Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.1, 2013 RESPONSE OF OLIVE CULTIVARS TO ROOTING THROUGH AIR LAYERING IN DIFFERENT GROWTH MEDIA RAFI UR REHMAN 1, ABRAR HUSSAIN SHAH 1, AZMAT ALI AWAN 1 and HAMMAD ALI 2 1 2 Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan. Department of Water Management Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan. ABSTRACT An experiment on Response of olive cultivars to rooting through air layering in different growth media was conducted at Pakistan Oilseed Development Board (PODB), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa research facility at Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan during 2010. Air layering was done in June on different cultivars (Coratina, Leccino, Pendalino, Baincullela, Uslu and Sevalino) in different media (sawdust, silt, garden soil and sawdust +silt +garden soil). The experiment was laid out on a randomized complete block designs with split plot arrangements having three replications. The research revealed significantly different results for days to rooting, number of roots per plant, root length, root diameter and percent survival among the cultivars. Similarly different growth media also significantly affected most of the parameters studied. Maximum root length (3.35cm), root diameter (0.15cm) percent survival (60%) and minimum days to rooting were recorded for cultivar Coratina (28), while, the maximum days to rooting were noted in cultivar Baincullela (37). However, the minimum number of roots plant -1 (5.16), root length (2.31cm), root diameter (0.12cm) and percent survival (42.50%) were recorded in cultivar Baincullela. As regards the effect of different media, the maximum number of roots (8.27), root length (3.28cm), root diameter (0.15cm) and percent survival (67.22%), and minimum days to rooting (27.11) were recorded in silt. While, the minimum number of roots plant -1 (5.22), root length (2.03cm), root diameter (0.11cm), percent survival (37.22%), and maximum days to rooting (37.22) were observed in sawdust media. On the basis of these results cultivar Coratina and Silt as a rooting medium were found thebest and hence recommended for rooting of olive cultivars through air layering. Key words: Olive, Olea europaea, Rooting, Air layering, Growth media Citation: Rehman. R.U., A.H. Shah, A.A. Awan and H. Ali. 2013. Response of olive cultivars to rooting through air layering in different growth media. Sarhad J. Agric. 29(1):1-5. INTRODUCTION Olive (Olea europaea) locally known as Zaitoon is an attractive evergreen tree with grey-green foliage. It belongs to family Oleaceae, having 30 different species (Simmonds, 1976). Olive can be propagated through sexual and asexual methods. Air layering is a method of producing plants from aerial branches which remain in position while rooting. Some plants which are difficult to root, air layering has been proven as an effective method in a wide range of species as a means of increasing their kind. The moist medium for rooting is usually placed around the wounded area of the branch. It is held in position by placing a wrapping around the periphery of the ball of the medium. After the roots have grown to the outside of the ball of medium, the branch is removed and planted in a pot on its own roots. The growth, establishment and survival of branches and seedling also depend on the quality of a grow medium. There are many commercial growing media used to raise seedlings and branches, but many are expensive and locally unavailable. These have to be imported from elsewhere and this makes them expensive. There is a need to establish appropriate and low cost growing media to ensure that the tree seedlings could attain a suitable size for layering within a year. Amending growing media with fertilizer can promote seedling and branching growth, establishment and survival (Sileshi et al., 2007). In nursery production industry, a variety of growing media are in use worldwide, especially in the ornamental plant production. Growers and nurserymen in Pakistan, specifically of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, are not familiar with the propagation of Olive. To solve this problem, the current experiment was designed in which different planting media were used because, the planting medium is considered to be an important and necessary factor for the growth and development of a plant. It provides the basic necessities required by a plant throughout its life. In general, rooting through layering in various types of soil environments influence rooting significantly due to physical and chemical properties of the media having a ph range conducive to plant growth, that permit gaseous exchange to provide aeration for the roots and permits water infiltration and its movement.
