Advanced Materials Research Online: 2013-09-18 ISSN: 1662-8985, Vols. 821-822, pp 85-89 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.85 2013 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland JUTE GEOTEXTILES AS SUBSTITUTE TO SYNTHETIC GEOTEXTILES Nikita Choudhary College Of Engineering and Technology,Ghatikia,Bhubaneswar,Orissa,India.751003. Email: nikita.choudhary121@gmail.com Keywords: Geotextiles, Jute geotextiles; synthetic geotextiles; biodegradability. Abstract Jute based geotextile as a substitute to synthetic geotextiles has been reviewed in this study. The importance, advantage and disadvantage of Jute based geotextile have been highlighted. Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain. The degrading condition of the environment and presence of non-biodegradable residues of geotexties as a pollutant has caught attention of scientific researchers. Ecological sustainability and environment has become one of the prime issues in the modern developmental strategy.jute fibre has been found to be an alternate and potential geotextile material. Studies have shown that lifespan and engineering properties of jute based geotextiles can be suitably modified to suit its intended use. Introduction As per the definition of ASTM 4439, the geotextile is defined as: [1] A permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles. Geotextiles are used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering-related material as an integral part of human-made project, structure, or system. These permeable fabrics when used in association with soil, have the ability to filter, separate, protect, or drain. Geotextile fabrics come in three basic forms: woven, non woven and knitted [2, 3].Pictures given below Non woven Geotextiles[8] Woven Geotextiles[8] Knitted geotextiles Geotextiles are not new technology. However their modern uses have started with the advancement of polymeric and synthetic products and their increasing applications in different areas of civil engineering like[11] Pavement applications. Filtration and drainage. Railroad track construction. Reinforced embankment on soft foundation. Reinforced soil walls. All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, www.ttp.net. (ID: 130.203.136.75, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-19/02/16,07:41:27)
86 Advances in Textile Engineering and Materials III Uses of natural fibrous materials in the field of erosion control and agro-mulching are also recent practices. Synthetic geotextiles are made of from [4] Polyester Polyamide Polypropylene Polyethylene Fossils, Hydro-carbons, petro-chemicals etc. [5] are the few basic raw materials for their production. Hence, all green-house gases and effects are somewhere related with their manufacturing [6]. Moreover, non-biodegradable nature of these synthetic geotextiles has direct effect on soil, air, water along with other biotic and abiotic system. These geotextiles often come in contact with life cycles of animals, aquatic animals, insects, pest along with various micro - organisms and create imbalance in their food chain.the synthetic geotextiles have got direct negative impact on climate and ecology as a whole.jute based geotextiles has been found to be an alternate and potential geotextile.jute is a natural fibre and annually renewable agricultural crop belonging to the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliacea. For commercial use two species, i.e. Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorious are used. Little need for Pesticides or fertilizer. Its widely grown in India, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Uzbekistan [13]. Plant type harvesting - Annual plant, stem length 2.5 3.5m,stem diameter 20mm. Harvested after 90 days, small pod stage best fibre yield.[14] Environmental requirement climate - Annual rainfall >1800mm required >500mm during the growing season, high humidity between 70 90%, temperature between 70 100 F, i.e. hot damp climates [14] Soil type - Rich loam soils produce best results, well-drained soils obtain reasonable results, with rocky sandy soils producing poor results. [14] Components of yield - Easily cultivated and harvested. Line sowing increases yield by 25 50% and reduces cost of cultivation by 25%. [14] World annual production (tonnes) - 2300000, Second most important fibre in terms of acreage and cash. [14] per tonne - 300 500. [14] Following some comparative characteristics of jute geotextiles and synthetics geotextiles are shown below [Table 1] [7, 10] COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC & JUTE GEOTEXTILE (table 1) SI NO. CRITERIA JUTE GEOTEXTILE SYNTHETIC GEOTEXTILE 1 Biodegradability Designed Non Biodegradable Biodegradable 2 Ionic property Anionic Non-ionic 3 Metal Content None Mercury,Cadmium,Lead, Zinc,Cobolt,Nickel etc 4 Photo Degradability Photodegradable Non photodegradable 5 Warming Effect No effect Soil temperature increasing 1-2 C 6 Filler/Stabilizer/pigment Absent Present 7 Biomass Fertilizer effect Harmful effect 8 Stacking effect Non slippery Slippery 9 Leaching effect - ph changes from 4.5 to 8.5 10 Effect on water No pollution Pollution on leaching
