Lincoln Townscape Assessment Sherbrooke Inherited Character Area Statement June 2008 Page 2 of 15
Table of Contents Page Overview 2 Historical Development 3 Urban form 4 Views 8 Condition of Buildings and Streetscape 8 Use 8 Relationship to City and Surrounding Areas 8 Key Townscape Characteristics 9 Appendix 1: Character Area Attributes 10 Appendix 2: List of RAZs 11 Appendix 3: List of Monuments 12 Appendix 4: List of Ecological Sites 13 Appendix 5: Historical Components which influence the current character 14 Page 3 of 15
Overview Sherbrooke Character Area is an area of entirely residential housing lying on the north escarpment between Monks Road to the south, Tower Drive to the north, and Allenby Road to the east. The area consists of three phases of housing dating to the Late Victorian/Edwardian [1869-1919 AD] and the Inter-War [1920-1948 AD] Periods. There is a constant and fairly steep slope falling from north to south throughout the entire Character Area, giving good views along rooftops towards rural areas along, and at the base of, the south escarpment. Traces of early activity in the area are limited, although Monks Road, which forms the southern boundary of the Character Area, was established during the medieval era, and is named after the nearby Priory cell of St. Mary Magdalene which once owned land within the Character Area.Originally held in common, land was probably enclosed during the Early Industrial [1750-1845 AD] Period, and the northern and southern edges of the Character Area follow the orientation of former field boundaries. The northern boundary of the area, which later became Tower Drive, also follows the route of a long footpath of unknown date that originally joined the east of the city with its rural hinterland. The date of the footpath is unclear, and although it was considerably altered in the late 19 th century, a right of way along the part of the escarpment may have previously existed for a long time. During the first stage of residential development, Late Victorian/Edwardian streets were laid out in the east of the Character Area roughly parallel to contemporary housing along Monks Road to 500m west of the Character Area. Later development infilling the area between Late Victorian/Edwardian streets, is of Inter-War date, suggesting that planned development was interrupted by World War I. This may explain the distant location of Late Victorian/Edwardian housing in the Character Area with respect to other contemporary development along Monks Road to the west. Housing in the Character Area fits into three coherent building types, an initial Late Victorian/Edwardian development, a street of Inter-War housing in neo-vernacular style, and subsequent infill of Inter-War housing which appears to incorporate a mixture of the two preceding developments and characteristics of 1930s housing. Properties have been laid out along Monks Road and Ellesmere Avenue and within a gridiron pattern of short streets orientated north/south up the steepest gradient of the escarpment. The area is divided into small urban blocks defined by regular roads. There is a strong sense of rhythm along streets generated by repeating buildings of the same form and style. There is a medium to high density of housing in the area, which decreases from east to west, and a good and regular sense of enclosure along streets. Properties are two storeys in height and two to three bays in width with active frontages facing the road, and occupy small rectangular plots with their short axis aligned parallel to the road. Late Victorian/Edwardian terraces are built of red Albion brick and are similar in style and form, with shallow-pitched gabled roofs with shallow eaves, plain closed verges and rooflines running parallel to the street. Terraces along Bathurst and Sherbrooke Streets are built in straight rows with properties set at the back of the footway whereas properties facing Monks and Allenby Roads are arranged in a stepped line around the corner, and have small forecourts, small porches and bay windows. Public/private boundaries are defined by low brick walls. Roofs are mostly of concrete or slate tiles, and have brick chimneys with tall pots, which avoid the ridgeline. Houses have medium solid-to-void ratios with large vertical windows, which have thin stone sills and thick stone lintels. Houses along the southern and eastern edges of the Character Area have larger first-floor windows to take advantage of rural views off the escarpment. Front entrances have matching stone lintels above half glazed doors. Windows and doors have been replaced with upvc substitutes. Properties are quite decorative with moulded and dentilated brickwork beneath the eaves and simple stringcourses joining lintels at ground floor level. Neo-vernacular properties along Jellicoe Avenue are relatively larger in scale, being semi-detached properties set back 4-6m from the footway with small gardens or driveways defined by low garden fencing or privet hedging. Houses are T shaped in plan, and arranged in a straight line. Gabled roofs are steeply pitched with deep eaves, shallow plain verges, and are mostly covered with red/brown plain tiles. Chimneys pass through the