Rafi Ur Rehman, et al. Response of Olive cultivars to rooting through air layering 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS An experiment on Response of olive cultivars to rooting through air layering in different growth media was conducted at Pakistan Oilseed Development Board (PODB), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan during June 2010. Air layering was done in June on different cultivars (Coratina, Leccino, Pendalino, Baincullela, Uslu and Sevalino) in different media (Saw dust, silt, garden soil and Sawdust + Silt + Garden soil). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block designs (RCBD) with split plot arrangements having three replications. In order to initiate rooting in olive branches, seven year old tree, 24 trees was selected for layering, 1.5 m branch height and pencil size of each branch for layering, three layering was done in each tree, stem was wounded by complete removal of ring bark just below the buds in the month of June. Data were collected after 20 days. Different media were surrounded around the injured portion of the branch of olive tree by heavy wrapping of burlap with plastic sheet. When a good ball of roots had formed, the branches were cut off below the media and data were recorded for different parameter. Selection of the Saw dust, silt, garden soil and their mixture was used because of. Before using media it was confirmed that these were free of pathogens, weeds, pests, nematodes, have good water holding capacity and good drainage. Different cultivars were allotted to main plots and media were allotted to sub plots shown as follow. Air layering was done in June on different cultivars (Coratina, Leccino, Pendalino, Baincullela, Uslu and Sevalino) in different media (Saw dust, silt, garden soil and Sawdust + Silt + Garden soil). Days to Root Appearance Total number of days to root appearance and their averages was calculated after the date of air-layering and media treatments were recorded in each treatment. Number of Roots Plant -1 Number of roots plant -1 data was recorded by cutting air layered shoots and the media attached with roots were removed and washed with water and the number of root per air layered shoot/plant were counted and the average was worked out. Root length (cm) The length of roots was measured from base to the tips of roots. The averages were calculated after recording the roots measurement in each replication. Root Diameter (cm) The root thickness of primary root part was measured with the help of vernier caliper in centimeter and the averages were calculated for statistical analysis. Percent Survival of Plant At the end of experiment, the plants were counted; survival plant % ages were recorded by the following formula: Percent plant survival = Number of survived Plants x 100 Total number of plants RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Days to Rooting Days to rooting were significantly affected by different types of growing media and different cultivars (Table 1).The maximum (37days to rooting was recorded in cv Baincullela, which was followed by minimum (28 days) in cv Coratina. The better rooting results of cv Coratina shows its quick ability to rooting than cv Baincullela, which could be refered to its genotypic ability for regeneration through air layering in a condencive environment. As regards the various growing media, the rooting was delayed in saw dust (37.22 days) followed by garden soil (34.83 days), while it was earlier in silt media (26.78 days). In case of interactions it was noted that the rooting occurred in cv Baincullela (40.67) days when saw dust was used. Whereas the rooting occurred earlier in cv Coratina (21.33 days) when silt was used. It seems that saw dust does not have more nutrients as compared to the silt, silt have more water holding capacity than that of garden soil, that s why silt media showed better results for rooting and our results are an agreements with the findings of Awan et al, (2002). Who noticed that the rooting was maximum in FYM, while minimum in sand.
