All Seasons CLIMATE COMFORT Heating Rational Use of Energy Air Conditioning Applied Systems Heat pumps Refrigeration Nicolas Heintz TOP
Outline TOP 1. Introduction 2. Definition and basic principles 3. Main components of the cycle 4. Refrigerants 5. Calculation of performances and energy regulations in EU 6. Product examples 7. Example of rational use of energy using heat pump 8. Conclusion 2
TOP INTRODUCTION 3
Legislation: International level TOP Kyoto Protocol (1997) Reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) >>> Reduce global warming European level 20-20-20 Policy Global Warming 20% less CO 2 eq. emissions by 2020 Energy Economy 20% less primary energy use compared to 2020 projections Security of supply 20% share of renewable energy sources by 2020 4
Primary energy consumption within EU TOP Transport 31% Buildings 41% Industry 28% Others 20% Cooling 3% Hot water 10-25% Heating 50-60% Source: Eurostat 5
TOP DEFINITION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 7
What is a heat pump? According to the EU DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (Article 2, Pt 18): TOP Heat pump means a machine, a device or installation that transfers heat from natural surroundings such as air, water or ground to buildings or industrial applications by reversing the natural flow of heat such that it flows from a lower to a higher temperature. For reversible heat pump, it may also move heat from the building to the natural surroundings Practically, it is a thermodynamic device transferring heat from a colder area to a warmer area. Heat pumps are generally using a free source of energy like air, water or ground. The useful heat is higher than the costing energy required for the transfer. It is therefore considered as a renewable source of energy. 8
How to transfer energy? TOP To transfer energy, it is required to absord it at the source side and to release it at the emission side using the thermodynamic properties of fluids 9
How to transfer energy? Pichon Kun TOP Indoor Release heat = Condensate Outdoor Absorbing heat = Evaporate Second law of thermodynamics: It is impossible to construct a device that only exchange heat between a lower temperature body and a higher temperature body. 11
How to transfer energy? TOP Example of water 12
How to transfer energy? TOP Typical heating applications: Cold source: -25 46 Heating system: 20 Refrigerants: fluid (pure or mixture) evaporating at low temperatures under atmospheric pressure 14
How to transfer energy? TOP The Mollier chart Expansion device Indoor Compression Outdoor 15
The cycle is complete Useful energy TOP Costing energy Free source 17
The Refrigeration cycle Main components TOP Heating mode 18
The Refrigeration cycle Main components TOP Cooling mode 19
The refrigeration cycle TOP Piping + condensor: subcool Condensor Tc Piping + condensor: discharge superheat EV Compressor Piping + Evaporator: Te Piping + Accumulator 20
TOP MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE CYCLE 21
The Refrigeration cycle Compressor types TOP Rotary or swing Scroll Piston Screw Centrifugal 22
The Refrigeration cycle Compressor types TOP The swing compressor Swing bush Piston 23
The Refrigeration cycle Compressor casings TOP Hermetic: Semi-Hermetic Open type: Light, compact, no leak and reduced noise but no service Full serviceable, flexibility of use but big and noisy 24
The Refrigeration cycle Compressor controls TOP Two kinds of control: Fixed speed (non-inverter) Variable speed (inverter) Better control Better efficiency (30% less electricity consumption) Faster start-up time 25
The Refrigeration cycle Heat exchangers TOP Air cooled: cross fin heat exchanger 26
The Refrigeration cycle Heat exchangers TOP Water cooled Tube-in-tube Shell-andtube Plate heat exchangers 27
The Refrigeration cycle Expansion system TOP Mechanical Thermostatic Electronic Capillary tube Internal equalizing Steppermotor External equilizing 28
The Refrigeration cycle 4 way valve TOP Cooling High Pressure side compressor Heating High Pressure side compressor HP HP LP LP Indoor unit Low Pressure side compressor Indoor unit Low Pressure side compressor 29
TOP REFRIGERANTS 32