ridgeline, and are tall plain brick-built stacks with tall ceramic pots. Properties have high solid-to-void ratios, particularly on gable ends facing the street which have fewer windows. Windows are horizontal UPVC casement windows, and are set immediately beneath the eaves line at first-floor level. Doors are located on the front or side of properties and are partially glazed UPVC or wooden replacements, often located beneath shallow overhanging porches. The final stage of development is, in part, an assimilation of parts of the two earlier architectural styles, and the inclusion of characteristics of 1930s housing. Houses are semi-detached, and have hipped roofs with shallow eaves covered with concrete tiles or slate, and chimneys passing through the ridgeline. Properties are set back 3-6m from the footway with public/private boundaries defined by privet hedges or low brick walls. Houses have medium solid-to-void ratios, with vertical windows, which are mounted high up near the eaves at first-floor level. Windows and doors have large lintels and thin stone sills in stone. Houses have ground floor bay windows, many of which have deep overhanging hipped roofs, next to entrances both to the front and to the side. Properties are generally plain in decoration, although some are rendered with pebbledash and have windows set within Page 4 of 15
brick quoin surrounds. Buildings within all phases of development appear to be close to their original form. A few original elements of the streetscape survive, including York stone kerbing and cast-iron nameplates in places. There is no public, open or green space within the Character Area. Green space is limited and includes some thin grass verges and mature trees along Jellicoe Avenue and Ellesmere Avenue. However, views off the escarpment to the south and east are dominated by Lincoln s rural hinterland. Historical Development Sherbrooke Character Area consists of three phases of residential housing dating to the Late Victorian/Edwardian [1869-1919 AD] and the Inter-War [1920-1948 AD] Periods. From as early as the Roman Colonia [90-410 AD] Era, if not before, the north escarpment has been an important area for the extraction of natural materials including clay, building stone and Northamptonshire Ironstone. However, evidence for early activity from the Roman Military [60-90 AD] to the Early Medieval [410-850 AD] Era is limited. Late in the High Medieval [850-1350 AD] Era land within the Character Area was granted to the Abbey of St. Mary York, and the Priory cell of St. Mary Magdalene was created, the remains of which lie to the south west of the Character Area adjacent to Tempest Street. The correspondingly named Monks Road, which was originally called Monk s Lane, forms the southern boundary of the Character Area, and probably provided access to the Priory from the High Medieval Era. The road was also a significant route leading to and from Clasketgate during the this era, and was important in the growth of Lincoln as a market centre. Although forming part of the Monks estate, much of the land within the Character Area consisted of open fields that local inhabitants used for grazing livestock. Rights of common appear to have continued after the dissolution of the monasteries, between 1536 and 1541, until the late 19 th century when they were exchanged for outright ownership of the Arboretum by Lincoln Corporation. Nevertheless, land was probably enclosed during the Early Industrial [1750-1845 AD] Period, and the northern and southern edges of the Character Area follow the orientation of former field boundaries. The northern boundary of the area, which later became Tower Drive, also follows the route of a long footpath that originally joined the east of the city with its rural hinterland. The date of the footpath is unclear, and, although it was considerably altered in the late 19 th century, a right of way along the part of the escarpment may have previously existed for a long time. During the Post-Railway Expansion [1846-1868 AD] Period a large residence, Monks Tower, was constructed in grounds to the north of the Character Area. The stables to the now demolished house were located in the south-east corner of the Character Area, and Tower Drive in the north is named after the former residence. With the exception of Monks Road, streets in the Character Area were laid out in the latter part of the Late Victorian/Edwardian Period. Ellesmere Avenue follows the line of an earlier track along the old city boundary that joined Monks Road with Greetwell Road to the north. Allenby Road to the east, then outside of the city boundary, was created at the same time as the housing, in order to carry traffic from Monks Road to Greetwell Road. Remaining roads were laid out parallel to Late Victorian/Edwardian housing to the west (e.g. Horton and Frederick Streets), rather than being orientated broadly parallel to field boundaries as is more typical of residential streets of this date off Monks Road. Late Victorian/Edwardian housing was developed in the form of rows of terraces along Sherbrooke Street, Monks Road, Ellesmere Avenue and half of the eastern side of Bathurst Street. The remaining two separate