campus spaces, e.g., historic,, building, parking, celebrative, ceremonial, institutional, walkways, connectors, streetscape. Task 2.1.1 Identify types of spaces: Bike rack Bridge Building entrance Building facade Bus stop Campus edge Campus entrance Campus street/roadway City street/roadway Emergency entrance Gathering/celebrative space Historic area: Historic area: other Hospital area Isolated area Landmark building Task 2.1.2 Task 2.1.3 Task 2.1.4 Task 2.1.5 Task 2.1.6 Task 2.1.7 Objective 2.2 Task 2.2.1 Task 2.2.2 Task 2.2.3 Objective 2.3 Task 2.3.1 Task 2.3.2 Identify character of spaces. Identify campus edges and how they interface with city. Refine and expand current list. Inventory each space under each type Identify circulation types and level of use for each space. Determine whether areas have historic status/character. Create a lighting system/hierarchy. Landscape feature: monument, fountain Lawn Maintenance/Service Mall/Commons Parking lot Recreation facility Remote area River corridor Signage Storage area Terminus/focal point Walkway along street Walkway near building Walkway through open space Wooded area Other Define unity, continuity, level of light, type of light rendering, style/character of fixture, times lights are on. Create a vocabulary for each type of space; include color rendering index (CRI), consolidated color temperature (CCT). Set up standards for use by Campus Planning Committee. Coordinate with Campus Planning Committee. Meet with Campus Planning Committee representatives. Set up a hierarchy of review for new lighting and revisions to existing lighting. Page 6... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
GOAL 3 Balance energy efficiency and cost issues with other goals. Objective 3.1 Stop the proliferation of the number and type of fixtures. Task 3.1.1 Define and quantify proliferation. Task 3.1.2 Existing fixtures and use: are appropriate lights serving appropriate functions. Task 3.1.3 Define each building's immediate vicinity and limit special lights to that area. Task 3.1.4 Use the hierarchy established as part of Objective 2.2. Task 3.1.5 Establish criteria for Campus Planning Committee to use to review and approve new lighting and revisions to existing lighting (Task 2.3.2). Task 3.1.6 Set requirements for non-standard lighting components. Objective 3.2 Task 3.2.1 Task 3.2.2 Task 3.2.3 Task 3.2.4 Objective 3.3 Use the most cost effective way of meeting other goals. Determine how to optimize cost effectiveness. Cost effectiveness to include energy consumption, light distribution, and whether other goals will be met. Determine whether cost effectiveness can be formula-driven. Determine short-term and long-term costs. Develop changeover process to high pressure sodium (HPS). Task 3.3.1 Inventory type, age, condition of all existing exterior lighting. Task 3.3.2 Determine strategic areas for changeover process. Task 3.3.3 Determine quantity of fixtures involved for each area. Task 3.3.4 Determine cost of changeover for each area. Task 3.3.5 Prioritize based on Tasks 3.3.2, 3.3.3 and 3.3.4. Objective 3.4 Set up a computerized system to keep track of age, condition, and type of all exterior fixtures. Task 3.4.1 Determine department responsible for setting up and updating system. Task 3.4.2 Determine department responsible for implementing system. Task 3.4.3 Determine the department responsible for data entry. Task 3.4.4 Identify and code each lamp/fixture (see Tasks 1.2.1, 1.3.3, and 3.3.1) Task 3.4.5 Wire new lights to the computer as new lighting systems are installed. Task 3.4.6 Wire existing lights to the computer as part of changeover-retrofitting processes. GOAL 4 Minimize the effects of light pollution. Objective 4.1 Task 4.1.1 Task 4.1.2 Task 4.1.3 Task 4.1.4 Task 4.1.5 Objective 4.2 Task 4.2.1 Task 4.2.2 Task 4.3.3 Objective 4.3 Ensure new lighting is directed to minimize light pollution, through distribution and aiming. Define light pollution. Define light distribution and aiming. Identify areas/conditions where light pollution occurs. Develop light distribution and aiming standards. Review Flagstaff, Arizona lighting ordinance. Identify area/criteria for uplighting. Define uplighting. Identify types of areas/focal points where uplighting would be beneficial. Establish uplighting criteria. Review existing condition of lighting and how to retrofit. Task 4.3.1 Review inventory of existing lighting (see Tasks 1.2.1, 1.3.3, 3.3.1, and 3.4.4) Task 4.3.2 Determine if fixtures can be modified to meet aiming and distribution standards. Task 4.3.3 Determine whether fixtures can be adapted to other standards established. Task 4.3.4 Determine cost-effectiveness of retrofitting vs. new. Task 4.3.5 If fixtures are removed, determine feasibility of storing them for spare parts. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 7