Refrigerants nomenclature TOP Group 1+2+3: Linked to chemical structure R-xyz a x = carbon atoms 1 y = hydrogene atoms + 1 z = Cl or F atoms a = isometry(form) CH 2 FCF 3 x = C 1 = 1 y = 2 + 1 = 3 R-134 a z = 4 } Group 4+5: mixture, numbered in order of registration. R-xyz A R-407C same mixture as R-407A but different ratios. Group 7: Natural refrigerants, R-7+molar mass R-7yz example NH3 N = 14, H = 1 => 14 + 3x1 = 17 => R-717 33
Refrigerants composition TOP R-22 R-410A R-407C R-134a R-22 R-32 (50%) R-125 (50%) R-32 (23%) R-25 (25%) R-134a (52%) R-134a Single Component Quasi- Azeotropic mixture Zeotropic mixture Single Component Risk for composition change is not so big as for R-407C 34
Environmental aspects TOP The two main parameters evaluating the impact of the refrigerant on the environment are: ODP: Ozone depletion potential (reference is R11) R11 (CFC): 1 R22 (HCFC): 0.0055 R410-A (HFC): 0 No chlore GWP: global warming potential CO2: 1 R22 (HCFC): 1810 R410-A (HFC): 2100 Challenge for tomorrow is to find more environmental friendly refrigerant BUT refrigerant are in limited quantities in a close circuit inside the unit and strictly recovered at end of life of product 35
Next generation refrigerants: R32? TOP Daikin Ururu Sarara: first commercialised R32 air-to-air heat pump in Europe! 37
TOP CALCULATION OF PERFORMANCES AND ENERGY REGULATION IN EU 40
Coefficient of performance (COP) The Coefficient of performance (COP) is the ratio between the useful energy and the costing energy. TOP 3 2 Qh 1 Useful part: heating energy: h2-h3 Costing Energy: Win = h2-h1 = (refrigerant) = (unit level) The coefficient of performance is above 1 due to the free energy collected the cold source Example of COP: Altherma LT split 5,04 (7/35) 42
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) TOP The Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) is the ratio between the useful energy and the costing energy. 2 Useful part: heating energy: h1-h3 3 Qc 1 Win Costing Energy: Win = h2-h1 = (refrigerant) = (unit level) The Energy Efficiency Ratio is above 1 due to the free energy collected the cold source Example of EER: Altherma LT split 3,37 (35/18) 44
Seasonal COP TOP The COP is a measurement of the efficiency in nominal condition. The customer can expect this performance from his unit in a specific condition. This way of measuring performance of heat pumps is a good way to compare heat pumps but does not reflect the real energy consumption / efficiency that a customer will have on the field on a yearly based. EN14825 describes a way to provide an average COP delivered by a heat pump over a year in a typical application: the SCOP. This typical application will include parameters like: type of emitters, climate, typical load of the house, etc. Similar approach exist in cooling (Seasonal EER). 45
SCOP (EN14825) TOP Based on climatic data, the heat pump are assumed to operate a certain amount of hours in each condition: Cold (Helsinki): Scandinavia, Central Europe, etc. Average (Strasbourg): France, Germany, UK, etc. Warm (Athens): Spain, Italy, Greece, etc. 46
Sound performance (EN12102) TOP Sound power Average sound level around the unit Measured with 9 microphones around the unit Sound pressure Sound level in one point Measured with one microphone 1 m in front of unit and 1,5 m height Possibility to use anechoic, semi-anechoic and reverberating rooms 52
Energy regulations in Europe TOP 1. 20-20-20 targets of the European union 1. 20 % more renewable energy 2. 20% reduction of CO2 emission 3. 20% improvement of EU energy efficiency 2. Erp regulations ( Lot ) 1. Lot 1: space heaters 2. Lot 2: water heaters 3. Lot 10: air conditioners < 12 kw 4. Lot 11: circulators 5. 3. Two directives: 1. Ecodesign: minimum efficiency of products 2. Energylabelling: Clear information of the customer 4. All products sold in Europe after the Lot entered into force have to comply 53
Case study: space heaters (Lot 1) TOP 1. The performance are calculated on primary energy based on seasonal performance 2. Example: space heating performance 1. Heat pump 2. Boilers 3. F(i) are for corrections 4. CC equals 2,5 and represents the estimated average efficiency of European electrical network (40%) 55
