Tree Fruit Pest Management Review PDF Free Download

Tree Fruit Pest Management Review 2016 Bill Shane Michigan State University Extension

Tree Fruit Management Update Topics: Information sources Avoiding phytotoxicity 2016 tree fruit pest overlook New chemicals, label changes, resistance issues Insecticide & fungicide efficacies

Web sites for Michigan fruit information msue.anr.msu.edu/topic/info/fruit MSU Ext News for Ag apples.msu.edu cherries.msu.edu blueberries.msu.edu grapes.msu.edu www.enviroweather.msu.edu MSU automatic weather station network WilliamShane.weebly.com Bill Shane share site Other sites of interest www.scaffolds.entomology.cornell.edu/ Cornell newsletter www.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/cpg/home Washington State Univ. Spray Guide extension.psu.edu/plants/tree-fruit/tfpg Penn State University Spray Guide https://ag.purdue.edu/hla/hort/documents/id-465.pdf Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide

MSU Extension Monday afternoon fruit update sessions Mondays 5 PM to 6:30 PM April 4 th & April 18 th Then weekly to the end of June But no meeting on May 30th (Memorial Day). Fruit Acre Farms (Annette & Randy Bjorge), NE corner of Friday Rd (Coloma Exit) and Carmody Rd, approximately 2 miles south of I-94. Credits toward Mich pesticide applicators license for each meeting. Bring samples for identification / discussion

Degree day base 42 F accumulation from Jan 1 (Bainbridge / Watervliet) Year March 11 March 18 March 26 2016 102 146 175* 2015 8 38 41 2014 10 12 14 2013 36 36 36 2012 82 223 391 2009 65 105 148 2000 187 200 273 * predicted Zestar 3/22/2016 Mac Apple Phenology DD42 Growth stage 127 1 st green 189 ¼ green 205 ½ green 242 tight cluster 284 open cluster 367 pink 296 king bloom 422 full bloom

Wetting periods at SWMREC weather station since March 10, 2016 Wet Period Start of wetting period End of wetting period Duration (Hrs.) Avg temp (F) Rainfall (in.) 1 3/14 Midnight- 1AM 3/15 10-11AM Wet: 31 42.1 Too cool 0.03 2 3/16 1-2AM 3/16 10-11AM Wet: 6 51.2 Too short 0.13 Peach buds swelling by March 10th 3 3/24 1-2AM ongoing Wet: 14 49.0 0.42 Infection Peach leaf curl model: infections require over 10 hours leaf wetness in temperature range of 46 to 53 F and rainfall greater than 0.2 inch. Non-showy (left) and showy (right)

Preventing spray injury At higher spray volumes spray droplets can combine so that the possibility of injury is greater. On larger trees, this often occurs between 80 and 150 gallons per acre. For example, Topguard applied to runoff under cool conditions may cause leaf spotting and/or leaf edge burn, especially on Braeburn.

Pesticide concentration and phytotoxicity Excessive concentrations. If a pesticide is applied at a specific rate to an agricultural field, it must be applied in a specific volume of water. Some pesticides are safe to the crop if applied at a high enough dilution. Also, the ph of the water used can affect both pesticide activity and phytotoxicity. For example, phosphite fungicides can be phytotoxic when used in less than 50 gallons/acre of water if the ph of the water is less than 5.5.

Preventing spray injury Russeting of sensitive apple varieties is most often increased naturally by cool, rainy, or humid weather in the early growing season. Russeting by chemicals may be increased if they are applied under slow drying conditions, or if sprays are applied at night. Emulsifiable materials applied to leaves are more likely to cause injury than wettable powders.

Apple lenticel problems caused by ag chemicals Liquid calcium products and spray adjuvants may carry Captan into fruit lenticels. Captan carried into lenticels may produce lenticel spots that appear some after spraying as well as sub lethal damage that appears only during storage. Lenticel spot on SweeTango apple Calcium materials may cause injury when mixed with materials containing copper and zinc and possibly other heavy metals.