Advanced Materials Research Vols. 821-822 87 11 On burning CO 2 evolves Toxic gas evolves 12 Effect on aquatic animals Harmless Harmful,microbes etc. 13 Effect on plants Helpful Harmful 14 Effect on biological pathway No disturbance Creates barrier 15 Effect on agriculture No effect Enhances insects growth due to increase in soil temperature 16 Size/Shape Any dimension Any dimension 17 Expected design life Possible Not possible(if possible then with complications) 18 Cost Cheap Costly 19 Manufacturing process Relatively safe Harmful 20 Energy consumption in Low energy High thermal energy spinning fibre[12] consumed required Improving durability of jute based geotextiles Jute Geotextiles are indigenous, available technologies which have got enough potentiality for the improvement of rural roads particularly in countries like India and Bangladesh. Rural unskilled, unemployed labour can be utilized for application of this technology. Normally Jute fibre is swelled and degraded within six in water and less durable in acidic, alkaline and other solutions. By different modifications, Jute materials are converted into design biodegradable nature without changing its environmental friendly properties.based on usability and expected design life of geotextiles it can be blended with different materials so as to increase its life. A study conducted by BJRI shows the composition and by how much its durability increases [Table 2] Type Woven Jute in different structure Woven Jute in different structure Woven jute but treated composite Jute blended with different materials (Table 2) [9] Composition Possible Durability Jute 2-6 Jute Coir 5-12 Jute Bitumen Carbon 6-48 Bio Moisture Wt/Unit Tensile Degradability Content Area Strength(lb) Quick 12-14% 200-800 120-140 Slow 7-10% 220-800 240-660 Long run 3-8% Var. Wt. 140-700 Non woven Jute blanket 6-18 Slow 8-12% 800 300-800 Non woven Jute 5-20 years Long run 5-7% >800 >800 blanket+latex Woven with Jute latex 5-20 years Long run 5-7% >800 300-800 different construction
88 Advances in Textile Engineering and Materials III Successful project of jute geotextile application. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Picture 1 Dhaka Sylhet Highway, schematic diagram of soil erosion control fig. 1 and 2[15] Dhaka Sylhet Highway Picture 1. Summary Jute geotextile has many potential applications in civil construction works. Higher strength per unit weight, natural abundance, lower density, low cost and biodegradability are few attractive features of jute.the engineering properties of jute fabrics are suitable for drainage, separation and filtration
Advanced Materials Research Vols. 821-822 89 functions and can be suitably used in overcoming geotechnical problems of weak soil. Applied research including performance evaluation of geotextile applications are needed to highlight more beneficial uses of geotextile in the field along with stringent laws to promote the use of renewable, biodegradable materials like jute in large scale civil construction works. Acknowledgement The project was supported by Dr. Asimananda Khandual, Assistant Professor, Textile Engineering Department, College of engineering and technology, Techno campus, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, 751003. The financial support was provided by Sarveshwar Choudhary. Reference [1] Robert M. Koerner(1998), Designing with Geosynthetics. [2] Woven Geotextiles(1991),Amoco Fabrics and Fibers Company.Atlanta, GA. (technical brochure). [3] Non Woven Geotextiles(1991),Amoco Fabrics and Fibers Company Atlanta, GA. (technical brochure). [4] http://www.engr.utk.edu [5] http://plastics.americanchemistry.com/education-resources/hands-on-plastics/introductionto-plastics-science-teaching-resources/history-of-polymer-and-plastics-for-students.html [6] http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basics/ [7] Dr.A.B.M Abdullah (2008) Jute Geotextiles and their applications. [8] Ohio State University Fact Sheet;Food,Agriculture and Biological Engineering, Using Geotextile fabric in livestock operations. [9] Abdullah (1999) A handbook on geotextiles particularly natural geotextiles from jute and other vegetable fibres. [10] Dr. Zahid Hossain Prodhan, Managing Director, Arcadia Property Development Ltd. (APDL), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Application of Jute Geotextile for different structures including Rural Roads with Slope Protection. [11] Joint Departments of the Army and Air Force, TM 5-818-8/AFJMAN 32-1030, Engineering Use of Geotextiles, 20 July (1995). [12] R. Guruprasad, Scientist, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology,Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR),Kolkata, India, Jute Fibre Reinforced Composites: Problems and Prospects. [13] http://www.worldjute.com/jute_statistics/statwj.html [14] A. R. Horrocks and S C Anand (2000), Handbook of technical textiles Textiles in civil engineering. Part 2 natural fibre geotextiles Pg.381. [15] Dr. Zahid Hossain Prodhan, Managing Director, Arcadia Property Development Ltd. (APDL), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Application of Jute Geotextile for different structures including Rural Roads with Slope Protection.
Advances in Textile Engineering and Materials III 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.821-822 Jute Geotextiles as Substitute to Synthetic Geotextiles 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.821-822.85