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.1, 2013 3 Table 1. Days to root appearance of olive cultivars as affected by different growing media through air layering Cultivars Saw dust Garden soil Silt Saw dust:silt: Garden soil Mean Coratina 34.67 29.67 21.33 26.33 28 e Pendalino 35.33 31.67 23.33 29.67 30de Leccino 35.67 34 26.33 32.67 32.16cd Uslu 37.33 36.33 28.67 31 33.33bc Sevalino 39.67 38 30 33.67 35.33ab Baincullela 40.67 39.33 33 35 37a Mean 37.22a 34.83b 26.78d 31.39c Critical value for media at 5% level of significance = 2.13 Critical value for cultivars at 5% level of significance = 2.66 Roots Plant -1 Maximum number of roots plant -1 (9) was observed in cv Pendalino which was followed by cv Coratina and cv Leccino having 7 roots palnt -1 both these cultivars were statistically at par with regard to the number of roots plant -1 (Table 2). While, the minimum number of roots plant -1 (5.16) were observed in cv Baincullela. The better results obtained in cv Pendalino were probably due to the adaptation of this cultivar to our agro-climate.. In case of growing media maximum number of roots (8.27) was recorded in silt followed by saw dust, garden soil and silt combination (6.77) while, the minimum roots (5.22) was recorded in saw dust. The silt had more nutrients as compared to the other media, and the saw dust had less nutrients. The findings of Awan et al, 2002 to some extent support our results. In case of interactions maximum roots plant -1 (9.33) was obtained by cv Pendalino having air layer media combination of sawdust, silt and garden soil. While minimum roots plant -1 (4) were recorded in cv Baincullela air layered in saw dust media. The combination of the media enriched with nutrients from silt and garden soil, increased water holding capacity and proper aeration probably provided an ideal environment to cv Pendalino to have more roots plant -1. Table 2. Roots plant -1 of olive cultivars as affected by different growing media through air layering. Coratina 6 6.67 8 7.33 7b Pendalino 6.67 8 12 9.33 9a Leccino 5.33 7 8.67 7 7b Uslu 5 5.67 8 6 6.16bc Sevalino 4.33 4.67 6.67 5.67 5.33c Baincullela 4 5 6.33 5.33 5.16c Mean 5.22c 6.16bc 8.27a 6.77b Critical value for media at 5% level of significance = 1.23 Critical value for cultivars at 5% level of significance = 1.36 Root Length Root length was significantly affected by different types of growing media and different cultivars while, the interactions between different growing media and cultivars were non significant (Table 3). Maximium root length (3.35cm) was observed in cv Coratina which was followed by cv Pendalino (2.75cm). While the lowest root length (2.31cm) was observed in cv Baincullela. The variation among various olive cultivars with regards to the root length could be referred to the genotypic adaptabilities of regeneration and survival in our agro-climate. In case of growing media, the maximum root length (3.28cm) was recorded in silt media followed by sawdust, garden soil and silt combination (2.81cm) while, the minimum root length (2.03cm) was recorded in saw dust. The silt does have more pore spaces as compared to the garden soil and hence, more nutrients were available. This was followed by the saw dust media that s why silt showed better results. Similar results have also been reported by Awan et al, 2002. In case of interactions for root length, maximum root length of 3.97cm was attained by cv Coratina having air layer combination of saw dust, silt and garden soil. While, the minimum root length (1.83cm) was recorded in air layers of saw dust placed for cv Leccino (Table 3). Further addition to the stress was caused by the gradual increase in temperature from 22 to 42 o C (with 20 o C difference) and low humidity range (57 to 78%) during the following months that caused delay in root development and reduced the success percentage in layered branches. On the other hand, gradual decrease in temperature from 38 to 25 o C (with 13 o C difference) and high humidity range (76 to 86%) from August to December favored early root development and also increased success percentage in the branches
Rafi Ur Rehman, et al. Response of Olive cultivars to rooting through air layering 4 when layering was practiced in August. However, the layered branches did not differ significantly for their survival after detachment. Table 3. Root length of olive cultivars as affected by different growing media through air layering Coratina 2.73 3.23 3.97 3.47 3.35a Pendalino 1.97 2.57 3.4 3.17 2.75b Leccino 1.83 2.1 3.13 2.93 2.49bc Uslu 1.9 2.17 3.1 2.5 2.41bc Sevalino 1.9 2.07 3.3 2.43 2.42bc Baincullela 1.87 2.2 2.8 2.4 2.31c Mean 2.03d 2.39c 3.28a 2.81b Critical value for media at 5% level of significance = 0.42 Critical value for cultivars at 5% level of significance = 0.31 Root Diameter Data regarding root diameter (cm) is presented in Table 4. Root diameter was