, pp.25-29 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2014.47.06 A Study on the Characteristics of Planning within Analyzing of Exterior Space in Mixed-use Development 1 Lee-yong Sung Division of architecture, Mokwon University, 88 Doanbookro, Suh-Gu, Daejeon, The Republic of Korea {Lee-yong Sung, leerick@mokwon.ac.kr} Abstract. This study examines planning characteristics by analyzing the physical settings of the exterior space in the station area of Tokyo, which has undergone urban renewal as part of urban regeneration. The exterior space in mixed-use development, which performs the function of urban exterior space, and has characteristics of medium space, which is between open private space and public space, is a major element that constitutes the city and determines its image. However, a study on planning elements of exterior space, in wellplanned mixed-use development, can highlight a solution to the concerns that exterior space in mixed-use development is becoming more and more standardized and de-personalized. Keywords: Mixed-use development, Urban Regeneration, Railway Station Sphere, Exterior Space, physical settings. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study The city, a space for individuals, is a complex of diverse elements where multiple ethnicities, cultures, and lifestyles are coalesced into one, presenting various tastes. Since it is an organically formed composite, a city constantly changes and evolves. In the process of the society transiting from primary to secondary or to tertiary industries, numerous cities evolve through there rise and fall. Cities that have decayed, reveal the problems of rapid hollowing out of the city as resident populations and commercial functions decline sharply and public institutions move out to the new towns or suburbs. Under these circumstances, one of the various measures suggested to revitalize the central area of cities that have decayed is urban regeneration. 1 This research is written based on the doctoral thesis. ISSN: 2287-1233 ASTL
1.2 Purpose of the Study This study examines planning characteristics by analysing the physical settings of the exterior space in the station area of Tokyo, which has undergone urban renewal as part of urban regeneration. 1.3 The scope of this Study The scope of this study can be divided into the theoretical and the spatial. The theoretical scope covers open public space and open private space, which are divided by the scope and classification method of urban exterior space. The study gives theoretical consideration to the changes and emergence of open private space caused by multiple problems. By doing so, it attempts to analyze and draw attributes of the physical settings that the exterior space in mixed-use development has, as it is considered more highly than general private open space. The scope of the spatial study sets limits to the exterior space in the station area of Tokyo, whose construction was completed after 2002. The scope of the exterior space can be limited as follows: 1) space above ground, such as the streets in the space above ground, bridges, and roof gardens, 2) ground space, such as plazas, parks, and streets, and 3) underground space, such as the sunken and underground streets. 1.4 The Method and Framework of Study This study is based on space classification, which defines exterior space in mixed-use development. General types of exterior space consist of open space and street, while vertical types are categorized into space above ground, ground space, and underground space. Planning characteristics are studied through the analysis of physical settings, and within the spaces encompassed by those various types. As a method of study, a theoretical background was established through previous research papers and reference documents. Based on these references, both on- and off-line surveys were conducted on the targets (places) chosen for the study, and on-site research visits were carried out twice. The physical settings seen in those two exterior spaces will be divided into hard and soft landscapes, as an effort to present a framework for the study.2 Characteristics of the Exterior Space of Mixed-Use Development. 26
2 Characteristics of the Exterior Space of Mixed-Use Development 2.1 Open Space One characteristic of exterior space in mixed-use development is that it is a public space similar to urban exterior space. Strictly speaking, it is open private space rather than public space. As an exterior space for the public, exterior space in mixed-use development indicates the space that is between the entrance and another open private space (semi-private space). 2.2 Street Open space can be connected to urban streets, other open spaces inside the block, Building gates, and inner streets. Since open space is located on the border, intermediation is crucial for it, even though complexity is a key factor in mixed-use development. 2.3 Intermediary space Exterior space in mixed-use development requires a transition to become intermediary space. Transitional space is where spatial change happens, when a person moves from one place to another place 2. In particular, transitional space in exterior space is a semi-public space between private inner space and public outer space. It should be a semi-private space functioning as a buffer between different areas. Exterior space in mixed-use development is a semi-private space that connects public spaces and private spaces. The former refers to the urban exterior spaces and the latter indicates the private spaces in the complex, such as an entrance/exit, inner streets, and other exterior spaces. The semi-private space is located between these public and private spaces. 3 Focuses on the Specific Targets Focuses on the specific targets exterior space in Roppongi Hills, Tokyo Midtown, Shinagawa East District and the Shiodome 1st Block and are analyzed by the space classifications (open space and street). Then, the planning characteristics of the physical settings that are obtained through the analysis of each space unit the air, ground, and underground will be analyzed. Based on the comprehensive analysis 2 Ahn Young-Bae, characteristics of Space and Construction methods of Traditional Korean Architecture, C3, 1988. p.108 27
results, this chapter will draw upon the planning characteristics that the exterior space of mixed-use development possesses. Fig. 1. Exemplary Exterior Space in Mixed-Use Development (Tokyo) 4 The Comprehensive Analysis The following consists of the analytical results of the 28 exterior spaces of the four mixed use development complexes in Tokyo, which are Roppongi Hills, Tokyo Midtown, the Shinagawa East District, and the Shiodome 1st Block. The space types were open spaces and streets. Open spaces were further divided into plazas and gardens. The plazas and gardens were arranged in the air, on the ground, and under the ground, whereas the streets were divided into streets in the air and bridges in the air. The ground streets usually do not show a particular spatial characteristic, but the Keyakizaka Street is an exception. <Figure 2> shows the analyzed physical settings of each of the currently classified types. Fig. 2. Comprehensive Analysis 5 Conclusions The characteristics of the exterior spaces in the four mixed-use development sites of Tokyo are summarized as follows: First, the exterior space of mixed-use development sites can be divided into various spaces that include open spaces (squares and gardens) and streets. Second, the streets connect the open spaces in mixed-use development sites. 28
The physical settings of the exterior spaces, of the four mixed-use development sites, in Tokyo were analyzed with the following results: First, The results showed that the squares were symbols of mixed-use development sites, since they have spatial correlativity and are located at the centers, and served as the core spaces of various open spaces and building gates. Second, among the streets, public streets are the shortest movement lines across the mixed-use development sites, which are different from ground streets that are linked with gardens. Third, the exterior space of the mixed-use development sites in Tokyo, include the traditional elements of Japan, whether it is an open space or a street. References 1. Hillier, B.: Cities as movement systems. Urban Design International, 1 (1996) 2. Jencks, C.: Meaning in Architecture. The Cresset Press (1969) 3. Mancuso F.: Squares of Europe, Squares for Europe. Cracow, Poland (2007) 4. Coleman P.: Shopping Environments. Architectural Press (2006) 5. Rogers, R.: Towards an Urban Renaissance. Routledge (1999) 29