Measures of Success The Campus Lighting Master Plan Committee identified measures to determine if the campus lighting strategy goals are being achieved within each goal. Complete results of the workshop are in Appendix C and are summarized as follows: Goal One: SECURITY Nighttime campus safety includes lighting as a component, but other factors exist. Crimes and incidents reported may or may not relate to lighting levels. Perceived security also includes the presence of police or security personnel and other people in the area, visibility into and within an area, Safewalk, level of Cambus service, and other alternatives. Campus security is an on-going process that involves constant education and improvement to resolve security issues and perceptions. Surveys and other public input need to be monitored. The public is entitled to timely, understandable, and readily available explanations of how concerns and problem areas will be corrected, and afforded the opportunity to comment. Goal Two: APPEARANCE Meeting appearance goals involves not only footcandle needs and fixture types but guidelines and performance standards. Campus lighting unity and harmony could be addressed by a variety of solutions. Potentials might include absolute uniformity throughout campus, conformity within campus districts, conformity based on function, conformity based on circulation type and density, or other methods. Goal Three: ECONOMY The long term view of economy and efficiency is part of the performance standards. Lighting decisions in the design stage often reflect initial cost constraints rather than lighting needs or performance and become short-term solutions for long-term issues. Periodic scheduled maintenance is necessary to maintain optimum performance of all fixtures and cannot wait for crisis management. This means that lighting decisions must include initial and continuing costs when assessing value. Periodic globe maintenance and selective tree and shrub pruning must be included in maintenance tasks. Economy goes beyond minimizing costs, and must be weighed against other goals to arrive at an acceptable compromise. Goal Four: MINIMIZATION OF LIGHT POLLUTION Illuminating the sky is not an effective use of lighting resources and compromises two goals: economy and minimizing light pollution. Complaints are the result of light pollution and are not simply a problem for astronomers. Page 8... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Previous Lighting Studies A series of existing "Lighting Studies" from 1989 through 1995 were used to define "problem areas" on campus. Dave Ricketts Memo dated 4-15-91, "Lighting and Safety Priorities for 1991" This memo identified Lot 8 west of the Chemistry-Botany building, Newton Road meters near Student Health, upper-level parking at the International Center, Lot 26A at the Chicano House, and the Nursing Building circle as priority areas for lighting. "Parking Lighting & Security Evaluation Tour" 1-23-91. This memo from Dave Ricketts, is a summary of observations made on a tour and subsequent follow up evaluation of 88 sites on campus. Each site was review for lighting, visibility, openness, and activity. Hospital Staff Relations Suggestion Box Message dated 11-17-94. This memo identified concerns about the lack of pedestrian lighting along the blacktop path from Finkbine parking lot. Robert J. Walton: "University of Iowa Lighting Review," June 12, 1989. This study evaluated lighting throughout the campus based on information provided by the Security Department, Department of Parking and Transportation, College of Law, and the Liberal Arts College. Approximately twenty-five areas were documented. "Campus Safety Survey," Spring 1995. Illumination adequacy was analyzed as part of a broadbased survey of campus security by the Committee on University Security. There were approximately fifty survey responses indicating specific locations of inadequate lighting. College of Liberal Arts Campus Safety Surveys, Oct.-Nov., 1994. Surveys on off-hours campus safety were distributed and responses about inadequate interior and/or exterior lighting were documented. Each of these surveys generated a list of problem areas related to inadequate lighting. The individual lists were then combined into a single master list, sorted into groups based on parking areas, buildings, walks, streets, and other common factors. This Campus Areas With Lighting Problems List, in Appendix A, is used throughout this report as the basis for analysis and recommendations. Day/Night Photographs After the Lighting Problems List was compiled, a series of day/night photographs were taken on June 18-19-20, 1996 of many of the locations identified on the list. Sites were located during the day, a photograph was taken, the location was marked on the ground, and was documented in notes. After dark, a second photograph was taken from the same location using the markings established during the day. This resulted in a pair of comparison photographs for a number of the sites identified on the Lighting Problems List. All photographs are in Appendix B and are numbered according to the numerical listing in the List in Appendix A. Nighttime photographs are useful tools but must be interpreted knowing how the photographic methods and equipment used affect the results. 1. Areas with the most uniformity in night lighting appear to be evenly exposed across the photograph. This is true whether the area is dark (i.e., has low footcandle readings) or is bright (high footcandle readings). For instance, the night photograph looking south from the west end of the pedestrian bridge near the Art Building shows a relatively even distribution of light even though footcandle readings along the walk were less than 0.1 and most people would describe University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 9
