HUMAN AND ENERGY FACTORS IN URBAN PLANNING: A SYSTEMS APPROACH

HUMAN AND ENERGY FACTORS IN URBAN PLANNING: A SYSTEMS APPROACH

NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Programme, which aims at the dissemination of advanced knowledge and the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston D Behavioural and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Social Sciences The Hague, Boston and London E Applied Sciences Series D: Behavioural and Social Sciences - No. 12

HUMAN AND ENERGY FACTORS IN URBAN PLANNING: A SYSTEMS APPROACH Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Factors Influencing Urban Design" Louvain-Ia-Neuve, Belgium, July 2-13, 1979 edited by P. Laconte Director of the Expansion Department University of Louvain, Belgium J. Gibson Commonwealth Professor and Dean School of Engineering and Applied Sciences University of Virginia, U.S.A. A. Rapoport Professor of Architecture University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee U.S.A. 1982 1982 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers The Hague / Boston / London

Distributors: for the United States and Canada Kluwer Boston, Inc. 190 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043 USA for all other countries Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Center P.O.Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht The Netherlands Libran 01 ('ongre!t' eoltaluj(lrg an f~ublil illion Data NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Factors Influencing Urban Design" (1979 : Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) Human and energy factors in l!rban planning. (NATO advanced study institutes series. Series D, Behavioural and social sciences ; no. 12) 1. City planning--congresses. 2. System analysis- Congresses. 3. Social systems--congresses. 4. Energy policy--congresses. I. Laconte, Pierre. II. Gibson, John E. III. Rapoport, Amos. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. V. NATO Advanced Study Institute. VI. Title. VII. Series. HT166.N39 1979 307'.12 82-14232 ISBN-I3: 978-94-009-7653-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-7651-1 e-isbn-i3: 978-94-009-7651-1 Copyright 1982 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1982 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanica/, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P. O. Box 566, 25(H CN The Hague, The Netherlands.

v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2.0. PART 1 - SYSTEMS AND METHODS 2.1. SYSTEMS: Introduction 5 2.2. Gibson & Binkley: Systems and Models in Urban Design - A Tutorial Overview 7 2.3. H. Rittel: Systems Analysis of 'The First and Second Generations' 35 2.4. H. Rittel: Structure and Usefulness of Planning Information Systems 53 2.5. H. Couclelis: Planning and the Systems Approach - Exploding some Myths, Creating a Reality 65 2.6. METHODS: Introduction 79 2.7. P.M. Allen: Human Settlements as Self-Organizing Open Systems 81 2.8. A. Jones: Multi-Criteria Analysis and Fuzzy Set Theory Applications to Urban Design 121 2.9. o. Ayodeji: The Systems Approach in Physical Planning - An Illustrated Consideration of its Possibilities and Limitations 151 3.0. PART 2 - SUBSYSTEMS 3.1. HUMAN SUBSYSTEMS: Introduction 159 3.2. A. Rapoport: Urban Design and Human Systems - On Ways of Relating Buildings to Urban Fabric 161 3.3. R.D. Lambert: Urban Design - Some Relevant Social Forces in Developing Societies 185 3.4. G.K. Kanhere: Urban Design and the Role of Traditional urban Systems 195

VI 3.5. ENERGY SUBSYSTEMS: Introduction 205 3.6. W. Sassin: Urbanization and the Global Energy Problem 207 3.7. L.M. Bolle: Assessment of the Energy Consumption of Urban Forms 235 3.8. G. Epstein: Well-Being in Cities - The Low-Energy City 265 3.9. H.J. Bryce: The Energy Crisis and Urban Form - A Comment 281 3.10. P. Laconte: Physical Layout and Energy Consumption - The Case of Louvain-Ia-Neuve, Belgium 287 3.11. A. Metcalf: The "Misperception" of Car Running Costs and its Impact on the Demand for Energy in the Transport Sector 297 3.12. D. O'Sullivan: Examining the Effectiveness of a Car Running Cost Meter 319 3.13. M. Bottero: Energy and Territory - A Proposal for Research in an Area of Calabria 325 4.0. GENERAL CONCLUSION 337 5.0. ABOUT THE AUTHORS 339