GLOBAL SYSTEMS Urbanization R. Rosenberg Spring 2018 Urbanization- 1
Where are we? * Environment * Economics * Engineered Systems o Energy o Water o Food o Urbanization o Internet Urbanization- 2
Our agenda The global trend toward urbanization Major urban life-support systems Negative impact of rapid urbanization Response: sustainable ( smart ) cities Cities of the future: greening the urban environment Urbanization- 3
The global trend toward urbanization Why do we want to live in cities? Economic centralization and specialization (jobs!) Political power centralization Major religious centers Cultural and information centers Urbanization- 4
Largest cities through history 3100 BCE Memphis, Egypt 30,000+ 2030 BCE Ur, Babylonia 65,000 200 BCE Xian, China 400,000 25 BCE Rome 450,000 1500 CE Beijing 672,000 1825 CE London 5+ mil 1925 CE New York 10+ mil 1965 CE Tokyo 20+ mil 2015 CE Tokyo 37.8 mil Urbanization- 5
Where Do We Live Now? Urbanization- 6
Largest urban environments Urbanization- 7
Global Urbanization Urbanization- 8
Largest urban environments by continent Africa: Asia: Australia: Europe: Cairo, Lagos Tokyo, Seoul, Delhi, Shanghai Sydney Moscow, Paris, Istanbul N America: New York, Los Angeles, Mexico City S America: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires Urbanization- 9
Urban boundaries Los Angeles, CA Pop: 15,000,000 Area: ~ 5000 sqmi Where does the city end? Urbanization- 10
Major urban life-support systems Air - quality Food input/output Shelter buildings, homes Transportation Communication systems Energy to support needs above Water sanitation, drinking Urbanization- 11
Rapid global population shifts 7.3 billion people and increasing More than half already live in urban areas. Rapid rate of urbanization is overwhelming response efforts. Population shifts affect economic and environmental systems. Population size and distribution can affect socio-political stability. Urbanization- 12
Negative impact of rapid urbanization on shelter Inadequate planning, poor housing and slum conditions Poor sanitation and limited access to clean water Vulnerability to natural disasters Safety and security are poor Urbanization- 13
Negative impact of rapid urbanization on road traffic In 2013, traffic congestion robbed the US economy of$124 billion. Without significant action to alleviate congestion, this cost is expected to increase 50 percent to $186 billion by 2030. First Study to Assess Economic and Environmental Costs of US Traffic Reveals the Necessity of Intelligent Transportation Solutions, INRIX, Oct.14,2014. Urbanization- 14
1/3 of green-house gas emissions come from buildings 1/3 come from urban transportation Negative impact of rapid urbanization on air quality Urbanization- 15
Sustainable cities Examples of good planning Sustainable ( smart ) cities Cities of the future Creation of new planned cities Urbanization- 16
An Early Example of Urban Planning in US Philadelphia The City of Brotherly Love, founded in 1682 by William Penn, a Quaker Urbanization- 17
London Tube System Urbanization- 18
Sao Paolo Underground Urbanization- 19
Sustainable cities Sustainable cities are sometimes called smart cities. What will a sustainable city look like? Redeveloped from an existing city? Planned from scratch? World Cities Summits http://www.worldcitiessummit.com.sg/mayorsforum/ Urbanization- 20
Smarter Cities: rankings criteria Transport and Mobility Sustainability Governance Innovation Economy Digitalization Living Standard Expert Perception https://easyparkgroup.com/smart-cities-index/ Urbanization- 21
Key to building a smarter city Information and Communication Technology (sometimes referred to as command and control ) What s happening? How can we view/understand the situation? What do we want to happen? Issue change/maintenance instructions Follow-up to see effect Urbanization- 22
Some benefits of using ICT Improved management and delivery of city services Better communication and decreased travel by workers Increased environmental efficiency Catalyzing a local knowledge economy Increased safety in catastrophic circumstances Urbanization- 23
A look at some urban ICT Urbanization- 24
IBM s Intelligent Operations Center https://www.ibm.com/usen/marketplace/cityinsights Urbanization- 25
Portland,OR transportation Full-access bus system Light rail Biking Urbanization- 26
Sao Paolo Bus System Driven by the terrible congestion of 18 million people Bus-only lanes Privatized bus companies Electronic pay-once passes Digital modeling and tracking Urbanization- 27
Transportation future: bubbles? Schweeb personal bubble SIKA bubbles and beams Urbanization- 28
China straddling bus https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/3/15916032/teb-elevated-bus-china-investigation-scam Urbanization- 29
Green Building Design: LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design consists of a suite of rating systems for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings, homes and neighborhoods. Urbanization- 30
Passive building technology Passive Geothermal Green roofs Passive solar water heaters Urbanization- 31
Improving urban food systems Urban farms Vertical-growth greenhouses Local farmers markets Biogenetics Urbanization- 32
Uses many sources for generation Tracks usage in great detail Can provide most efficient source High density of use and local generation offer big efficiency gains Smart Grid for electricity Urbanization- 33
Urban Pollution Abatement Higher-density cities Carbon caps on car emissions More efficient mass transit LEED certified buildings / Green buildings Green roofs Renewable-energy municipal buildings Urbanization- 34
Masdar, Abu Dhabi, UAE MasdarCityis a planned city built by the Mubadala Development Company, with the majority of seed capital provided by the Government of Abu Dhabi. The city relies onsolar energy and other renewable energy sources. MasdarCity will host the headquarters of theinternational Renewable Energy Agency. The city is designed to be a hub forcleantechcompanies. Its first tenant is themasdarinstitute of Science and Technology, which has been operating in the city since it moved into its campus in September 2010. Urbanization- 35
Masdar highpoints Solar, wind and geothermal sources Desalination on-site Wind towers to cool the city Electrical pod transportation underground Critique of intent Urbanization- 36
Mayors Conference (USA) Standing Committees Children, Health and Human Services Community Development and Housing Criminal and Social Justice Energy Environment International Affairs Jobs, Education and the Workforce Membership Metro Economies Tourism, Arts, Parks, Entertainment and Sports Transportation and Communication Urbanization- 37
Thanks For Listening! Urbanization- 38
Sources 1. http://www.smartgrowth.org/about/default.asp 2. http://www.ecocitycleveland.org/ecologicaldesign/whatcities/america.html 3. http://www.metromodemedia.com/features/greenurbanism0022.aspx 4. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/05/science/earth/05bloomberg.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=bloomberg%20 drops%20measure%20to%20cut%20newyork's%20greenhouse%20gases&st=cse 5. http://online.wsj.com/article/sb120424591916201491.html 6. http://vector1media.com/spatialsustain/urban-living-cuts-greenhouse-gas-emissions.html 7. http://www.growingsensibly.org/cmapdfs/comparing%20high%20and%20low%20resedential%20densi ty%20- %20Life%20Cycly%20Analysis%20of%20Energy%20Use%20and%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emmission s.pdf 8. http://www.ourclimate.net/conservation.htm 9. http://www.eukn.org/binaries/eukn/eukn/research/2009/10/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-globalcities.pdf 10.http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntuseland/essays/citsubs.htm 11.http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats 12.http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article4743.html 13.http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=9 14.Spectrum: Megacities Special Report. June 2007. IEEE. 15.Century of the City: No Time to Lose. The Rockefeller Foundation. 2008. Urbanization- 39