Wave of the Future: Espalier for Production and Pest Management

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Transcription:

Wave of the Future: Espalier for Production and Pest Management Sacramento Master Gardener Monthly Meeting April 15, 2014 Chuck Ingels Farm & Horticulture Advisor http://cesacramento.ucanr.edu

Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and methods On-farm examples

Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and methods On-farm examples

Why the Wave of the Future? Management of New and Existing Pests BMSB and other true bugs Asian citrus psyllid/hlb Spotted wing drosophila Codling moth Peach leaf curl Birds & squirrels

Excluding Pests Easier with Espalier Fair Oaks Horticulture Center

Excluding Pests Easier with Espalier Wind Damage 2012 2014

2012 Peach Leaf Curl Trial Individual Branches Treated Sprayed branches Agribon on branch Untreated Lime sulfur/ Microcop

Espalier French term; from Italian spalliera (something to rest the shoulder [spalla] against) Pronounced es-pal-yer or es-pal-yay Technique of growing trees into a two dimensional flat plane by training and pruning Began with Romans; refined in 1500s in Europe

Advantages of Espalier Training Narrow canopy; greater sunlight penetration Good use of narrow spaces Efficient crop production Ability to decrease growth & increase fruiting by training it horizontally* Heat capture from walls in winter Pest management

Disadvantages Increased management & cost Can be challenging Fruiting branches/shoots less compatible Peach (1-yr. branches), fig/persimmon (current shoot) Sunburn & borers Some species overly vigorous

Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and methods On-farm examples

Locating the Trellis Avoid north-facing wall South-facing wall increases heat in winter, spring Can be grown on or near wall Keep 6-10 in. from wood walls Avoid chain-link fencing Photo: KVDP

Locating the Trellis Photo: Pam Geisel

Trellis Construction Tips Use rot-resistant wood (cypress, cedar, redwood, pressure-treated) Sink posts in concrete that extends above ground Use heavy gauge wire (12 or 14 gauge) Support end posts to prevent wire sag

Screw eye Turnbuckle One Trellis Method Chain link top rail for support Crossarm for drip lines Post in concrete

Supporting the Trellis Ends Wire Vineyard trellis end post Helical anchor (earth anchor)

Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and methods On-farm examples

Typical Espalier Patterns Source: EspalierServices.com

Typical Espalier Patterns Source: EspalierServices.com

Espalier /Horizontal T Promote Spurs

Vigorous Apple Horizontal T No Summer Pruning Shoots 6+ ft. long Fruiting wood shaded Looking up

Vigorous shoots Almost no spurs Vigorous Apple No Summer Pruning

Vigorous shoots removed Spurs, short shoots left Should be done earlier Vigorous Apple Summer Pruning Aug.

Vigor management Provide space! Old Winkler Vine UC Davis

Pluot Espalier (1998) Year 1 Not enough space!

Palmette Verrier (Candelabra) Source: pepinieresdenghien.be

Palmette Verrier (Candelabra) Source: pepinieresdenghien.be

Palmette Verrier (Menorah) Asian Pear: Planted Jan. 2001 Late April, 2002 Late May, 2002

Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2004

Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2014

Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2014 Before summer pruning After summer pruning

Cherry Fan (Stella) Fair Oaks Hort. Center April 2013 July 2013

Cherry Fan APRIL 2015 Fan: No heading cuts yet SEPT. 2014 Flower buds formed

2-Scaffold Fan Peach Fair Oaks Hort. Center Peach Cherry

Espalier Peach/Nectarine Pruning and Training (AHS)

Spring Pruning of Mature Peach Tree Prune to 1 bud all but 2 new shoots per branch After harvest cut branch back to lower shoot

Spring Pruning of Mature Peach Tree Prune to 1 bud all but 2 new shoots per branch After harvest cut branch back to lower shoot

Flower buds Peach Fruiting Branches Veg. bud

Cherry, Peach Espalier Fair Oaks Horticulture Center Planted Feb. 2013 February April

Peach Espalier 2013 April June July

Peach Espalier July 2013

Peach Espalier 2013 Nov. July

Peach Espalier Feb./March 2014 Row cover (Agribon)

Peach Espalier (1) April 2, 2014 1 2 3

Peach Espalier (2) April 21, 2014

Peach Espalier (3) May 17, 2014

Peach Espalier May 17, 2014 After pruning Shoots tied at angle

Peach Espalier Dealing with Side Shoots

Peach Espalier (4) June 5, 2014

Flower buds forming (late July) Peach Espalier (5) July 12, 2014

Peach Espalier July 12, 2014 Year 2: 20 fruits Before After

Peach Espalier Sept. 14, 2014

Peach Espalier March 7, 2015 April 11, 2015

Citrus Espalier (Mandarin) July 2012 Aug. 2012 Aug. 2013

Citrus Espalier (Mandarin) Nov. 2014

Citrus Frost Protection Large Trees Difficult to Cover

Citrus Frost Protection Espalier Trees Easy to Cover

Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and methods On-farm examples

Hi Density Orchards The wave of the future

Mechanical Harvesting

Tatura Trellis

This is the ideal Hi Density Orchards This is often the reality with pears

Notching of Trellised Pears

Cherry Training Trial Upright Fruiting Offshoot (UFO) 2010 2012 2012

Thank You!

Questions? http://cesacramento.ucanr.edu

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