A g e n d a 4/10/2017 Chris Clark, CCA Territory Sales Representative Vine Nutrition a major role in the life of a vineyard! Haily Henderson, CCA NMP/GPS Specialist & Agronomist Soil How to sample Sample submission sheet Lab analysis & results Interpretation Plant How to sample Sample submission sheet Lab analysis & results Interpretation Why it is important to Fertilize Soil Sampling How to Soil Sample Collect a composite sample of 10-20 cores throughout each block, grape variety, or management zones Representative sample consists of several sub-samples collected throughout the plot Record sample sites Samples can be collected from the same location in subsequent years Provides effective comparison from year-to-year 1
What to NOT do Sample from abnormal portions of the field wet lowlands or sandy knobs Sample around one vine Sample how you want, when you want, where you want Do If abnormalities: collect a separate sample from abnormal area and compare to rest of field Make sure your samples are consistent all about 6-7 inches Remove debris, rocks, and other foreign material from sample Filling Out Submission Forms Every sample needs a form Provide as much info as you know Have a unique soil type? Let the lab know! Double check: does info match sample bags Use online forms Print a copy for your records and one for lab At the Lab: Soil Analysis Soil Analysis Interpretation The Ideal Soil Texture: sandy to gravelly (warm up fast & well-drained) ph: 5.5-6.5 American grapes = more acidic (5-6) European grapes = more neutral (6-7) P = 25 ppm K = 100 ppm Don t want too fertile, which can Promote too much vegetative growth Reduce fruit production Increase chances of winter injury Delay coloring and ripening ROT: use half of the fertilizer recommended for other fruits and ornamentals Better to under-fertilize than to over fertilize Soil Tests Show Nutrient Status. But ph Affects Availability Optimum soil range for most crops Optimum soil range for grapes (depending on variety) 2
Soil Property Desired Range Soil ph 6.0-7.0 Soil Salinity < 4.0 ds/m Organic Matter 3-6% Phosphorous (P) 20-50 ppm Potassium (K) 75-150 ppm Calcium (Ca) 500-2000 ppm Soil Properties Soil Property Desired Range Magnesium (Mg) 100-250 ppm Boron (B) 0.3-2.0 ppm Iron (Fe) 20 ppm Manganese (Mn) 20 ppm Zinc (Zn) 4-5 ppm Source: Grape Grower s Handbook Let s look at the example vineyard soil report Organic Matter (OM) Measure of the decaying plant/animal matter Most productive agricultural soils have between 3 and 6% Sources include: crop residues, animal manure, cover crops, green manure, perennial grasses, and legumes The quickest increase is obtained from compost or semi-solid manure. Benefits Increases soil s ability to hold and supply nutrients overtime Ca, Mg, and K Accelerates decomposition into plant available nutrient forms Source of food for soil organisms Enhances soil microbial diversity and activity which can help in the suppression of diseases and pests Enhances pore space through the actions of soil microorganisms. This helps to increase infiltration and reduce runoff Improves water holding capacity Reduces the stickiness of clay soils making them easier to till Reduces surface crusting, facilitating seedbed preparation Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Measures the holding capacity of your soil texture (the amount and type of clay and OM) The higher the number, the more water, nutrients, and pesticides your soil can hold (heavier soil type) CEC Soil Texture 0-8 Sand 9-12 Loamy Sand 13-20 Sandy/Silty Loam 21-28 Loam 29-40 Clay Loam >40 Clay Nitrogen (N) N = issue on most vineyards, especially lighter soils with low organic matter (OM) N levels in soil are always changing; determine N status visually looking at vegetative vigor and leave characteristics and results of recent tissue test How much to apply? Max N = CEC 10 This will tell you roughly how much nitrogen your soil can hold at any one time Common rec: 40-100 lbs/acre actual N split over growing season Option 1: Apply just after spring thaw and mid-june Option 2: Apply at bud break or post bud break and during bloom Nitrogen (N) How much to apply? (cont.) Sources: Urea (46-0-0) Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0-24S) lbs of N recommended 100 Fert. N = % N infertilizer source Recommendation: Example 25 pounds of actual N = how much urea? 25 100 = 54 lb urea 46 Phosphorus (P) P = important for flower and fruit formation and differentiation Typical WI soils have adequate P Just because it s in the soil does not mean the plant can get it Hint from the Lab: Low P status in grapevines may be best diagnosed by comparing leaf and petiole P at véraison because P will generally occur at a similar or higher concentration in petioles compared to leaf blades when P is adequate Base maintenance fertilizer applications from recent soil and petiole test 3