Fruit russet from early-season zinc foliar spray on McIntosh (left) and from a late-season calcium with a proprietary product on Crispin (right) photo credit D. Rosenberger Tree Fruit Update

Apogee (Prohexadione-Ca) for growth suppression and fire blight management in apples Reduces active shoot growth Limits shoot blight strikes Reduces # cankers Absorbed by apple foliage, only shoots that are sprayed are affected May have use in high density plantings where trees have filled space. Maybe can be used at low doses in early years of planting Do not use on Empire or Winesap due to fruit cracking issues in some years

Use of Apogee for russet reduction A single application of Apogee (12 oz/a) applied at petal fall reduced the severity of both fruit russet on Golden Delicious and scarf skin on Rome Beauty and Gala apples. Apogee + ProVide was more effective than treatments than Apogee alone. S. McArtney, North Carolina State University 2006

Captan injury Captan damage to apples usually appears during the three weeks after petal fall At this time leaves are tender, and spray mixtures used at petal fall and in first and second cover sprays commonly include insecticides, growth regulators, foliar nutrients, and spray adjuvants. To reduce risks of leaf and fruit injury in the future, growers should consider omitting captan from sprays applied to fruit trees between full bloom and 2nd cover.

Captan application to European plum when fruit & leaves were small and tender resulted in injury Tree Fruit Update

Insect management Calypso (Bayer) - voluntary cancellation, all crops. Reason: registration review process & new water model. No more will be produced. - Calypso products in the channels of trade can be sold and distributed until Feb 8, 2016. Growers with existing stocks may continue to use product in the labelled manner until those existing stocks are gone or tolerance is revoked, whichever comes first. Thiodan (endosulfan) phase-out complete for all tree fruit Pristine production discontinued

Sucking insect management San jose scale Wooly apple aphid Rosy apple aphid Brown marmorated stink bug European red and two spotted spider mites Potato and white apple leaf hoppers

Managing Multiple Insects DD42 since March 1 DD50 since March 1 Growth Stage (McIntosh) San Jose scale European red mite April May Tree Fruit Update 7 14 21 23 27 1 8 10 12 18 24 31 90 127 189 205 242 283 367 395 422 511 616 749 38 51 82 90 109 129 174 190 205 254 318 401 Dormant 1 st Green ¼ Greem ½ Green Tight Cluster Open Cluster Pink King Bloom Full Bloom Petal Fall Petal Fall 1 st Cover Oblique banded leafroller Aphids Green fruitworm Spotted tentiform leafminer Tarnished plant bug Plum curculio White apple leafhopper Codling moth Egg laying

Oil spray on apples for mites, aphids, scale 2 to 3 gal superior oil per 100 gal water until tight cluster, reduce to 1 gal oil per 100 gal from tight cluster to pink. 300 gal water per acre is recommended. Concentrating more than 3x makes phytotoxicity more likely. can add one of the following for greater efficacy: Lorsban 4EC 2-4 pt / acre Diazinon 50W 2-3 lb / acre Esteem 35WP 4-5 oz / acre Flaky San Jose scale or time spray for crawlers later Dead trees due to scale

2 nd gen. flight 1 st gen. flight 3 rd gen. flight

Avoiding burning with oil Do not use oils within 24 hrs before or after low temperatures (below 40 F) when green tissue present. Oils make tender tissue more susceptible to frost damage Apply oils in rapid drying conditions to avoid phytotoxicity problems Avoid damage due to double application that occurs when the first side dries before the other side of the tree is sprayed Trees under moisture stress and at temperatures over 80 F are more prone to burn by oil treatment

Use of Spray Oils for Tree Fruit Insect Management Paraffinic (petroleum-based) horticultural oil is an economical and effective method of mite control. Where San Jose scale is a main target of oil sprays, the best application timing is at green tip. Wait until half-inch green or pink if your primary target is European red mite or rosy apple aphid. Although Lorsban, Supracide, and Diazinon are labeled for use with oil to increase scale control, trials have shown that oil alone results in greater than 98 percent control of scales if coverage is thorough. Adding aninsecticide does improve aphid control. Oil spray application timing and rate options Stage Description Oil rate (gal / 100 gal) Full dormant Before bud break 3 gal Delayed dormant Green tip to ½ green 2 gal Tight cluster Tight cluster 1 gal Example: Damoil $8.40 / gal, Bio Cover MLT (Purespray) $7.80 / gal

Examples of common oils BASF Ultra-Fine Oil Parffinic concentration (%) Unsulfonated residue 50% distillation point 10 to 90% distillation range 98 99% 414 F 65 F max Sunspray Oil 11E 99 92% 467 136 F JMS Stylet Oil 97.1 99%?? Damoil 98 92%?? Omni Oil 98 92% 415 F? Purespray 10E = Bio Cover MLT 98 99% 408 F 76