significantly affected by different types of growing media and different cultivars while the interactions between different growing media and cultivars were non-significant. The maximum root diameter (0.148 cm) was observed in cv. Coratina followed by Pendalino having (0.138 cm) while, the minimum root diameter (0.12 cm) was observed in cv. Baincullela. In case of growing media maximum root diameter (0.15 cm) was recorded in silt media followed by garden soil (0.13 cm) while, the minimum (0.11cm) was recorded in saw dust. In case of cultivars and media interactions maximum root diameter (0.17 cm) was attained in cv. Coratina grown in silt while, the minimum (0.11 cm) was recorded in cv. Baincullela at saw dust. It might have been due to good drainage and high porosity that helped in the development of excellent root system. Such media enhances apical meristematic activities and also triggers cambial cell division.. It also reflects that these combinations might have provided favorable physical conditions for sufficient nutrients access to the cuttings which are needed for activating enzymatic and biochemical processes. The results of Wazir et al, (2003) are also in agreement with our findings who reported that soil media of silt + saw dust gave maximum number of root diameter in fruit trees propagation through air layering. Table 4. Root diameter of olive cultivars as affected by different growing media through air layering. Coratina 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.148a Pendalino 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.14 0.138ab Leccino 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.13bc Uslu 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.13bc Sevalino 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.123c Baincullela 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.12c Mean 0.11c 0.13b 0.15a 0.13b Critical value for media at 5% level of significance = 0.010 Critical value for cultivars at 5% level of significance = 0.014 Percent Plant Survival (%) Table 5 revealed that percent survival was significantly affected by different cultivars as well as different types of growing media, while their interactions were non-significant. Maximum percent plant survival (60%) was observed in cv. Coratina followed by cv. Pendalino (55%) and cv. Leccino(50.83%). The minimum plant survival (42.5%) was observed in cv. Biancullela which was statistically at par with cultivars Sevallino, Uslu, Leccino and Pendalino. In case of growing media maximum plant survival (67.22%) was recorded in silt media followed by saw dust, garden soil and silt combination (54.44%). However, minimum plant survival was recorded in saw dust (37.22%).The poorest performance of rooted cuttings in saw dust soil might have been due to the nutritionally poor medium that resulted in the minimum values of all the parameters under study. Mathad and Nalwadi (1989) reported that decomposed organic material improved soil fertility by increasing soil aeration, water holding capacity and water infiltration and lower surface crusting. The lesser growth in saw dust also might have been due to the minimum number of leaves and shoots that reduced the rate of photosynthesis, there by reducing the plant growth and survival.
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.1, 2013 5 Table 5. Percent survival (%) of olive cultivars as affected by different growing media through air layering Cultivars Saw dust Garden soil Silt Garden soil Mean Coratina 43.33 50 76.67 70 60a Pendalino 36.67 46.67 73.33 63.33 55ab Leccino 40 43.33 70 50 50.83abc Uslu 36.67 43.33 66.67 50 49.16bc Sevalino 40 40 60 43.33 45.83bc Baincullela 26.67 36.67 56.67 50 42.50c Mean 37.22c 43.33c 67.22a 54.44b Critical value for media at 5% level of significance = 6.80 Critical value for cultivars at 5% level of significance = 9.53 CONCLUSION On the basis of the results obtained it is concluded that olive cultivar Coratina seems more suitable for the environmental conditions of Peshawar and can be best propagated through air layering using silt as rooting media. REFERENCES Awan, A.A., A. Iqbal, J. Rehman and G. Idris. 2002. Response of olive hard wood cutting to different growth media and basal injuries for propagation. Asian J. Plant Sci. 2 (12):883-886. Mathad, M.C. and U.G. Nalwadi. 1989. Rooting ability of some important ornamental climbers. South Indian Hort. 37(5): 307-308. Sileshi, G., F.K. Akinnifesi, A. Mkonda and O.C. Ajayi. 2007. Effect of growth media and fertilizer application on biomass allocation and survival of Uapaca kirkiana Müell Arg. seedlings. Sci. Res. Essay. 2: 402-415. Simmonds, N.W. 1976. Evolution of Crop Plants. Longman Group Ltd. London. pp.219-221. Wazir, M.G., N. Amin, I. Khan and M.I. Khan. 2004. Effects of different potting mixtures and nitrogen source on the performance of Brassica seedlings-ii. Sarhad J. Agric. 20(1): 25-31.