the area as quite dark. (See Appendix B, #114 Bridge at Art looking south - Night, page A- 74.) 2. Areas with high contrast between light and dark areas appear as unevenly exposed photographs no matter if the area has generally high or low footcandle readings. Light Meter Readings At many of the nighttime photograph locations, light meter readings were taken for further documentation of existing conditions. A hand-held, Sylvania Digital Light Meter with a range of 0.1 to 1999 footcandles was used to determine readings. The human eye easily adapts to different footcandle levels, but the meter accurately measures those different levels and is more sensitive to minor illumination changes. Footcandle readings are included in many of the captions that accompany the nighttime photographs in the Appendix B. NOTE See Amendment for updated information on footcandle measurements. Page 10... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Recommendations University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 11
(Backside of Recommendations divider) Page 12... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Summary of Recommendations Both general and specific recommendations are part of the University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy. General recommendations define standards for fixture types based on use or type of an area and establish footcandle guidelines. Recommendations also include methods of measuring existing and proposed lighting to determine the best lighting solution for an area. Specific recommendations apply standards and guidelines to individual sites. Recommendations include: 1. Implement Non-Light Fixture Recommendations - Effective, long-term solutions to real and perceived lighting problems include implementation of non-light fixture recommendations. 2. Establish a Procedure for Assessing Lighting - A lighting assessment procedure combines the four goals established by the Lighting Committee to determine appropriate lighting solution for any given situation. Components include Security, Appearance, Economy, and Pollution. 3. Define a Lighting Fixture Selection Matrix - Light fixtures are defined for various land uses and areas across campus. Fixtures are defined for walks, river walks, historic areas, public gathering spaces, supplemental lighting, building lights, and streets and parking. 4. Establish Footcandle Standards - Footcandle levels and uniformity ratios are defined for various areas on campus including areas and fixtures listed in the Lighting Fixture Selection Matrix. 5. Define Lighting Framework Plan - While all areas of campus need to be addressed for lighting, the routes shown on the Lighting Framework Plan are the walks, sidewalks, bridges, and other pedestrian ways where lighting efforts will be concentrated and prioritized to meet the needs of pedestrians. 6. Establish a Three-Year Plan for Implementation - Priorities and timing are set forth for action on the suggested route, maintenance, Lighting Advocate, alternative solutions, monitoring program, lighting committee, and implementing other solutions. 7. Define Guidelines - Establish guidelines for addressing lighting needs on campus. 8. Define Recommendations for Specific Areas - Apply guidelines to certain campus sites identified in previous studies as lighting problem areas, and recommend solutions to resolve the problems. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 13
Non-Light Fixture Recommendations Success of a campus lighting strategy goes beyond simply selecting fixtures and establishing footcandle criteria. An effective, long-term solution to real and perceived lighting problems includes efforts on multiple fronts. Specific lighting recommendations presume the following steps are implemented. 1. Maintain an effective Lighting Committee. Establish a group to continuously monitor status of campus lighting Schedule night walks to review current conditions and update prioroties Review information on maintenance program Review information from Lighting Advocate Review status of non-light fixture recommendations Review surveys and other monitoring data Update guidelines for maintenance, Lighting Advocate, non-light fixture solutions, and other lighting issues 2. Establish an effective maintenance program. A person or crew is specifically responsible only for lighting Continuous visual/physical inspection of all fixtures Immediate replacement of broken or defective fixtures Scheduled maintenance (i.e., periodic cleaning) of all fixtures Effectiveness evaluation - i.e., authority and ability to do minor pruning of light-blocking branches on trees and shrubs Identify and code each fixture and pole to organize maintenance scheduling 3. Create a Lighting Advocate. (Assign an existing staff person, not a new position) A person (group) to assess current and future lighting issues Advocate has knowledge and authority to insist not on more lighting but on more effective lighting Serve as a "clearing house" for lighting concerns and correction of deficiencies 4. Implement alternative solutions. Extended Cambus schedule Increase in visible security personnel Promotion of Safewalk Safety brochure distributed Education / Information / Publication Alternative routes 5. Continue monitoring and data collection. Periodic survey of existing conditions Collect information on light levels crime incidents perceptions of safety amount of use of areas maintenance costs energy costs User survey of perceptions Page 14... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Procedure for Assessing Lighting SECURITY + APPEARANCE + ECONOMY + POLLUTION = LIGHTING (perceived safety) (visual fit) (total cost) (amount of light) = (solution) A campus lighting strategy must establish a method for assessing future lighting solutions. The Procedure for Assessing Lighting combines the four goals established by the Campus Lighting Master Plan Committee to determine the appropriate lighting solution for any given situation. Components of the procedure are as follows: SECURITY = Footcandles in area + Uniformity ratio + Alternative availability APPEARANCE = Fit/no fit immediate area + Fit/no fit campus ECONOMY = Ratio of long term cost (high to low) to initial cost (high to low) POLLUTION = Continuum from no stray light to no shield Low Total Total of Security + Appearance + Economy + Pollution High Total Not Minimum Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable To assess the appropriateness of a proposed lighting solution, combine the individual assessments for each of the four components (Security, Appearance, Economy, and Pollution) to determine where the proposed solution is on the continuum from Not Acceptable to Acceptable. Graph showing Procedure for Assessing Lighting Note that the Procedure assumes the non-light fixture recommendations are implemented: 1. A Lighting Committee is in place and has periodic meetings to monitor changes in campus lighting. 2. An effective maintenance program is in effect. 3. A Lighting Advocate exists. 4. Implementation of alternative solutions has been completed. 5. Continued monitoring and data collection takes place. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 15
Security Component of the Procedure Chart not available on this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration Footcandles in Area Footcandles for proposed or existing lighting can be computed or measured and compared to desired levels established for an area and use. Excess footcandle levels or less than needed levels result in low scores while footcandles that measure within desired levels score high. Chart not available on this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration Uniformity Ratio Uniformity levels for proposed or existing lighting can be computed or measured and compared to desired levels established for an area and use. Lighting that closely matches desired ratios score high while those that exceed or fall short of desired levels score low. Chart not available on this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration Alternative Availability Availability of alternate routes, Cambus access, visible security and other alternative solutions to lighting affects security. Existence or implementation of alternate solutions scores high while a lack of implementation scores low. Low Total Total of Footcandles in Area + Uniformity Ratio + Alternative Availability High Total Not Minimum Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Security is a combination of footcandles, uniformity, and alternative availability as defined above. To assess the appropriateness of a proposed lighting solution based on Security, combine the individual scores to determine where the proposed solution is on the continuum from Not Acceptable to Acceptable. Security Notes: Footcandle: Uniformity: Coverage: Measurement equal to the light intensity of one candle at a distance of one foot. Ratio of average horizontal illumination to the minimum horizontal illumination. Percentage of area with horizontal illumination at least one tenth of average illumination. Page 16... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Appearance Component of the Procedure Chart not available on this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration Fit/No Fit in Area The Lighting Fixture Selection Matrix defines fixture types based on specific areas of the campus. This graph reflects a fixture's fit with criteria established in the matrix. If a fixture matches the type defined in the matrix it receives a high score. If it does not match, the fixture receives a low score. Chart not available on this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration Fit/No Fit Campus The Lighting Fixture Selection Matrix defines fixture types for the overall campus. This graph reflects an existing or proposed fixture's fit with criteria established in the matrix. If a fixture matches the type defined in the matrix it receives a high score. If it does not match, the fixture receives a low score. Low Total Total of Fit/No Fit in Area + Fit/No Fit Campus High Total Not Minimum Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Appearance is a combination of lighting visually fitting the parameters of an area and the campus. Combining scores from those two factors results in a total score. High total score reflects high totals for the two factors while low total score is the result of less than desired scores for the factors. To assess the appropriateness of a proposed lighting solution based on Appearance, combine the individual scores to determine where the proposed solution is on the continuum from Not Acceptable to Acceptable. Appearance Notes: Color: Color rendering ability affects appearance; where important, use source with high Color Rendering Index Site Match: Glare: (i.e., metal halide). Define circulation, emphasize aesthetic features, contribute to attractiveness of space and surroundings. Reduces comfort, distracts from view, and makes it difficult to see. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 17