Esteem controls scale anytime between half inch green and second cover. At half-inch green it also controls rosy apple aphid. When used at pink it also controls leafminer. The minimum rate is effective for scale when used pre-bloom, but the maximum rate is necessary if application is delayed until the crawler stage in early summer. Not effective against European red mite Esteem 35W (4-5 oz /acre) ~ approx $40 to $50/acre

Woolly Apple Aphid WAA overwinters underground on apple tree roots as immature nymph or egg Feeding damage to roots causes galls and can be severe enough to girdle tree Above ground stage emerge in early summer and feed on new growth or wounds in tree

Woolly Apple Aphid Can cause some fruit finish problems from honeydew and annoy pickers Varieties that tend to have WAA problems include Fuji, Rome, Greening, York and Ginger Gold. Also a pest of elm, hawthorn, mountain ash and pear

Apple Rootstock Characteristics Note: many are susceptible to WAA G.222 Wooly aphid MM106 & MM111 are resistant to Wooly apple aphid

Non-target effects of ag chemicals on wooly apple aphid Pyrethroids will flare mites, woolly apple aphids and San Jose scale Lannate and Diazinon are harsh broad spectrum insecticides Assail and Delegate cause minor flare-ups of mites and woolly apple aphid for a couple of years after the introduction Parasitized woolly aphids Confirm and Intrepid easier on predators Predators

Control of Woolly Apple Aphid Diazinon F Movento E Closer E Sevin F short-lived Lorsban E* resistance potential, label restrictions Ambush, Pounce P Avaunt, Actara G Admire Pro G

Movento for control of Woolly Apple Aphid Movento is effective on aphids, scale, and wooly apple aphid. It is less reliable on large standard or semi-dwarf trees due to trouble penetrating through the bark. Movento at 9 oz/acre plus penetrating surfactant has proven very effective in controlling aphids and scale. Movento timing for WAA is around May 25 or when you 1 st see colonies. Movento will also San Jose scale crawlers if the spray is timed early in the season (around 1st cover). Movento preharvest interval is 7 days. Cost of Movento = approx. $990/gal, at 9 oz/acre = $70 / acre

Closer (Dow AgroSci.) sulfoxaflor Group 4C insecticide registered for pome fruits, stone fruits and grapes sap-feeding insects(aphids, leafhoppers and mealybugs) shares a target site with neonicotinoid insecticides, but with a unique mode of action. Closer will control insects tolerant to neonics. translaminar movement in leaves, moves with water stream in plant relatively safe on many beneficials.

Resistance problems with rosy aphids For Lorsban and pyrethroid resistant rosy apple aphid Use delayed dormant oil or prebloom application Assail. Assail, a neonicotinoid, is quickly absorbed and is safer for bees than other neonic insecticides

Life histories and spray timings on apple Tree Fruit Update Codling Moth Bloom egg laying hatch egg laying hatch Apple maggot, WAA, BMSB Early sprays for PC Leafroller control OFM control Oriental fruit moth egg laying hatch egg laying hatch egg laying hatch Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Gut

Rimon igr +++ ++ Esteem igr +++ ++ Intrepid igr ++ ++ Proclaim ave +++ + Calypso neo +++ +++ Assail neo ++ ++ Delegate spi +++ +++ Altacor ryn +++ +++h Belt ryn +++ +++h Voliam f. mix +++ +++h OP op +++r +++r Pythreth. Pyr ++ + Tourismo mix +++ +++ Looking at insecticide suitability for two generations of codling moth h = use higher rate r = resistance common

Overall findings OBLR resistance in problem sites Significant resistance Imidan: 16.2 x Delegate: 9.6 x Elevated, but not significant Altacor: 10 x Rimon: 5.9 x Proclaim: 3 x Gut

Practice good resistance management where treatment is warranted: Rotate modes of action OBLR larvae Petal fall Rimon Esteem Intrepid 150-250 DD Proclaim Delegate Altacor Belt Exirel Avermictin Spinosid Rynx Rynx Rynx CM larvae CM eggs IGRS 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 April May June July Aug. Gut

Practice good resistance management where treatment is warranted: Rotate modes of action OBLR larvae Petal fall Rimon Esteem Intrepid 150-250 DD Proclaim Delegate Altacor Belt Exirel Avermictin Spinosid Rynx Rynx Rynx CM larvae Avoid the use of Delegate for 2nd gen CM. Can use Altacor or Belt for 2 nd gen CM, as it won t affect WAA biological control CM eggs IGRS 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 April May June July Aug. Gut