Case study: space heaters (Lot 1) 1. Expected results TOP 56
TOP PRODUCT EXAMPLES 57
Units using the external air TOP The refrigerant is evaporating by heat exchange with the outdoor air The evaporating temperature depends on the outdoor temperature Te drops Performance drops The coil will be at lower temperature than the ambient Humidity of the air can condensate and freeze on the coil reducing the performance defrosting the outdoor coil is required (reverse the cycle cooling) Water Air 58
Air Air system TOP Outdoor medium: external air Indoor medium: internal air Direct expansion (DX) of refrigerant in the house Requires refrigerant piping inside Used in residential application for space heating/cooling The indoor unit(s) is the heat emitter Heat emitters can Regulate humidity Filter the air Sensitive to outdoor air conditions Defrost conditions Fast reacting system 59
Air Air system : pair - split TOP Application: residential applications (living room, dining room, kitchen or bedroom) or small commercial Low capacity till 6 kw 1 indoor connected to 1 outdoor (for 1 room) (EV in outdoor unit) Cooling only or heat pump & Inverter or non-inverter. Outdoor unit Indoor unit 60
Split air-to-air: Ururu Sarara TOP 61
Split air-to-air: Ururu Sarara URURU SARARA Heating Cooling Dry + Autonomous Humidification STANDARD AIRCONDITIONING UNIT URURU SARARA TOP Humidifying unit Humidifying hose 62
Split air-to-air : Ururu Sarara TOP 65
Air Air system : multisplit TOP Connect several indoor units onto 1 outdoor unit. Possibility to connect multiple indoor unit types. All indoor units remain individually controllable and do not need to be installed at the same time or in the same room (Multiple rooms). S V S V S V S V 66
Air Air system : VRF / VRV What are VRF systems used for? VRF systems = air conditioning larger & more complex buildings Buildings with many rooms (many climate zones ) TOP e.g.: office buildings, hotels, apartment complexes Most common range of VRF systems: from 22kW to 130kW cooling capacity (Daikin s range 11kW to 147kW) That s approximately for 180 to 2.400 m 2 of air conditioned space per system A Climate Zone is an area where we want to control the temperature separately from other areas independently. Most commonly it is one room. The temperature we want to reach in a climate zone is defined by the Set-point. Every climate zone has it s own set-point. 67 6
Air Air system : VRF / VRV TOP Inverter control of capacity Liquid Gas Variable Refrigerant Volume by modulating the Electronic Expansion Valve Possibility to control temperature in each room, to operate in different modes simultaneously 68
Air Water system TOP Outdoor medium: external air Indoor medium: water Used in residential application for space/water heating Require heat emitters: UFH/C, Fan coils, radiators Sensitive to outdoor air conditions Defrost conditions Exists for: Low temperature applications: New build High temperature applications: Refurbishment Can be split or monobloc Possibility to make hybrid systems 72
Air Water system: Altherma LT TOP Maximum water flow temperature of up to 55C on C series Refrigerant: R410A Hot water 73
Air Water system: Altherma LT TOP Indoor Hydro-box & System Controls Domestic Hot Water Tank (integrated or loose) Outdoor Unit Remote Controller / Programmable Room Thermostat Under Floor Heating/Cooling 74
Air Water system TOP 76
Air Water system TOP 77
Air Water system: Altherma HT TOP 1. Alternative to oil boilers 2. Can generate hot water up to 80 3. R410A is not suitable to generate so high temperature Second step using R 134 79
Air Water system: Altherma HT TOP Cascade system: 2 refrigerant cycles with 2 inverter compressors Leaving water temperatures possible up to 80C, ambient temperature down to -20C Heating capacities: 11, 14 and 16kW (single and three phase) 1 2 3 down to -20C up to 80C Outdoor Indoor 80
Air Water system: Altherma HT TOP 1 2 Outdoor unit evaporator: air R410A energy exchange First plate heat exchanger: R410A R134a energy transfer (indoor unit) 3 Second plate heat exchanger: R134a H 2 O energy exchange, allowing LWT up to 80C (indoor unit) Symbolic graph 3 R134a On thermodynamic efforts only, no electrical heater Second stage condense temperature 2 Intermediate condense temperature 1 R410A 81