Economy Component of the Procedure Chart not available on this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration Chart not available on this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration Long-Term Cost Existing or proposed light fixtures have continuing costs that are part of the true total cost for that fixture. Maintenance, replacement, energy use, and other long-term expenses are part of that cost. This graph assigns high scores to low longterm cost fixtures and low scores to fixtures with high long-term expenses. Short-Term Cost The initial cost of a fixture is typically its purchase and installation price. This graph assigns a high score to a fixture with low-short term costs and a low score to a fixture with high short-term expenses. Low Total Total of Long-Term Cost + Short-Term Cost High Total Not Minimum Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable The true total cost for a fixture is a combination of long-term and short-term expenses. Combining scores from those two factors results in a total score. A high total score reflects high scores for the two factors while a low total score is the result of less than desired scores for the factors. To assess the appropriateness of a proposed lighting solution based on Economy, combine the individual scores to determine where the proposed solution is on the continuum from Not Acceptable to Acceptable. Economy Notes: First Cost: Maintenance: Energy Cost: Cost of luminaires, lamps, controls, poles, wiring, installation, etc. Pro-rated annual labor and material cost of cleaning, replacement of lamps, ballast, and controls, a other continuing costs. Savings in energy cost can easily pay for larger investment in efficient lighting. Hours of operation can be reduced with motion sensors, time clocks, and photo cells. Page 18... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Pollution Component of the Procedure Excess Stray Light Stray Light No Stray Light Not Minimum Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable One method of determining light pollution is to assess the amount of stray light emanating from a fixture. A high score on this graph reflects minimal stray light while a low score means there is too much stray light. To assess the appropriateness of a proposed lighting solution based on Pollution, determine where the proposed solution is on the continuum from Not Acceptable to Acceptable. Pollution Minimization Notes: Full Cut-off: Hours: Additional: Use fully shielded light fixtures that direct light to objects, not to the sky Hours of operation can be reduced to only necessary times. Support legislation, HF 2014 "Standards for Outdoor Lighting." University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 19
Lighting Fixture Selection Matrix Light fixtures are defined for walks, river walks, historic areas, public gathering spaces, supplemental lighting areas, building lights, streets and parking. Classification Typical Light Example Notes Area Fixture Area Walks Walks, sidewalks along Box fixture Walk from All pedestrian streets, walks through on pedestrian commuter walks should have parking areas scale pole parking lot pedestrian lights River Walks Walks along the Iowa Globe fixture Walk between Cut-off on top of River from Burlington on pedestrian Music and fixture to restrict St. north to Park Rd. scale pole Park Road stray light Historic Pentacrest & Cleary Queen Anne fixture Walk along Pedestrian fixture Areas walkway to North Hall on pedestrian east side of in historic areas scale pole MacLean Hall (white light only in Pentacrest area) Public Gathering sites Feature North side of Gathering lights Library Spaces Supplemental Special lighting needs Feature lights Walk to Law Special fixtures areas along walks or Sign lighting building from off walk edges to drives Supplemental lights Myrtle parking light wooded area Uplighting Buildings & Entries Building mounted Fixtures Streets & Street rights-of-way Cobra fixture on Stadium Drive Cobra fixture Parking and parking areas vehicular scale pole by Kinnick for vehicles throughout campus Queen Anne Fixture on a Pedestrian Scale Pole Walks Box Fixture on a Pedestrian Scale Pole River Walks Globe Fixture on a Pedestrian Scale Pole NOTE See Amendment for updated information on light fixtures and poles. Historic Areas Page 20... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Gathering Space Cutoff Fixture on a Pedestrian Scale Pole Streets/Parking Cobra Fixture on a Vehicular Scale Pole University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 21