Potassium (K) K = Watch for low K levels in high yielding vines or after drought Typical grape harvest removal = 4.94 lbs/acre of K Did you know: It takes 5-7 lbs of K 2 O to increase the soil test 1 ppm Be aware if a vineyard is cropped to very low yields one year, it is easy to over apply K fertilizers, which may lead to increased ph Common fertilizer rate for mature vines 50-100 lbs/acre P Response is greatest with 2-ft bands beneath trellis vs broadcasting Magnesium (Mg) & Boron (B) Mg = Too much K (very common problem in WI soils) prevents Mg uptake by vines Soil report may say you have Mg but plants cannot uptake Typical fertilizer broadcast 100-500 lbs/acre Mg Sulfate B = Some regions have low B due to low B levels in soil If needed, foliar sprays of B to the vine canopy in spring, prior to bloom, or later in the season (post-harvest) It is recommended to apply these sprays at low doses to prevent toxicity Keep soil test B level above 0.5 ppm Maintain ph to keep B available Other Key Nutrients Zinc (Zn) Low Zn can be associated with high Mg levels Foliar sprays of Zn are applied in dormancy with a follow-up spring spray if deficiency is severe. Sulfur (S) Low sulfur is more and more common in WI Air is getting cleaner; no more free sulfur deposits Mn, Ca, and Fe are normally not deficient in WI soils Hint from the Lab: everything in moderation; too much is just as destructive as too little. Sulfur Deposits (1985 vs 2008) How much to Apply? Determine your spacing Example 8 X 9 = 605 vines/acre What was the fertilizer rec Example 238 lbs/acre 605 vines/acre RESULT= Apply 0.40 lbs/vine Tissue Sampling Apply at: Bud-break Post bud-break During bloom 4
How to Plant Sample Collect two sets of samples (one normal and one abnormal) for comparison 1 sample = about 20 leaves/petioles Collect most developed leaves Unless abnormality occurs in newest leaves Try to remember Location of abnormalities On the plant In the field What to NOT do Wash leaves off Put in plastic bag Ship out Friday (over the weekend) Do Let samples air dry(if collected in morning dew) Put in PAPER bag Ship at the beginning of the week Keep sampling time consistent Take a visual assessment Questions as you walk your vineyard Are leaf symptoms on bottom, middle, or top leaves on vines? Are symptoms on exterior or interior leaves only? Are symptoms on some individual shoots or on all shoots of a vine? Are leaf symptoms on leaf margins (edge) or some other distinct pattern? Are vines with symptoms clustered together or scattered throughout the vineyard, or are they just on the edge rows? Are vines associated with any topographic character of the site, such as a swale or hilltop? What is the time of year or growth stage when symptoms appear? spring as shoots are beginning to grow, early summer around flowering time, late summer as clusters begin ripening, or in fall at or after harvest? Element Mobility Element Mobility Where Deficiency SymptomsFirst Appear N, P, K, Mg, Na, and Cl Very good Old leaves Mn Variable Young and mid-stem leaves S, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mo Very little Young leaves Ca, B Very little to none Young leaves and growing tip Source: Grape Grower s Handbook Not every time the leaf turns a color! Annual tissue testing is an important tool to detect what you cannot see. Filling out submission sheet At the Lab: Tissue Analysis 5
Tissue Analysis Interpretation Sufficiency Ranges: Grapevine Tissue Analysis (collected at Full Bloom) Nutrient Petioles Leaf Blades Nitrogen (%) 1.2-2.8 2.5-3.5 Phosphorous (%) 0.17-0.60 0.15-0.45 Potassium (%) 1.5-5.0 0.75-1.5 Calcium (%) 0.4-3.0 1.0-3.0 Magnesium (%) 0.13-0.50 0.25-0.50 Manganese (ppm) 18-100 30-100 Iron (ppm) 30-180 >75 Boron (ppm) 25-50 30-100 Copper (ppm) 5-15 6-20 Zinc (ppm) 20-100 25-100 Molybdenum (ppm) 0.20-0.50 N/A Source: Grape Grower s Handbook 4 Things to Know About Nutrient Imbalances Tissue Test Results & Interpretation 1. Many nutrient imbalances share similar symptoms 2. Your plants may suffer from multiple deficiencies at the same time 3. Other plant problems may cause symptoms that are similar to nutrient imbalances Some diseases produce similar symptoms to nutrient imbalances Too much or too little water Soil compaction Insect attack can also mimic nutrient imbalance symptoms. Pesticide (including herbicide) damage can also produce similar symptoms Symptoms may just respond and look different on different species 4. Nutrient imbalances may be silent before symptoms become visible; Utilize regular tissue testing Concentration Affected by Time Decreases Stable Increases Nitrogen Magnesium Calcium Phosphorus (slight) Potassium Zinc Iron Copper Manganese Boron It is important to sample at the proper growth stage Why is it important to fertilize? Cost (BEST ROI fertilize based on recent tests) Typical grape harvest removal = Takes 5-7 lbs of K 2 O to increase the soil test 1 ppm The older the vine, the more N required Fertilizer carryover Timing fertilizer applications (A1656) 6
Our take away message Questions? Contact Us! Grapevine nutrition plays a major role in the life of a vineyard. Nutrients found in the soil and vines must be monitored on a continual basis! Regular soil and tissue testing are crucial This will avoid over application, which can Promote too much growth, Energy spent on vegetative growth rather than fruit production Increase susceptibility to winter injury Delay coloring and ripening Nutrient antagonism Too much N K Na Ca Mg Fe Mn May cause (nutrient) deficiency K N, Ca, Mg K, Ca, Mg Mg, B Ca Mn Fe Chris Clark Territory Sales Rep WI-CCA 715-850-2888 cclark@agsource.com Haily Henderson NMP/GPS Technician WI-CCA 608-397-0046 hhenderson@agsource.com 7