Open Source Home Security System

Open Source Home Security System Final Report ECE 410: Senior Project By: Allen Chu March 28, 2012 Project Advisor: Dr. John Ventura, PE

Table of Contents Title 1 Table of Contents 2 1. Abstract 3 2. Customer Needs 3 3. Product Design Specifications 4 4. Concept Generation 5 5. Detailed Design 6 5.1 Hall Effect Sensor 7 5.2 PIR Motion Sensor 8 5.3 Temperature and Humidity Sensor 9 5.4 Xbee Shield 10 5.5 Xbee Explorer 12 5.6 Xbee Chip Antenna 13 5.7 Speaker 14 6. Economic Analysis/Alternative Solutions 14 7. Health and Safety 15 8. Social Analysis 15 9. Political Analysis and Environmental Analysis 15 10. Sustainability 16 11. Prototype Testing Plan 16 12. Schedule 17 13. Bills of Materials 18 14. Prototype Cost 19 15. Summary 20 16. References 21 List of Figures List of Tables Figure E1 Hall Effect Sensor Diagram 8 Figure E2 PIR Motion Sensor Diagram 9 Figure E3 Temperature and Humidity Sensor Diagram 10 Figure E4 Xbee Shield 11 Figure E5 Xbee Chip Antenna 13 Figure E6 Xbee Chip Antenna Pins 14 Figure T1 Bill of Materials 18 Figure T2 Prototype Cost 19

1) Abstract The monthly cost of keeping a home security system can be costly for people with low income. This project design is to provide an open source home security that will allow for an affordable and customizable system. This security system will operate with a wireless network setup that will provide an alarming detection of any incidents that occurs. The security system will include the electric hardware for motion detection and measurement of humidity. 2) Customer Needs Design a device that utilizes the detection of the humidity and temperature in the room. Design a device that is capable of monitoring any unusual sounds within the room. Design a device that can detect a door opening. Design a device that can sense motion in the room. Design a device that can monitor the pressure of broken windows in the room. Design a device that will allow for the input of a self-set of alarm trigger. Design a device that will provide an output of the trigger of the security system. Design a device that will allow for low power consumption. Provide a low power consumption and affordable system.

3) Product Design Specifications The device must be able to: Communicate the information to the client wirelessly from the Arduino microcontroller using the Xbee Shield. Transmit or receive data information from the particular area of the device using the Xbee modules. Monitor the temperature using the humidity and temperature sensor. Provide a real time detection of any motions within the room using the motion sensor. Feed the information to the client of the door being opened or closed using the Hall Effect sensor. Turn on and off the system using the keypad. Trigger of an alarm using a small speaker.

4) Concept Generation There were two major decisions that need to be made for this project. The first decision that is important is the type of home security system to use for this project. The type of security system to be considered is a wired or a wireless communication security system. The wired security system communicates around the house by using electrical wires that connects to the keypad and control panel. The electrical wires are then attached to common places of the house using door and windows sensors, motion detection sensors, and cameras. The wired systems are installed using an open or closed loop configuration. The open loop configuration is where the sensors are open throughout the circuit and will trigger the alarm if the any sensors are closed in any part of the circuit. An example of an open loop configuration would be opening the window where the magnetic connection closes and the alarm will trip from the control panel. The closed loop configuration is the situation where the switch is closed for every circuit and reported back to the control panel. This configuration would be triggered if there were any form of disconnections of the circuit, which will trigger an alarm from the control panel. The closed configuration is usually preferred over the open since it will still trigger the alarm if a burglar tries to cut anything on the circuit before entering areas of the house like the door. The wireless security system involves the use of transmitting radio frequency to communicate with the control sensors, cameras, and control panel. Wireless systems are much quicker and easier to install since this requires no