Exirel (cyazypyr)- DuPont - Diamide class, activate ryanodine receptors, thus depleting internal calcium and preventing muscle contraction. - Registered in pome fruits, stone fruits and blueberries. Not yet in grapes and brambles or strawberries. - Labeled uses leafrollers, codling moth, Oriental fruit moth, maggots, Drosophila fruit flies, aphids, and leaf-feeding beetles. - Short PHI 3 days Other ryanodine receptor active insecticides: Altacor, Belt,

Brown Marmorated Stinkbug introduced into East US in mid-1990s, Asian origin over 300 known host plants recorded in 40 states, including MI and across the border in Indiana and Ohio Left, magnified view of smooth edge of the right shoulder region of the brown marmorated stink bug. Right, the same region of a rough stink bug with a toothed edge. Source: Erwin Elsner,.

BMSB 1 st Detections for counties in MI Stevensville Niles Trap in SW Michigan apple orchard, 2015

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Tree Fruit Update Tree fruits Corn and soybean Dwellings Tree of heaven Holly Pistache (California)

Monitoring for BMSB Orchards near overwintering locations = woods, buildings streams, deep gullys soybean fields & other hosts Observe orchard edges look at fruit high in tree: catfacing, gummosis, dark spots Capture bugs and confirm identification Aggregations in fall

In E154 Apple Section, Insecticides listed for BMSB activity Lannate e - carbamate Danitol e - pyrethroid Actara e - neonic Assail g - neonic Lambda-Cy EC e - pyrethroid Warrier e - pyrethroid Belay g - neonic Admire Pro g - neonic Leverage e - pyrethroid + neonic Endigo ZC e - pyrethroid + Actara Voliam Xpress g - pyrethroid + Altacor

Apple maggot resurgence? Shift toward reduced risk, non-op materials

Apple maggot Yellow sticky panel baited with ammonium bait (works early) Red sticky sphere baited with 5 component fruit volatile (best all season) Place on orchard edge Activity begins ~900DD50, rainfall Start insecticide program within 1 week of capture for contact materials, right away for ingested materials like neonics, spinosyns

Overlap in AM and CM Timings AM adults Exirel ryxno CM eggs Assail Imidan CM larvae Delegate 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 April May June July Aug.

Summary of pheromone disruption use in tree fruit crops Strategy is to confuse or mislead males and prevent mating Useful for codling moth, oriental fruit moth, peach tree borers, and dogwood borers Twin tube type pheromone dispenser Illustration credit: Washington State University

Summary of pheromone disruption use in tree fruit crops Need at least 3/4 acre orchard, more or less solid stand Not as effective if surrounded by orchards where the insect is not being well managed. If 1 st year of use, won t see benefit until 2 nd generation. This is because disruption does not kill, it only helps to prevent the next generation Good strategy to bring down a big population Twin tube type dispensor

Pheromone source Great Lakes IPM Useful products

Need to monitor the disrupted insect to make sure that the disruption is working Monitor with traps & fruit inspection. Because insects have uneven distribution in an orchard you need to have approximately 2 traps per 10 acres Need more than 1 trap per block, regardless of the size, in order to have a better average trap count

Tree Fruit Disease Management Update Appearance of apple scab resistance to various systemic fungicides over the years Active ingredient Product names Introduced Resistance problems show up Benzimidazole Benlate, Topsin M Early 1970 s Mid 1970 s Sterol inhibitor Nova, Rubigan, Funginex Late 1980 s Late 1990 s Strobilurin Flint, Sovran, 1999 2009 SDHI Pristine*, Merivon*, Fontelis, Luna Tranquility* 2004 *Also contains mix partner

Number of applications in orchard over the years & appearance of resistance in scab fungus W. Koeller, Cornell University Dodine (Syllit, Cyprex) 60 applications Benzimidazole (Topsin M, Benlate) 20 applications SIs (Nova, Procure, Rubigan) 10 30 applications at low rates 60+ applications at high rates AP (Vangard, Scala) poor performance in SI-resistant orchards Strobilurins (Flint, Sovran) 25 applications, maybe more at high rates SDHI (Fontelis, Merivon, Luna Sensation, Luna