phases of housing along Jellicoe Avenue and Bathurst Street are of Inter-War date, suggesting that the development of housing in the area temporarily ceased during World War I. Houses along Jellicoe Avenue are neo-vernacular in style, in comparison to those along Bathurst Street which incorporate several elements more typical of houses built in the 1930s. Furthermore, the common orientation of Late Victorian/Edwardian streets in the Character Area with those 500 metres to the west, suggests that land between Frederick Street and Jellicoe Avenue may have already been designated for development during the Late Victorian/Edwardian Period. The suspension of a planned development would explain the distant location of Late Victorian/Edwardian housing in the Character Area with respect to other contemporary development along Monks Road further to the west. Page 5 of 15
Figure 1 Fourth Edition Ordnance Survey (1932-38) mapping showing the common alignment of streets off Monk s Road in Sherbrooke Character Area with those 500m to the west Urban form Sherbrooke Road Character Area is a small, entirely residential area located on the south escarpment towards the eastern boundary of the city. There is a constant and fairly steep slope falling from north to south throughout the entire Character Area. The fall in gradient gives good views along rooftops towards rural areas along, and at the base of, the south escarpment. Properties in the Character Area are laid out along Monks Road and Ellesmere Avenue, and within a grid pattern of short streets off Monks Road which are orientated north/south up the steepest gradient of the escarpment. The area is divided into small urban blocks defined by regular roads. There is a strong sense of rhythm along streets generated by repeating buildings of the same form and style running up/down the escarpment slope. Figure 2 View of Late Victorian/Edwardian terraced housing looking south from 47 Sherbrooke Street. Note terminating rural views between rows of terraces Page 6 of 15
Housing in the Character Area fits into three coherent building types, each associated with a phase of development during the Late Victorian/Edwardian and Inter-War Periods. The earliest development lies in the east of the Character Area and consists of rows of terraced houses dating to the Late Victorian/Edwardian Period. Larger semi-detached houses on Jellicoe Avenue were constructed early in the Inter-War Period. The final stage of housing, the form and style of which appears to incorporate a mixture of the two preceding developments and elements of housing typical of the 1930s, was constructed between 1928-30. Properties within all development phases have active frontages facing the road. Buildings are entirely two storeys in height and two to three bays in width producing a good and regular sense of enclosure along streets. The sense of enclosure increases along streets with mature trees and decreases along the main roads bordering the south and east of the Character Area. Houses have load bearing brick-built walls in stretcher bond. There is a medium-to-high density of housing in the area, with properties occupying small rectangular plots with their short axis aligned parallel to the road. The density of housing decreases from east to west, with smaller scale terraced housing in the east giving way to semi-detached housing in larger plots in the west. Terraced houses are located in the east of the Character Area along Monks Road, Ellesmere Avenue, and Sherbrooke and Bathurst Streets. Properties are either set at the back of the footway or are set back a short distance (2-5m) from the footway with small forecourts. Public/private boundaries are defined by low brick walls with ceramic coping and brick stacks either side of entrances. Terraces form strong building lines, being built in straight rows of up to 24 terraces, or built around the corner in a regular stepped pattern (e.g. 408-422 Monk s Road). Houses along the southern and eastern edges of the Character Area are slightly larger in scale, reflecting the status of the larger and more established roads onto which they face. Figure 3 Stepped Late Victorian/Edwardian terraces facing onto Monk s Road in the south of the Character Area. Note the enlarged first-floor windows, and the original inset porch on the left Houses are built of Red Albion brick in stretcher bond, with occasional pairs of headers in some courses. Properties are two bays in width, although terraces along Sherbrooke Street are accessed via shared entrances. Buildings are rectangular in plan, with short two-storey extensions to one side at the rear. Roofs on terraces are mostly gabled, and shallow in pitch, with their rooflines running parallel to the street. Roofs are covered with slate or concrete tiles, and have shallow eaves and plain closed verges. Brick chimneys feature on all properties, and are built in the gable wall avoiding the ridgeline. Some chimneystacks have over-ailing brick courses and corbelling, with very tall plain pots. Terraces have medium-to-high solid-to-void ratios with vertical windows, all of which have been replaced with UPVC casement substitutes. Doors are mostly partially glazed