wiring around the house. The wireless system can be moved anywhere around the house. The decision to go wired or wireless may depend on how one may find the best to accommodate to their house whether it happens to be an older residential home or used for a newer commercial or industrial property. The second decision that was to be made is the type of motion sensor. The type of motion sensor is the ultrasonic sensor and the passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor. The ultrasonic sensor will project sound energy in order to detect the movement nearby. This sensor can provide accurate readings from zero to 6.45m in 1-inch increments. The PIR motion sensor is used to provide a detection level of any infrared radiation. The sensor is capable to send electrical loads when there are two different IR radiations between each other and have a range from 20 feet. For this case, the PIR infrared sensor is chosen due to being a more common motion sensor for home security system. 5) Detailed Design The two main important designs for this open source security system will consist of the multiple different sensors and the wireless communication that are used for this particular project. The first part will involve the sensors, which are the Hall Effect sensor, temperature and humidity sensor and PIR motion sensor. The second part of this design will talk about the wireless communication, which will compose of the Xbee Shield, Xbee chip antenna, and the Xbee explorer.

5.1 ) Hall Effect Sensor The idea of what the Hall Effect sensor does is that this will change the output voltage based on the response of the changes on the magnetic field. There were two types of Hall Effect sensor that was used for the testing purposes of this project, which was the Melexis US1881, and the OPTEK Technology OH090U sensor. Originally, the Melexis US1881 was considered for the Hall Effect sensor but there was the issue where this would require the change in the magnetic polarity and also that a strong magnet would force the sensor to not latch or unlatch. So the OH090U sensor was chosen for this project due to the function of how the sensor switches from the output voltage. The interesting thing about this sensor is that it Schmitt triggers which will only trigger the sensor at a certain gauss, which is the magnetic unit. The gauss required for the sensor to trigger or latch itself is around 90 gauss and will only unlatch when it goes below 65 gauss. This sensor has three different pins, which involve the source voltage (1), ground (2), and the digital output (3). Figure E1 shows how the sensor was connected in our circuit diagram. Instead of the resistor value of 750Ω, this was replaced with a resistor value of 820Ω (approximately 819Ω).

Fig. E1 5.2) PIR Motion Sensor The main idea for this particular sensor is to measure the infrared radiating light that is within the field of view of the objects. The reason that this is a passive infrared is that this does not emit any form of infrared beam and accepts infrared radiation. This sensor will take a snapshot of the room every couple of seconds. The alarm pin will trigger when the change in the output voltage is LOW. This sensor can work with input voltage of 5 to 12V. This contains a resistor for the alarm pin, which will use this resistor as an open collector. The open collector is a circuit technique that allows multiple devices to be setup for one wire. It uses a pull-up resistor that holds the signal line HIGH until a device on the wire sinks enough current to pull the line LOW. This sensor will have three pins, which are the voltage (1), the ground (2), and the alarm pin (3). In Figure E2, the alarm pin was set to analog input of the microcontroller.

Fig. E2 5.3) Temperature and Humidity Sensor The temperature and humidity sensor was used to measure the relative temperature range and humidity. The temperature sensor can have a range from -40 to 80 Celsius. The amount of input voltage this can run is around 3.3V to 6V. This can use a current up from 1-1.5mA and uses a standby current of 40-50µA. The humidity was left out of this project due to the purposes of this project as a security system. The temperature sensor has four pins but only uses three of the pins where one pin is set to null. These pins are the power (1), signal data (2), null (3), and the ground (4). Figure E3 shows how the circuit would look through our connection of the microcontroller.

Fig. E3 5.4) Xbee Shield The Xbee Shield is a board that is used with conjunction with the Arduino microcontroller board to allow it to communicate wirelessly using Zigbee. This module allows communicating within 100 feet indoors or 300 feet outdoors (within line-of-sight). This board contains all of the same inputs used on the Arduino board. This contains a spot used for the Xbee chip module used to talk with the other chip modules on the other Xbee s modules. This also uses a 3.3V power regulator and level shifting on-board to adjust with the 5V used on the Arduino. It also contains five different indicator leds used to identify what the module is doing which includes power, DIN, DOUT, RSSI and DIO5. This contains a 0.1 spacing for ways to prototype the wireless settings. In order for the module to operate correctly, the reset pin was detached from the Arduino due to what seems to be compatibility issues with functioning with the motion sensor. Figure E4 provides a schematic of the layout of the module provided through Sparkfun website.