Air Water system: Altherma HT TOP HC = f(ta), TLW = 65C HC (kw) 18,00 16,00 14,00 12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00-20 -15-10 -5 0 5 10 15 Ta (C) EKHBRD 011 EKHBRD 014 EKHBRD 016 82
Air Water system: Altherma HT TOP COP = f(ta,tlw), EKHBRD 014 COP 4,50 4,00 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00-20 -15-10 -5 0 5 10 15 Ta (C) TLW = 45C TLW = 55C TLW = 65C TLW = 75C TLW = 80C 83
Air Water system: Altherma Hybrid Which opportunities in residential heating market? TOP 1. Alternative to gas (condensing) boilers 2. Can generate hot water up to 80 3. LT heat pump + gas condensing boiler HP outdoor unit 1,8-5kW / 1,8-8kW Gas boiler 9-33kW Space heating / cooling DHW heating Refrigerant gas cold water 84
Air Water system: Altherma Hybrid TOP Three operation mode: Heat pump only: 60 % of the year when outdoor ambient is mild Heat pump is sufficient to generate all the heat Primary energy efficiency ~1.5 Hybrid operation 20% of the year when outdoor ambient are between -2 and 3 Heat pump and gas boiler are working together Primary energy efficiency ~1.5 Boiler only operation 20% of the year when outdoor ambient are below -2 Gas condensing boiler is operating alone Primary energy efficiency ~0.9 85
Air Water system: Altherma Hybrid TOP 86
Air Water system: Altherma Hybrid TOP Field testing in UK 100 yr old, terrace UK house 140 m² High temperature radiator (70@ -6) Winter 2011-2012 87
Air Water system: Altherma Hybrid TOP 88
Brine or water to water systems TOP 1. Alternative for cold climate to air-water heat pump 2. Using a free energy source at constant temperature 1. Using water of a lake: water-to-water system 2. Using the ground: brine-to-water system 3. As the free source is at constant temperature, the performance of the heat pump will not be dependent to outdoor condition 1. Advantage in cold conditions 2. Disadvantage is warm conditions COP 3C Ta T_winter < 3C T_winter > 3C G/W HP best efficiency A/W HP best efficiency A/W HP COP drops with lower Ta G/W HP Stable COP with fixed Tground 89
Brine or water to water systems TOP Currently there are 3 types of sources we can use on our brineside: 1. Vertically drilled collector in a rock 2. Horizontal collector in earth 3. Horizontal collector placed in a lake 90
Brine or water to water systems TOP kwh thermal output 3000 London Climate Thermal output (kwh) 2500 G2W more efficient 2000 1500 1000 500 35% 65% A2W more efficient 0-20 -10 0 10 20 Ambient temperatures kwh thermal output 3000 2500 G2W more efficient 2000 1500 1000 70% 500 Oslo Climate A2W more efficient 30% 0-20 -10 0 10 Ambient temperatures 20 30 kwh thermal output Remaining high efficiencies at low ambient conditions Avoiding the need of an outdoor unit Stable capacities at low ambient conditions All Seasons CLIMATE COMFORT No defrost cycle is required 92
TOP RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY USING HEAT PUMPS 93
The Daikin House TOP Type Detached house total surface: 539 m² floor area: 153,1 m² Year of construction 2002, Daikin property since august 07 Insulation level K50 (standard for new houses: K45) Energy level E96 (standard for new houses: E80) Location Ter Zwaenhoek 59, 8400 Zandvoorde (4 km. 5 min. by car from DENV factory) Residential area with new built houses (max. 5 year) 94
Heating the daikin house by LT heat pump TOP Measurement during winter 2008 25 to 40% saving by using heat pump 1300 Energy and running cost distribution per month SPACE HEATING Extrapolated data for 1 year 1250 1.230 Yealrly energy cost (Euro) 1000 750 500 250 918 730 fuel gas Daikin Altherma Energy prices used for calculation (jan /08): fuel: 0,067 /kwh gas: 0,05 /kwh electricity: 0,14 /kwh calculation based on 16532kWh SH during the heating season 08, Tlw=35C Energy consumption (kwh) 1040 780 520 260 0 Minimal use/cost of electrical backup heater Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Heat pump day Heat pump night Electric heater day Electric heater night 200 150 100 50 Electricity cost (Euro) 95