UPVC replacements. Windows, doors, and shared passageways have thick stone brick lintels. Sills beneath windows mostly consist of thin stone blocks. Houses with set-backs along the south and east of the Character Area have mostly brick-built canted bay windows at ground floor level and wider first-floor windows in order to take advantage of rural views off the escarpment. Doors adjacent to bays are mostly flush with the front façade, although some properties retain small porches with original decorative tiling. Single-gabled hanging porches, including some which are integrated with bay window roofs, are found on properties along Ellesmere Avenue. Terraces are quite decorative with moulded and dentilated brickwork beneath the eaves and simple stringcourses joining lintels at ground floor level. The consistent and plain neo-vernacular style and form of properties along Jellicoe Avenue differs considerably from that of the Page 7 of 15
Late Victorian/Edwardian properties in the east of the Character Area. Properties along the street are semi-detached, and are relatively larger in scale than houses to the east. Buildings form strong lines located towards the front and centre of their combined plots, and are consistently set back 4 to 6m (depending on the orientation of the gable end) from the footway with small gardens or driveways. Public/private boundaries are defined by low garden fencing or privet hedging. Figure 4 View looking south of semi-detached neo-vernacular style houses along Jellicoe Avenue Houses have load-bearing walls built of red brick in stretcher bond, and are T-shaped in plan with two gabled roofs. Houses are arranged in a straight line with their ridgelines orientated perpendicular or parallel to the street. Ridgelines running parallel to the road are comparatively lower than ridgelines on gables facing the road, which may partly be as a result in the fall in slope. Roofs are steeply pitched with their lower sections swept out above deep eaves. Verges are shallow and plain. Roofs are mostly covered with red/brown plain tiles, although a small number of properties are roofed with pantile. Chimneys are plain brick-built structures, which pass through the ridgeline and have tall plain ceramic pots. Figure 5 Numbers 25/27 Jellicoe Avenue. Note the first-floor windows set immediately beneath deep and swept eaves Semi-detached houses occupying gable ends facing the street are a single bay in width, with their front doors located along Page 8 of 15
pathways to the side. Semi-detached houses, with their ridgelines running parallel to the street, are three bays in width with front doors located centrally between two windows. Properties have high solid-to-void ratios, particularly on the gable ends facing the street. Windows are horizontal in orientation, and are entirely replacement UPVC casement windows. First-floor windows are immediately beneath the eaves line. The majority of doors on properties are partially glazed UPVC or wooden replacements. Many front entrances have small, gabled, single pitch porches. Façades are plain in appearance with limited decoration, which includes small vertical vents in the gable ends, segmental brick relief arches above first-floor windows on gable ends, and tiled corbelling beneath eaves on gable ends. Within the final stage of development in the Character Area, the style and form of houses demonstrates in part an assimilation of the two earlier architectural styles, as opposed to any continuation of building in the neo-vernacular style, and the inclusion of elements of design often associated with 1930s housing. As in the neo-vernacular houses on Jellicoe Avenue, properties are set back 3-6m from the footway with public/private boundaries defined by privet hedges or low brick walls. Houses are semidetached with hipped roofs and chimneys passing through the ridgeline. Windows are more typical of the Late Victorian/Edwardian housing to the east, being vertical in emphasis with large lintels and thin stone sills in stone. However, the high position of some first-floor windows beneath plain eaves may demonstrate a move towards a more neo-vernacular form. Roofs have shallow eaves and plain closed verges where roofs are gabled. Figure 6 Post-War Semi-detached housing along Monks Road (number 396-398) with rendered façades and brick quoin window surrounds and building edges Houses have ground floor canted, curved or rectangular bay windows both to the front and to the side. The majority of bay windows have overhanging hipped roofs which results in deep eaves. Main entrances are located on the front façade or on the side of houses. The location of doorways and wider driveways to the side of semi-detached houses is more typical of 1930s-style houses, and is in part due to the increased use of the private motorcar during the Inter-War Period. Doorways on the side of houses are flush with the façade, and have overhanging porches which are often integrated with bay window roofs. Entrances on front façades are set within projecting brick porches with gabled or hipped roofs. Properties are mostly plain in decoration, although some on houses along Monks Road are partially rendered with pebbledash and