Footcandle Standards Footcandle levels and uniformity ratios are defined for areas and fixtures listed in the Lighting Fixture Selection Matrix. Footcandle Standards were outlined with the University of Iowa Campus Lighting Master Plan Committee using IES Lighting Standards for Areas as a basis. Area Recommendation (in footcandles) Bike Rack---------------------------------------------5.0 Building Entrance --------------------------------------5.0 Bus Stop ----------------------------------------------2.0 Campus Edge -----------------------------------------3.0-4.0 - maximum 6 to 1 uniformity Campus Entrance--------------------------------------17.0 - maximum 3 to 1 uniformity Emergency Entrance-----------------------------------15.0 Landmark Building-------------------------------------Varies according to site and building - use least light necessary and incorporate light pollution control Landscape feature: monument, fountain ----------------Varies according to site and function - use least light necessary and incorporate light pollution control Maintenance/Service-----------------------------------3.0 Parking Lot - Open lot---------------------------------0.2, 0.6, 0.9-4 to 1 uniformity Parking Lot - Covered lot (Ramp) ---------------------4.0-5.0 Recreation Facility-------------------------------------Varies according to function - incorporate light pollution control Signage Externally Lighted ambient light level - low----------------------------10.0-20.0 ambient light level - medium------------------------20.0-40.0 ambient light level - high----------------------------40.0-80.0 Signage Internally Lighted ambient light level - low----------------------------24.0 ambient light level - medium------------------------52.0 ambient light level - high----------------------------100.0 Walkways Footcandle RangeUniformity Min Max Maximum Walks ----------------------------------------------------------------------0.2-1.2 6:1 uniformity River Walks---------------------------------------------------------------0.2-1.2 6:1 uniformity Walks in Historic Areas: Pentacrest-----------------------------------0.2-1.2 6:1 uniformity Walks in Historic Areas: Other ----------------------------------------0.2-1.2 6:1 uniformity Walks along streets ------------------------------------------------------0.2-1.2 6:1 uniformity Isolated walks ------------------------------------------------------------0.2-1.2 6:1 uniformity Walks near buildings -----------------------------------------------------0.2-1.2 6:1 uniformity Walks through public gathering spaces--------------------------------0.2-1.2 6:1 uniformity Other Walks --------------------------------------------------------------0.2-1.2 6:1 uniformity Footcandle: Uniformity: Measurement equal to the light intensity of one candle at a distance of one foot. Ratio of average horizontal illumination to the minimum horizontal illumination. NOTE See Amendment for additional information on footcandle standards. Page 22... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Lighting Framework Plan Definition The routes shown on the Lighting Framework Plan are the walks, sidewalks, bridges, and other pedestrian ways where lighting efforts will be concentrated to meet the needs of pedestrians. While all areas of campus need to be addressed for lighting, areas along major pedestrian traffic routes are important because of the concentration of users. These routes provide connections between dormitories. classrooms, parking areas, and other facilities and are the pedestrian connections across the Iowa River. The routes will not necessarily provide the most direct connections through campus but will provide lighted routes that are reasonably direct. Defining these routes allows prioritization and concentration of lighting efforts. Designation Individual members of the Campus Lighting Master Plan Committee and others identified the highest pedestrian traffic areas and highest priority (for lighting) areas on campus. Identified areas were combined and documented on campus maps and gaps between the areas were filled to create continuous connected routes. This resulted in a map that defines the routes in the Lighting Framework Plan. NOTE See Amendment for an updated Lighting Framework Plan map. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 23
(Lighting Framework Plan map goes here) NOTE See Amendment for an updated Lighting Framework Plan map. Page 24... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
(Back side of the Lighting Framework Plan map) NOTE See Amendment for an updated Lighting Framework Plan map. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 25