Heating the Daikin House by LT heat pump TOP Measurement during winter 2008 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 emissions (ton CO 2 /yr) 5 4,9 Ton CO 2 4,2 Ton CO 2 4 3 2 1 1,4 Ton CO 2 Calculations under the following conditions: Country: Belgium electricity emission: 276 g CO 2 /kwh gas emission: 202 g CO2/kWh gas boiler efficiency: 90% fuel emission: 268 g CO2/kWh fuel boiler efficiency: 90% Fuel boiler Gas boiler Daikin Altherma Low Temperature CO2 emission for space heating (heating season 08), based on 16532kWh for space heating in 08 96
Research project: Net zero energy building (NZEB) TOP 2018 all public buildings nearly zero energy (nzeb) 2020 all new buildings nearly zero energy Energy saving Conservation High performance Generation of renewable energy on site Photovoltaic Wind energy Nearly zero energy building 98
Project partners Research Topics TOP Indoor Air Quality / Comfort / Ventilation / Energy saving + Alternative solutions Monitoring, analysis and verification of the installed photovoltaic system + Relation of Building Energy Management and intelligent grid Monitoring of Daikin Altherma-VRV combination + Alternative solutions Net Zero Energy Building (nzeb) concept Design alternative concept, modelling in TRNSYS Potential of Daikin concept & environmental impact + Influence of different climates 99
Building concept TOP Location: Herten, Ruhr region, Germany Warehouse (1 floor) Office (2 floors) 100
Building concept 51.0 TOP 35.5 16.3 Warehouse 800 m² Office zone 535m² (305m² + 230m²) 16.0 All Seasons CLIMATE COMFORT Material U value (W/m²K) * EnEV building code Reference Construction* External walls Brickwork (insulation 14cm) + sandwich panels (insulation 10cm) 0.23-0.25 0.28 Roof Steel deck (insulation 20cm) 0.19 0.2 Windows Double glazing + insulated aluminum frames 1.3 1.3 Office envelope (average) 0.41 101
Building concept: ground floor TOP 102
Building concept: first floor TOP 103
Building technologies TOP Heating Cooling Daikin Altherma Air to Water heat pump VRV Air to Air heat pump VRV Air to Air heat pump Cooling + Dehumidification in summer heat pump principle 104
Building technologies TOP Heating Cooling Daikin Altherma Air to Water heat pump VRV Air to Air heat pump VRV Air to Air heat pump Cooling + Dehumidification in summer Ventilation VAM heat recovery ventilation Power generation Thin film Photovoltaic with 27 kwp 105
Measured Yearly Energy Consumption (kwh) period March 2011 February 2012 0 977 kwh TOP -5000-10000 -15000-20000 -25000-30000 Renewable energy contribution by PHOTOVOLTAIC Heating DHW Cooling Ventilation Lighting Generation Geneation Heating is dominant consumer (40%), followed by the lighting (30%) Year netto result 977kWh energy positive 106
Measured Yearly Energy Consumption (kwh) period March 2011 February 2012 0 977 kwh TOP -5000-10000 -15000-20000 -25000-30000 Renewable energy contribution by HEAT PUMPS Renewable energy contribution by PHOTOVOLTAIC Heating DHW Cooling Ventilation Lighting Generation Geneation Heating is dominant consumer (40%), followed by the lighting (30%) Year netto result 977kWh energy positive 107
TOP Electrical energy consumption & production (kwh) period March 2011 February 2012 Energy Positive 977kWh 1000 750 Consumption (Calc) Production (Calc) 4000 2000 Consumption (Measured) Production (Measured) 500 0 250-2000 0-4000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 108
Conclusions of the project TOP Net Zero Energy target reached in 2011-2012 Comfort guaranteed during the year Heat pumps are a key technology for nzeb 112
TOP CONCLUSIONS 113
Heat pumps: TOP Thermodynamic devices based on the same principle as refrigerators Heating generation system using renewable energy High efficiency both on primary (> 110%) and on secundary energy (SCOP > 2,5) Offers a wide range of possibilities to cover all possible needs (new build, refurbishment, capacity, climates, etc.) Allow cost saving Contribute to reduce CO2 emissions 114
Interested in our TOP vacancies? Visit our website: www.daikin.be/jobs 1 1 All Seasons CLIMATE COMFORT 115
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