Fig. E4

5.5) Xbee Explorer The Xbee Explorer is a board that allows to program the Xbee chip antenna modules in order to communicate wirelessly. This board uses the X-CTU software to program the type of firmware to use for each of the antennas and can change how one can send and receive data through the computer. This uses a microusb connection on the board that allows connecting with the USB port on the computer. 5.6) Xbee Chip Antenna The Xbee chip Antenna is a Series 2 module that transmits and receives data wirelessly to other Xbee antennas. This particular antenna will transmit a power output of 2mW and can send a signal range of up to 133ft. (40m) indoors and up to 400ft. (120m) outdoors. This Series 2 module was used in order to create a mesh network between the communications of the other Xbee antennas. The power requires a minimum of 2.1V to 3.6V. The amount of current needed to transmit and receive is around 40mA. Fig. E5 & E6 provides a layout and pin assignments for Xbee Series 2 chip antenna manufacturer.

Fig. E5

Fig. E6 5.7) Speaker The speaker is provided in the security system to create an alarm for the control panel. This is a miniature 2-1/4 speaker that uses 8Ω. The power needed to run this alarm uses about.25 watts. 6) Economic Analysis/Alternative Solution One of the best things about this particular project is the ability to have many alternative solutions to building a home security system. For example, it is not required to have a temperature and humidity sensor so the alternative solution could be to buy just the temperature sensor for the security system. Another example of an alternative

solution is the Hall Effect sensor where it was between the Melexis US1881 and OPTEK OH090U. The US1881 is less expensive and required for different polarity to trigger the sensor but the OH090U was more reliable for the slight increase of the cost. The alternative solutions presented above will work just as well since there are many options to build the security system. Therefore, the alternative solution lies around the customizable sensors that are in use with the open source microcontroller board. 7) Health and Safety The home security system focuses to provide low power consumption where the sensors will only use the necessary voltage to send data from the master and end device. The Arduino microcontroller board provides a couple of safety protection such as an over current protection where if the board is applied with more than 500uA, the fuse will break the connection to prevent shorts or overload. Another safety feature is the onboard regulator for the different voltages. 8) Social Analysis The use of open source is still growing from the support of the community. This project hopes to validate the expectations of getting more of the public involved with the benefits of using the open source software and hopes of expanding the knowledge of the community. 9) Political Analysis and Environmental Analysis The home security system will have little to no effect on the political analysis and environmental analysis since it is an open source platform. The only environmental issue that could happen is the leaking of lithium ion batteries but that is a very rare thing to occur.

10) Sustainability Given the fact that he or she has some knowledge used for the security system, this would be easy to replace certain components to the device. If there is a short or over current on any sensors, the sensors can be replaced easily. It can be dangerous for some people that are not familiar or have sufficient knowledge about electronics. There could be some tests to detect which sensor could be faulty on the system and these tests would involve using the 12V wall outlet that should be handled with care. The only thing that could be reused in the security system would be the microcontroller board if someone decides to make use of any spare components. 11) Prototype Testing Plan The prototype-testing plan will require three different sections. The idea of this testing plan was to handle certain separate sections of the home security system and confirm that it would work with this system. The first testing involves the following sensors: temperature, motion, and Hall Effect. The testing of these sensors will first involve the confirmation of a working product using the open source example code. The behavior of the sensors were tested using the environmental inputs needed to trigger the output effect of the particular sensors. One example of this testing process would be changing the magnetic poles of the Hall Effect sensor when someone opens the door and closes it. This means that the environment input will trigger the sensor of the end device and transmit the output using led lights. These sensors have been tested and confirmed to work under the environmental input used to trigger the sensors.

The second part of the testing will include the Xbee wireless communication. The testing will involve the independent communication of different Arduino microcontrollers. This will involve the Arduino microcontroller in conjunction with the Xbee module and Shield. The Xbee wireless configuration will be tested throughout the process to determine the effective range and reliability of the security system. The testing of the wireless Xbee has confirmed to work by adjusting the wireless configuration and using the open source code to implement the receiving and transmitting of the data from one device to another device. The final part of our testing will involve the construction of the diorama of the security system. This test will show that the individual microcontrollers and wireless module s slaves will respond independently of each other back to the master microcontroller. The construction of this diorama will involve three separate rooms with a door and window and will have dividers for each of these rooms. This will definitely test the range and reliability of how these devices will talk with the control panel. The result from this test has yet to be determined. 12) Schedule