have brick quoin window surrounds and building edges. Buildings throughout the Character Area appear to retain much of their original form, with few alterations since their initial construction. Some porches on houses along Monks Road have been built out in brick, and inset porches on many Late Victorian/Edwardian properties have been integrated with the interior living space. Buildings to the rear of houses are few and include a number of small garages, notably to the rear of number 1 Tower Drive. Streets in the Character Area have narrow two car width tarmac carriageways of two car width bordered by wide (c.2m) tarmac pavements except Jellicoe Avenue which has thin grass verges and a narrower footpath. Ellesmere Avenue in the east of the Character area is privately owned, and is surfaced with loose hardcore. Roads frequently have cars parked on/off footways. Late Victorian/Edwardian streets have York stone kerbstones and some cast-iron crossover drains. Elsewhere streets have concrete kerbs. Street nameplates include some original cast-iron signs mounted on walls at street level and houses at first-floor Page 9 of 15
level. Remaining nameplates are modern metal freestanding signs at street level. Other street furniture includes metal and concrete streetlights and wooden telegraph poles. There is no open or green space within the Character Area. Public space is limited to streets, a small area of car parking to the rear of number 1 Tower Avenue, and a thin grass verge between Ellesmere Avenue and Allenby Road. Private space is made up of gardens to the front and rear of properties, Ellesmere Avenue private road, and driveways on some houses. Views The alignment of streets up and down the main gradient of the hill slope allows for wide ranging views to the south and east, with industrial areas in the foreground and more distant views of the south escarpment and rural areas. Towards the top of the Character Area there are good views of rooftops falling away to the south. Figure 7 Late Victorian/Edwardian terraced housing facing Allenby Road. Note the industrial and rural views in the west of the picture, and the private rubble road in front of houses Condition of Buildings and Streetscape Properties are well maintained. Road surfaces appear to be in good condition, although some older York stone kerbing has deteriorated. Pavements are in reasonable condition and show evidence of several phases of partial re-surfacing due to the laying of new services. Verges along Jellicoe Avenue and Ellesmere Avenue are in poor condition due to car parking. The road surface on Ellesmere Avenue in the east of the area is in poorer condition. Use The streets and houses in the Character Area are residential, with the exception of Monks Road and Allenby Road which are larger carriageways carrying heavier volumes of traffic in and out of the city. Relationship to City and Surrounding Areas Housing in the Character Area is one of the more easterly suburbs within the city boundary. The housing is adjacent to suburban housing developments to the north and west. However, the style, form and layout of the suburb are more akin with Late Victorian/Edwardian housing along Monks Road to the west. Properties along the southern and eastern boundaries face Monks Road and Allenby Road; however, the roads also act as a barrier separating the Character Area from industrial areas to the south and east. Page 10 of 15
The area has good access to the wider city via Monks Road and Allenby Road links with Greetwell Road in the north. A pathway immediately north west of the Character Area is an important pedestrian thoroughfare between the Character Area and the east of the city. Key Townscape Characteristics Small area of residential housing developed in three phases between the Late Victorian/Edwardian [1869-1919 AD] and the Inter-War [1920-1948 AD] Periods Located towards the top of the north escarpment with good views along rooftops towards rural areas along and at the base of the south escarpment. Earlier townscape elements survive, including: o Monks Road follows the medieval route of Monks Lane o Line of field boundaries of Early Industrial date are preserved in some of the Character Area s boundaries o Route of an early footpath runs along the northern boundary of the Character Area Layout of townscape is similar with the housing 500m to the west, possibly suggesting that there was originally a plan to develop the full length of the northern side of Monks Road Housing in the Character Area fits into three coherent building types, an initial Late Victorian/Edwardian development, a street of Inter-War housing in neo-vernacular style, and subsequent infill of Inter-War housing which appears to incorporate a mixture of the two preceding developments and characteristics of 1930s housing Some common characteristics exist between the three development phases: o Gridiron pattern of short streets orientated north/south up the escarpment o Small urban block structure o Strong sense of rhythm along streets generated by repeating buildings of the same form and style o Good and regular sense of enclosure along streets o Houses are two storeys in height and two to three bays in