Three-Year Plan for Implementation Establish Lighting Framework Plan Concur on identification--------- Immediate ----X Address known problems-----------------------------x Assess Plan by Procedure ----------------------------X Develop a plan -----------------------------------------------X Implement ------------------------------------------------------------X Maintenance Inventory and identify fixtures -----------------X Inspection program---------------------------x Group re-lamping---------------- On-going-----X Effectiveness evaluation---------------------------------------x Lighting Advocate (Designate existing personnel, not new position) Create title/description------------------------x Identify -----------------------------------------------X Alternative Solutions Extend--------------------------------------------------------X Security ------------------------------------------------------X Promote Safewalk ----------------------------X Users guide to campus---------- Immediate ----X Alternative routes-----------------------------------------------------x 1997 1998 1999 2000 Monitoring Program Periodic survey-------------------------------------------------------x Information collection on incidents --------------------X User survey perceptions ----------------------------------------------X--------------X Lighting Committee Establish------------------------ Immediate ----X Review goals/objectives --------------------------------------X Evaluate and alter implementation---------------------x Other Identified Problems - (Campus Wide) Assess by formula ----------------------------------------------------X Develop a plan ---------------------------------------------------------------X Implement ----------------------------------------------------------------------------X Page 26... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Guidelines Guidelines are the result of analysis of existing conditions and they direct the application of recommendations to specific sites. The guidelines are applicable across campus and address concerns at sites identified in previous studies as lighting problem areas. All pedestrian routes should be defined by pedestrian lights. Street lights typically are adequate for vehicular traffic but light levels along adjoining walks do not always address the needs of pedestrians. Pedestrian routes along streets should be defined by pedestrian lights. Parking lot lights typically are adequate for vehicles but light levels do not always address the needs of drivers and passengers once they are outside of their vehicles. Pedestrian routes within parking lots should be defined by pedestrian lights. Routes between parking lots and potential destinations should be defined by pedestrian scale lighting. Adequate lighting, determined by standardized procedure for assessing lighting and analysis, should not be compromised by budget constraints. Convert existing fixtures to High Pressure Sodium or Metal Halide. New fixtures should be High Pressure Sodium or Metal Halide. Remove mis-located fixtures (i.e., globe lights that are not along river walks) and salvage for placement in appropriate locations. Phase out non-appropriate fixtures (i.e., fixtures not specified in Lighting Fixture Selection Matrix). Periodic, scheduled maintenance is an essential component of any effective lighting strategy. Code and connect existing and new fixtures/poles to a computerized system to allow uniform identification and maintenance. Install cut-offs in existing globe fixtures to eliminate uplighting. Timers and photo cells can ensure that feature lighting is on only during appropriate hours. Pedestrian scale lights along walks near buildings should position reflectors to aim light to the walk and not into windows of adjoining rooms. Certain locations such as at building corners, near areas of dense vegetation, at walk intersections with other walks or vehicular routes, or near bridges or other elements in the landscape, may require additional lighting beyond the standard density or spacing. service that meets the needs of remote parking area users at non-peak use hours is important if commuter students are expected to use remote parking. A building's immediate lighting vicinity is defined as those lights on the building. Campus walks, with pedestrian scale lighting as shown in the Lighting Fixture Selection Matrix, go to the entrances of campus buildings. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 27
Along many campus walks through wooded areas, modifications can increase the sense of safety on routes without compromising what otherwise are enjoyable, well designed alignments. 1. Selective, minor pruning of overhanging branches allows light from fixtures to reach the walk. 2. Lighting placed within the vegetation on both sides of the walks extends the width of the lighted area, highlights the vegetation, and eliminates the narrow light tunnel and uneasy sense of enclosure that may exists. The Pentacrest is one of the pedestrian hubs on campus and should feel safe for pedestrians. Like other campus locations, pedestrian level light fixtures selected to fit with the architecture, site, and historical nature of this area will provide a sense of safety and identify pedestrian routes through the area. For historical reasons, the Pentacrest is the only area on campus with white light. Page 28... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Specific Area Recommendations Recommendations for specific areas are the result of analysis of existing conditions and application of general recommendations and guidelines. The following are recommendations, shown on photographs, of specific sites primarily along the Lighting Framework Plan routes through campus. In the captions beneath each photograph, the # followed by a numeral and the description that follows the numeral refer to the Campus Areas with Lighting Problems List numbers and descriptions found in Appendix A. For instance; #1 Tunnel from EPB to Library. Footcandle levels along the walk are 0.5 beneath the lights and 0.1 between. #1 beneath the photograph on opposite page refers to the first location identified on the Lighting Problems List and describes the footcandle levels measured and recorded. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 29
