Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal

Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal

Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal Edited by Professor of Civil Engineering The University of Texas at Austin USA SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V

First edition 1993 Reprinted 1995, 1996 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1993 ISBN 978-1-4613-6340-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-3070-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3070-1 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reprodueed, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the ease of reprographie reproduetion only in accordanee with the terms of the lieenees issued by the Copyright Lieensing Ageney in the UK, or in aecordanee with the terms of lieenees issued by the appropriate Reproduetion Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries eonceming reproduetion outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information eontained in this book and cannot aecept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publieation Data available Geoteehnieal praetice for waste disposalledited by. - 1st ed. p. em. Ineludes index and bibliographical references 1. Waste disposal in the ground. 2. Enviromnental geoteehnology. I. Daniel, David E. (David Edwin), 1949- TD795.7.G455 1993 628.4'456 - de20 92-40842 CIP l Printed on acid-free paper, manufactured in aeeordanee with ANSIINISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanenee of Paper)

Contents Contributors Preface vii ix PART ONE GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1 l. In trod uction 3 2. Geochemistry 15 Jim V. Rouse and Roman Z. Pyrih 3. Contaminant transport 33 Charles D. Shackelford 4. Hydrogeology 66 Keros Cartwright and Bruce R. Hensel PART TWO NEW DISPOSAL FACILITIES 95 5. Landfills and impoundments 97 6. Leachate and gas generation 113 Robert K. Ham and Morton Barlaz 7. Clay liners 137 8. Geomembrane liners 164 Robert M. Koerner 9. Collection and removal systems 187 Robert M. Koerner 10. Water balance for landfills 214 R. Lee Peyton and Paul R. Schroeder 11. Stability of landfills 244 Issa S. Oweis 12. Mine waste disposal 269 Dirk Van Zyl

vi Contents PART THREE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES 287 13. Strategies for remediation 289 Larry A. Holm 14. Geophysical techniques for subsurface site characterization 311 Richard C. Benson 15. Soil exploration at contaminated sites 358 Charles O. Riggs 16. Vapor analysis/extraction 379 Lyle R. Silka and David L. Jordan 17. Vertical cutoff walls 430 Jeffrey C. Evans 18. Cover systems 455 and Robert M. Koerner 19. Recovery well systems 497 Bob Kent and Perry Mann 20. Bioremediation of soils 520 Raymond C. Loehr 21. In situ bioremediation of groundwater 551 Gaylen R. Brubaker 22. Soil washing 585 Paul B. Trost PART FOUR MONITORING 605 23. Monitoring wells 607 Bob Kent and Mark P. Hemingway 24. Vadose zone monitoring 651 Lome G. Everett Index 677

Contributors Morton Barlaz, Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Richard C. Benson, Technos Inc., Miami, Florida. Gaylen R. Brubaker, Remediation Technologies Inc., Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Keros Cartwright, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois., Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas. Jeffrey c. Evans, Department of Civil Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Lome G. Everett, Geraghty and Miller, Inc., and University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California. Robert K. Ham, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Mark P. Hemingway, Southwestern Laboratories, Austin, Texas. Bruce R. Hensel, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois. Larry A. Holm, CH2M Hill, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. David L. Jordan, Hydrosystems Inc., Sterling, Virginia. Bob Kent, Geomatrix Consultants, Inc., California. Santa Anna Heights, Robert M. Koerner, Professor of Civil Engineering, Director, Geosynthetic Research Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Raymond C. Loehr, Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas.

viii Contributors Perry Mann, International Technology Corp., Austin, Texas. Issa S. Oweis, Converse Consultants East, Parsippany, New Jersey. R. Lee Peyton, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Roman Z. Pyrih, GEOCHEM Div., Terra Vac, Lakewood, Colorado. Charles O. Riggs, Sverdrup Environmental, Inc., St Louis, Missouri. Jim V. Rouse, GEOCHEM Div., Terra Vac, Lakewood, Colorado. Charles D. Shackelford, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Paul R. Schroeder, US Army Engineer, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Lyle R. Silka, Hydrosystems Inc., Sterling, Virginia. Paul B. Trost, Waste-Tech Services Inc., Golden, Colorado. Dirk Van Zyl, Golder Associates, Inc., Lakewood, Colorado.

Preface Earth scientists and geotechnical engineers are increasingly challenged to solve environmental problems related to waste disposal facilities and cleanup of contaminated sites. The effort has given rise to a new discipline of specialists in the field of environmental geotechnology. To be effective, environmental geotechnologists must not only be armed with the traditional knowledge of fields such as geology and civil engineering, but also be knowledgeable of principles of hydrogeology, chemistry, and biological processes. In addition, the environmental geotechnologist must be completely up to date on the often complex cadre of local and national regulations, must comprehend the often complex legal issues and sometimes mind-boggling financial implications of a project, and must be able to communicate effectively with a host of other technical specialists, regulatory officials, attorneys, local land owners, journalists, and others. The field of environmental geotechnology will no doubt continue to offer unique challenges. The purpose of this book is to summarize the current state of practice in the field of environmental geotechnology. Part One covers broadly applicable principles such as hydrogeology, geochemistry, and contaminant transport in soil and rock. Part Two describes in detail the underlying principles for design and construction of new waste disposal facilities. Part Three covers techniques for site remediation. Finally, Part Four addresses the methodologies for monitoring. The topics of 'waste disposal' and 'site remediation' are extraordinarily broad. This book is written for geologists, hydrogeologists, geotechnical engineers, environmental engineers, soil scientists, and others with similar backgrounds. The book does not attempt to go beyond the immediate capabilities of the environmental geotechnologist. For example, the book does not cover incineration of waste because the environmental geotechnologist would not logically design an incinerator; a combustion specialist would. In preparing this book, the editor has assembled a group of exceptionally knowledgeable contributors to whom the editor is most grateful. The editor thanks the numerous scientists and engineers who have shaped his thinking over the years and expresses particular

x Preface appreciation to his students for innumerable thoughtful questions and many hours of sacrifice and hard work. Finally, many thanks to Cindy Symington for her help in preparing this book.