width o Buildings have active frontages facing the road o Small rectangular plots with their short axis aligned parallel to the road Late Victorian/Edwardian terraces are similar in style and form: o Built of red Albion brick o Shallow pitched gabled roofs with shallow eaves, plain closed verges and rooflines running parallel to the street. Roofs are mostly concrete or slate tiles, and have brick chimneys with tall pots, which avoid the ridgeline o Medium solid-to-void ratios with large vertical windows, which have thin stone sills and thick stone lintels. Front entrances have matching stone lintels above half glazed doors o Decorative façades with moulded and dentilated brickwork beneath the eaves and simple stringcourses joining lintels at ground floor level o Windows and doors have been replaced with UPVC substitutes Some differences apparent between Late Victorian/Edwardian properties include: o Terraces along Bathurst and Sherbrooke Streets are built in straight rows of up to 24 properties set at the back of the footway o Properties facing Monks and Allenby Roads are arranged in a stepped line around the corner, and have short set backs with small forecourts, small porches and bay windows. Public/private boundaries are defined by low brick walls have larger first-floor windows to take advantage of rural views off the escarpment. Neo-vernacular properties along Jellicoe Avenue are highly coherent in character: o Semi-detached properties, which are T-shaped in plan, arranged in a straight line along the street o Set back 4-6m from the footway with small gardens or driveways defined by low garden fencing or privet hedging o Gabled roofs are steeply pitched with deep eaves, shallow plain verges, and are mostly covered with red/brown plain tiles o Chimneys pass through the ridgeline, and are tall plain brick-built stacks with tall ceramic pots o High solid-to-void ratios, particularly on gable ends facing the street, which have fewer windows o Windows are horizontal upvc casement windows, and are set immediately beneath the eaves line at first-floor level o Doors on the front or side of properties and are partially glazed upvc or wooden replacements, which are often located beneath shallow overhanging porches The character of the final stage of development is, in part, an assimilation of parts of the two earlier architectural styles and characteristics of 1930s housing: o Semi-detached houses, with doors often located to the side, and wider driveways off the street o Hipped roofs with shallow eaves covered with concrete tiles or slate, and chimneys passing through the ridgeline o Set back 3-6m from the footway with public/private boundaries defined by privet hedges or low brick walls o Medium solid-to-void ratios, with vertical windows, which are mounted high up near the eaves at first-floor level o Windows and doors have large lintels and thin stone sills in stone o Ground floor bay windows, with deep overhanging hipped roofs, next to front entrances both to the front and to the side o Generally plain in decoration, although some rendering with pebbledash and brick quoins on window surrounds and building corners Buildings within all phases of development appear to retain much of their original form. A few original elements of the streetscape survive, including York stone kerbing and cast-iron nameplates in places. No public, open or green space within the Character Area except for areas of private space and some thin grassed roadside verges with mature trees Page 11 of 15
Appendix 1: Character Area Attributes Character Area Type: Residential Predominant Period: Inter-war (1920 to 1945 AD) Secondary Period: Late Victorian/Edwardian (1869 to 1919 AD) Average Building Density: Medium Location Type: Outer suburbs Average Building Type: Mixed Page 12 of 15
Appendix 2: List of RAZs Quarries in the cliff face east of the city Monks' Abbey (The Benedictine Priory of St Mary Magdalene) Common pasture east of Butwerk Enclosed pasture and meadow east and west of the city Stone and clay quarries in the cliff face east of the city Local road routes Hill side springs, streams and pools Limestone uplands Legionary 'prata' and 'territorium' Northern and southern hill slopes The Greetwell villa Greetwell villa estate and potential wic Quarries in the cliff face east of the city The Black Monks' estate Common pasture east of Butwerk Page 13 of 15
Appendix 3: List of Monuments 3-25 Bathurst Street (53.232, -0.51) 424 Monks Road (53.231, -0.51) 40-42 Bathurst Street (53.232, -0.51) Monks Lane Stables, Monks Lane [Monks Road] (53.231, -0.51) 30 Bathurst Street (53.232, -0.51) 32-38 Bathurst Street (53.232, -0.51) 394-402 Monks Road (53.231, -0.51) Jellicoe Avenue (53.232, -0.51) 1-13 Ellesmere Avenue (53.232, -0.51) 1-47 Sherbrooke Street (53.232, -0.51) 1-47 Sherbrooke Street (53.232, -0.51) Bathurst Street (53.232, -0.51) Sherbrooke Street (53.232, -0.51) Ellesmere Avenue (53.232, -0.51) Monks Road (53.231, -0.53) Page 14 of 15
Appendix 4: List of Ecological Sites Page 15 of 15
Appendix 5: Historical Components which influence the current character Field Boundary / Early Industrial Road / High Medieval Road / Late Victorian/Edwardian Page 16 of 15