Photographs not available in this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration #1 Tunnel from EPB to Library. Footcandle levels along the walk are 0.5 beneath the lights and 0.1 between. The walk east of the EPB connects to the Library through the tunnel beneath the railroad tracks. The night photograph shows an even distribution of light across the adjoining parking lot and along the walk. The even distribution, however, has a low footcandle illumination. Lighting within the vegetation along the track would eliminate some of the uncomfortableness of using this walk. Additional lighting at the tunnel entrances and within the tunnel would brighten the walk within the enclosure. Recommendations (Note: Current construction at the Library will address some light concerns at the tunnel. A post-construction review of this area is appropriate and may affect prioritization.) 1. Install additional Pedestrian Lights along sidewalk adjoining tracks and at the tunnel entrances. 2. Install Supplemental Lights within plant material along the tracks and within the tunnel. Page 30... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Photographs not available in this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration #62 Bridge on walkway south of Law. Footcandle levels are 0.7 near the Emergency pole, 2.0 under light between the pole and bridge, 5.1 under light at the bridge, 1.3 at bridge center, <0.3 at the darkest spot on the bridge, and 4.4 at the far end. The bridge is a prime example of a perceived "unsafe" area that by most standards has adequate footcandle levels indicating that additional pedestrian lighting would not add a greater sense of safety. Other modifications can increase that sense without compromising what is seen as an enjoyable, well designed alignment. Selective, minor pruning would allow existing fixtures to better light the bridge deck. Lighting within vegetation adjoining the bridge would extend the width of the lighted area and highlight the vegetation. Mowed turf to the tree edge would bring a sense of "civilization" as would an organized, formal annual/perennial flower area at the north end of the bridge. A second route, not aligned through the wooded ravine, would provide an alternate connection. Recommendations 1. Complete selective, minor pruning of overhanging branches to allow light from existing fixtures to reach the bridge. 2. Install Supplemental Lights within plant material along edge of walk. 3. Mow turf up to the edge of the trees to bring a sense of "civilization" to the bridge approaches. 4. Install an organized, formal annual and perennial flower area in the widened clearing at the north end of the bridge to bring a sense of "civilization" to this walk through the woods. 5. Establish a second marked route, not aligned through the wooded ravine, between the Law School and Myrtle Avenue parking lot to provide an alternate connection. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 31
Photographs not available in this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration #99 Riverside Drive to Hancher. (along the east side of Riverside Drive between the railroad bridge and Hancher) Riverside Drive is a vehicular and pedestrian route connecting Hancher Auditorium to campus areas west of the river. There is a combination of street lights and pedestrian lights along the route. Lighting appears adequate for vehicles and light levels along the walk are generally acceptable although they vary and do not always address the needs of pedestrians. Supplemental pedestrian scale lights in a few key locations would increase the sense of safety along this route. Recommendations 1. Analyze necessity of installing additional Pedestrian Lights along the east side of Riverside Drive between the railroad bridge and Hancher by identifying areas, if any, where lighting falls below established standards. 2. Phase out/replace Queen Anne fixtures from railroad bridge to Alumni Center. Page 32... Fall 1996... University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy
Photographs not available in this electronic version See printed version available at Facilities Services Group - Administration #139 Pentacrest. MacLean Hall. Footcandle levels are 0.5 at the entrance and <0.1 on most of the walk. Some areas of the Pentacrest are not well lit for pedestrian use. This area is particularly dark with most of the lighting coming from building lights and entrances. The Pentacrest is one of the pedestrian hubs on campus and should feel safe for users. Pedestrian level light fixtures (Queen Anne fixtures with white light) will provide a sense of safety and identify routes through the Pentacrest. Also, like other campus areas, pedestrian scale lights should be selected to fit with the architecture, site, and historical nature of this area. Recommendations 1. Install Queen Anne Lights along walks through the Pentacrest as part of the pedestrian route through campus. University of Iowa Campus Lighting Strategy... Fall 1996... Page 33