People, Places and Landscapes

People, Places and Landscapes

Landscape Series Volume 14 Series Editors: Henri Décamps Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse, France Bärbel Tress TRESS & TRESS GbR Munich, Germany Gunther Tress TRESS & TRESS GbR Munich, Germany Aims and Scope Springer s innovative Landscape Series is committed to publishing high-quality manuscripts that approach the concept of landscape from a broad range of perspectives. Encouraging contributions on theory development, as well as more applied studies, the series attracts outstanding research from the natural and social sciences, and from the humanities and the arts. It also provides a leading forum for publications from interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary teams. Drawing on, and synthesising, this integrative approach the Springer Landscape Series aims to add new and innovative insights into the multidimensional nature of landscapes. Landscapes provide homes and livelihoods to diverse peoples; they house historic and prehistoric artefacts; and they comprise complex physical, chemical and biological systems. They are also shaped and governed by human societies who base their existence on the use of the natural resources; people enjoy the aesthetic qualities and recreational facilities of landscapes, and people design new landscapes. As interested in identifying best practice as it is in progressing landscape theory, the Landscape Series particularly welcomes problem-solving approaches and contributions to landscape management and planning. The ultimate goal is to facilitate both the application of landscape research to practice, and the feedback from practice into research. For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/6211

Richard S. Krannich A.E. Luloff Donald R. Field People, Places and Landscapes Social Change in High Amenity Rural Areas

Richard S. Krannich Department of Sociology, Social Work & Anthropology Utah State University Old Main Hill 0730 Logan, UT 84322-0730 USA richard.krannich@usu.edu A.E. Luloff Department of Agricultural Economics & Rural Sociology Pennsylvania State University Armsby Building 114 University Park, Pennsylvania USA ael3@psu.edu Donald R. Field Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin Russell Labs. Linden Drive 1630 Madison, WI 53706 USA drfield@facstaff.wisc.edu ISSN 1572-7742 e-issn 1875-1210 ISBN 978-94-007-1262-1 e-isbn 978-94-007-1263-8 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1263-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011929882 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Acknowledgements This book is in one sense the culmination of collaborations involving the three primary authors that have, at this point, extended over a period of many years and much of our respective careers. The opportunity to work closely with one another on this and several other projects, and the evolution of those professional collaborations into deep and lasting friendships, has been an incredibly positive experience for each of us. This study has benefitted greatly from input and assistance provided by several others who worked with us and contributed in key ways to the research effort. Dr. Richelle Winkler, who initially became involved in the project while pursuing graduate studies at the University of Wisconsin and continued to work with us in her current appointment with their Applied Population Laboratory, assumed a lead role in developing Chap. 4. Rebecca Schewe, currently a Visiting Research Associate at Michigan State University, played a central role in the preparation of Chaps. 3 and 5. Dr. Brian Jennings, who worked with us while completing doctoral studies at Utah State University and subsequently as a faculty member at Albright College, contributed to the development of Chaps. 6 and 7. Dr. David Mattarita-Cascante, previously a doctoral student at The Pennsylvania State University and now a faculty member at Texas A&M University, led the preparation of Chap. 7. We owe a deep debt of gratitude to each of these highly capable young colleagues. Several other former students also provided key research support during earlier periods of the study. Dr. Greg Clendenning, previously a doctoral student at the University of Wisconsin, contributed to design of the survey questionnaire adminis tered to residents of southwest Utah. During the course their doctoral studies at Utah State University, both Dr. Tracy Williams and Dr. Joan Brehm conducted a number of key informant interviews in the first year of the study effort. In addition, Dr. Williams assisted with questionnaire development and assumed major responsi bility for coordinating a large and highly complex survey research effort. We also want to thank Linda Keith, whose professional editing skills helped us bring individual pieces of the book together into a far more coherent final package than we could possibly have accomplished by ourselves. And, we extend a sincere thank you to Catherine Cotton, Senior Publishing Editor at Springer, for her patience and support as we struggled to meet, and on more v

vi Acknowledgements than one occasion bypassed, target dates for completion of this effort. We hope the end product meets with her approval, and justifies her willingness to grant the extensions we requested! This project was conducted with major funding support from the National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative Research Service, Grant #USDA CSREES 2003-35401-12889. Significant additional funding was provided by the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Project #UAES 00839. Finally, we extend our deepest appreciation to people living in southwest Utah and elsewhere throughout the Intermountain West who in multiple of ways contributed to our understanding of change processes they and others living in the region s rural communities experience on a daily basis. As social scientists who regularly ask residents of our study areas to allocate time and attention in response to interviews, surveys, and myriad other data requests, we fully realize our ability to pursue these kinds of studies depends entirely on their help and cooperation. We hope the results of our work will, in some ways, contribute to improved efforts to enhance the quality of life experienced by people living throughout the region.

Contents 1 Introduction... Rationale for and Significance of the Study... Organization of the Volume... 1 3 6 2 Putting Rural Community Change in Perspective... Introduction... The Growing Importance of Natural Resource Amenity Conditions... Toward an Integrated Theoretical Perspective... Socially Constructed Landscapes... Structural Effects... Interactional Effects... Applying Our Conceptual Framework... 9 9 16 18 21 22 23 24 3 A Sociodemographic Portrait of the Intermountain West... Introduction... The Intermountain West... Methods... Patterns of Change at the Regional Level... Physiographic Provinces of the Intermountain West... Patterns of Change Across the Physiographic Provinces... Conclusions... 27 27 28 29 30 32 35 41 4 Old West and New West : A Regional Perspective... Introduction: A Transforming Rural Imagery... Exemplary Communities... Old West and New West... Data and Analysis... New West and Old West in Southwest Utah... Conclusions... 45 45 46 47 50 59 61 vii

viii 5 Contents A New and Different People: Sociodemographic Changes in Southwest Utah... Introduction... Study Area... The Ecological Setting... Social Setting... Data and Analytic Approach... Analysis Results... The Five-County Sociodemographic Landscape... New Migrants and Longer-Term Residents... Conclusions... 63 63 65 65 67 70 71 71 76 78 6 New West and Old West: Attitudes and Behaviors Regarding Natural Resource Uses and Management... 81 Introduction... 81 Natural Resource Uses and Behaviors... 84 Outdoor Recreation Activities... 84 Agency Contacts Regarding Environmental/ Natural Resource Issues... 91 Values Regarding Natural Resources... 92 Attitudes Regarding Public Lands Resource Management Policies... 95 Minerals Extraction... 95 Timber Harvest... 96 Wilderness Designation... 97 Endangered Species Protection... 98 Livestock Grazing... 99 Taking Compositional Factors into Account... 101 Summary and Implications... 106 7 Population Change and Contrasting Integration, Attachment, and Participation in the New West-Old West... Introduction... Localities vs. Communities: The Relevance of Social Interaction... Sociodemographics, Participation, Integration, and Attachment... Sociodemographic Characteristics... Community Participation... Community Integration... Community Attachment... Implications... 109 109 111 113 113 114 117 118 120

Contents 8 9 Rural People, Places and Landscapes: The Changing Nature of the Intermountain West... Positive Consequences and Potentialities of Amenity-Based Growth... Limitations and Liabilities of Amenity-Based Growth... Implications for Community Development and Resource Management... Conclusions... ix 123 125 127 130 132 Appendix: Study Approach and Methodology... 135 References... 153 Index... 165