13) Bills of Materials Many of the parts purchased for this project was used as extras in the case where one particular component becomes defective. The table T1 is the estimation of what parts is used during the testing process. Unit Price Total Cost Item Quantity XB24-Z7CIT-004 Xbee Chip Antenna 3 $25.95 $77.85 WRL-09976 Xbee Shield 3 $24.95 $74.85 WRL-08687 Xbee Explorer 1 $24.95 $24.95 Arduino Stackable Headers 3 $1.50 $4.50 Arduino Uno microcontroller 3 $26.95 $80.85 RHT03 Temperature Sensor 3 $9.95 $29.85 SE-10 PIR motion sensor 3 $9.95 $29.85 Optek OH090U Hall Effect sensor 6 $1.79 $10.74 Melexis US1881 Hall Effect sensor * 1 $0.95 $0.95 Lithium Ion Batteries 6 $5.00 $5.00 Enclosures 3 $12.95 $38.85 Keypad 1 $3.95 $3.95 Breadboard 3 $5.50 $16.50 Resistors 1 $12.61 $12.61 Jumper Wires 1 $9.42 $9.42 BMP085 Barometric Pressure Sensor 3 $19.95 $59.85 OPA344 Electret Microphone 3 $7.95 $23.85 4X8 Plywood * 1 $24.97 $24.97 Roll of Magnetic Strip 1 $9.77 $9.77 Wall Adapter * 3 $5.00 $15.00 Small Speaker * 1 $5.00 $5.00 Box of Phillips Wood Screw * 1 $5.58 $5.58 LED lights 8 $0.05 $0.40 Total: $565.14 Fig. T1

Note: The * represented on the items above was a particular item that the user have already possessed and used as an inclusion to the progression of this project. 14) Prototype Cost This prototype is the cost of the necessary amount required to be able to create a functional system. I added the breadboard in order for testing purposes. The stackable headers was used in order to mount the Xbee shield and Arduino board. Here are the items used to design the system in Fig. T2. Unit Price Total Cost Item Quantity XB24-Z7CIT-004 Xbee Chip Antenna 3 $25.95 $77.85 WRL-09976 Xbee Shield 3 $24.95 $74.85 WRL-08687 Xbee Explorer 1 $24.95 $24.95 Arduino Stackable Headers 3 $1.50 $4.50 Arduino Uno microcontroller 3 $26.95 $80.85 RHT03 Temperature Sensor 2 $9.95 $29.85 SE-10 PIR motion sensor 2 $9.95 $29.85 Optek OH090U Hall Effect sensor 4 $1.79 $7.16 USB cables 3 $4.00 $12.00 Breadboard 3 $5.50 $16.50 Resistors 6 $0.25 $1.25 Box of Jumper Wires 1 $9.42 $9.42 Small Speaker 1 $2.00 $2.00 LED lights 8 $0.05 $0.40 Total: $351.35 Fig. T2

15) Summary The objective of this project was to implement a home security system that would transmit data to the client using wireless communication and allow for independent reports of any unusual occurrences of the house by using open source software. The home security system would have one end device placed in each room where the information is transmitted back to the home base or master device. The wireless communication uses the Zigbee mesh protocol network to allow the modules to talk between the master and end device. The master device would gather the information from the end device communicating with what room it had occurred from and what sensor was triggered from that room. Depending on the certain cases of the sensors, the data from the end device transmitted to the master device will trigger the alarm.

16) References http://www.instructables.com/id/arduino-3-wire-matrix-keypad/step2/wiring-up-theresistors/ http://www.instructables.com/id/make-a-mini-led-siren-powered-by- Arduino/step4/Wiring-it-up/ http://www.arduino.cc/playground/learning/seriallcd http://dlnmh9ip6v2uc.cloudfront.net/datasheets/sensors/weather/rht03.pdf http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/sensors/temperature/dht22.doc http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/sensors/proximity/se-10.pdf http://bildr.org/2011/06/pir_arduino/ http://arduino.cc/en/reference/homepage http://arduino.cc/hu/tutorial/homepage http://components.arrow.com/part/detail/2525068s2265736n3506