Apple Scab Management: Fungicide combinations using low rates of mancozeb Combinations Mancozeb + copper Mancozeb + syllit Mancozeb + captan Comments 18 hr backaction, Phytoxicity potential for copper Some eradicative action. Some orchards may have some dodine-resistant scab. Compatible with oil. 18 hr backaction, not compatible with oil. Mancozeb + Ziram 18 hr backaction, more prone to washoff than captan Mancozeb + (Scala or Vangard) 48 to 72 hour back action if Scala/Vangard used at full rate. Scala/Vangard does not redistribute well. Use under cool conditions

Fungicide resistance problems in stone fruit Brown rot fungicide resistance Active ingredient Product names Introduced Resistance problems show up SI Rally, Elite, Indar, Orbit (Tilt), Inspire Super, Quash Late 1980 s Peach 2009 Cherry 2010 Cherry leafspot fungicide resistance Active ingredient Product names Introduced Resistance problems show up SI Rally, Elite, Indar, Orbit (Tilt), Inspire Super, Quash Late 1980 s Peach 2009 Cherry 2010 SDHI Pristine, Merivon 2004 Cherry 2010

Brown Rot Resistance Against 5 Classes of Fungicides Fungicide Class Product examples Resistance appearance Dodine Syllit Gradual, will revert back Dicarboximide Iprodione, Nevado, Rovral Sudden Brown rot resistance Not used for this Not reported, not for use after petal fall Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors Bayleton, Elite, Rubigan, Indar, Orbit, Procure, Quash Gradual Low so far (2012 perspective) Strobilurins Flint = Gem, Sovran, Cabrio, Abound Sudden Starting to appear in SE US Anilo-pyrimidine Scala, Vangard Sudden Reported in California, moderately effective

Blossom blight and brown rot management strategy captan sulfur Scholar Bloom PF/SS (blossom blight, scab) Cover sprays (green fruit rot) Preharvest (brown rot) Postharvest (brown rot)

NC STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Plant Pathology Treatments and Results 2014 Tree Fruit Update DFR Oct 2015

Where are we at in leaf spot management? Bravo chlorothalonil (petal fall, shuck split) Cover spray options: SDHI: Merivon, Luna Sensation Also controls powdery Strobilurins (Gem) mildew, add captan Pristine may be weak due to resistance to boscalid component Syllit + Captan Copper Bravo postharvest Watch phytotoxicity Pristine, Gem, Adament, Syllit are all at risk of resistance Copper has potential phytotoxicity issues

Cherry leaf spot fungicides use chlorothalonil where possible Petal fall chlorothalonil (best option) Shuck split chlorothalonil (best option) 1 st cover also need powdery mildew control* 2 nd cover 3 rd cover 4 th cover also need fruit brown rot control Postharvest (optional) chlorothalonil (best option) * Special Local Need Section 24(c) label is available for use of Bravo Weather Stik on tart cherry for the control of cherry leaf spot up to 21 days before harvest.

General program for in-season use of copper for bacterial spot suppression on peaches and nectarines Stage Formulated 53%copper Metallic copper (lb/acre) (lb/acre)* Delayed dormant 4 to 5 2 7 10 day interval 2 1 1 5% bloom 1 0.5 Petal fall 0.5 0.25 Shuck split 0.25 0.125 After shuck split switch to Mycoshield or Syllit + captan If you have not had a rain since the last copper, hold off or skip the next application. Apply no sooner than weekly. Look for signs of copper injury and the amount of copper residue before each application. If copper is obvious on the foliage, hold off. If the amount of copper damage is becoming significant, hold off. Lime alone can be applied to help safen the existing copper on the foliage. modified from summary by David Ritchie, North Carolina State University

What copper compound to chose? From E-154. Fruit Management Guide 2016

Excess copper on plums and peaches causes phytotoxicity Tree Fruit Update

Low copper concentration liquid coppers Product Copper form Metallic copper content (lb/gal) Magna-Bon CS 2005 Badge SC Copper sulfate pentahydrate Copper oxychloride Copper hydroxide Labeled rate of product per acre (liquid) 0.418 19.2 oz peach 20.0 oz apple (low) 64.0 oz apple (high) 2.27 4-14.4 oz peach (post bloom) Bacterial Spot Rates Metallic copper per acre (lb) 0.063 0.065 0.2 0.07-0.25 Stage Formulated 53%copper Metallic copper (lb/acre) (lb/acre)* Delayed dormant 4 to 5 2 7 10 day interval 2 1 1 5% bloom 1 0.5 Petal fall 0.5 0.25 Shuck split 0.25 0.125 After shuck split switch to Mycoshield or Syllit + captan

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