Development and Full-Scale Tests of a Water Mist System inside High Speed Trains Prof. J. A. Capote ; Dr. D. Alvear; Dr. M. Lázaro and Dr. O. Abreu GIDAI - UNIVERSITY OF CANTABRIA www.gidai.unican.es
Objetives Phase 1.- Fire behavior and fire spread in high speed trains -Provide scientific knowledge about the conditions of development and manifestations of real fire at end-use conditions High-Speed Passengers Trains. -Determine the size of the ignition sources necessaries to cause manifestations of unsustainability for people in passenger trains. -Provide the data needed to develop valid correlations between the results of the new tests on small scale HRR vs the results of fire behavior in end-use conditions. -Provide data to evaluate the predictive ability of FCM in Passengers Trains. Phase 2.- Integral fire detection and suppression system -Development of an integral safety system based on the results of the previous phase. -Test the system for various fire scenarios developed for this purpose. -Provide data to evaluate the predictive ability of FCM in Passengers Trains and with the inclusion of the system. Phase 3.- Validation of numerical model and system optimization
Objetives Small Scale Tests GLOBAL PROJECT Real-Scale Tests Dimensional Analysis Numerical Analysis
Selection of the Car to Study Serie 112: a new construction Serie of the consortium TALGO- BOMBARDIER from serie 102, with an increasing of the capacity. The tractor heads of both series are identical and also have the same numbers of cars (12 without counting the two tractor heads). The total length of the train reached 200 m, being the average length of the car about 14 m.
Selection of the Car to Study End Tourist Car- Serie 112: the consequences of a fire on these cars presents more adverse conditions because of the impossibility of a direct evacuation.
Adaptation of Test Car The experimental program was carried out in a car donated by the General Direction of High-Speed Long Distance RENFE Operadora. It corresponded to an old Train BB-9201-9240, and was used as a frame and taking its structural elements.
Adaptation of Test Car
Aspirating Smoke Detection XTRALIS IFT-P: -Five sampling aspiration points located inside of the compartment of the train.
Water Mist Fire Suppresion System RG SYSTEMS: -Three nozzles located inside of the compartment of the train.
Stade of the art: Type of analysis nº of Tests Parameters to be measured Improved of measurement methods 4 Distribution of droplet sizes. Characterization 4 Distribution of droplet sizes, water mist atomization angle and the breakup length. Tests and Validation 4 Temperature (HRR). 1 Temperature, concentration O 2 and outlet pressure. 12 Temperature, extinction time, concentration O 2, CO 2. 48 Pressure, flow velocity, temperature. Specific Tests 4 Velocity and diameter of the droplet, temperature, HRR. 6 HRR, temp, concentr. O 2, CO, CO 2. 4 HRR, temp, concentr. O 2, CO, CO 2. 15 Influence in electrical environment. 66 Temperatures y concentrations. Design and test of system 20 Oxygen, temperature, flow velocities and pressure. 12 Temperature and outlet pressure. 75 Concentration O 2, CO, CO 2, temperature, heat flux, pressure and velocity. 13 Fire extinguishing time, temperature, pressure and species concentration. 42 Temperatures, pressure and gas concentration. 42 Temperatures, gas concentration, heat flux, humidity and pressure. 13 Temperatures, gas concentration and extinction time. 34 Temperatures, gas concentration, visibility and gas and air pressures. 13 Temperature and gas concentration.
Fire Scenarios There were two cases based on different references analyzed: Case 1: Test in different locations where the fire was and was not shielded from direct water application. Case 2: Analysis of the effects of activation time of the extinguishing system. 11 FIRE SCENARIOS
Fire Scenarios (Case 1): - The ignition source was a backpack with geotextiles inside (To understand the behavior of the system against a 'real fire. - 4 different combinations of position of the ignition source (under and over the seat, under the table and over the trunk). - Activation time 180 s.
Fire Scenarios (Case 2): -The aim of the tests performed in this second case was testing the effects of activation time (fire HRR) in the fire extinction, considering two possibilities: fire exposed or shielded fire. -2 locations of the ignition source with 4 different activation times (based on different points of the curve of an armchair Train Fire). -Pool fire (design fires).
Measure Points - Temperature -Gas phase thermocouples type K placed in 5 fixed trees and 9 thermocouples were attached to each tree at different heights. -Gas phase thermocouples type K placed in 3 trees (close to the ignition source) and 9 thermocouples were attached to each tree at different heights. -6 Gas phase thermocouples type K placed close to the ignition source.
Measure Points - Others - Laser smoke obscuration sensors. - Gas flow velocity. - Concentrations of different species (mainly oxygen depletion). - Others: pressure and humidity, cameras.
Safety and Assurance
Case 1-B: (backpack over the seat)
Case 1-B: Temperatures
Case 1-B: Other Parameters
Case 2-F: (small pool fire)
Case 2-F: Temperatures
Case 2-F: Other Parameters
Case 2-F_1: (small pool fire)
Case 2-F_1: Temperatures
Case 2-F_1: Other Parameters
Temperatures Results comparison (Case 2)
Oxigem Results comparison (Case 2)
Fire Computer Modeling Scenario B Scenario D
Temperatura ( C) Temperatura ( C) Temperatura ( C) Temperatura ( C) Fire Computer Modeling Temperaturas_Simulación vs Ensayo (Termopares árbol central) Temperaturas_Simulación vs Ensayo (Termopares árbol T-II) 80 70 80 70 60 60 50 40 30 20 10 A3T2 A3T4 A3T7 T_III_3 T_III_6 T_III_8 50 40 30 20 10 A2T2 A2T4 A2T7 T_II_3 T_II_6 T_II_8 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Tiempo (s) Scenario B 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Tiempo (s) 60 Temperaturas_Simulación vs Ensayo (Termopares árbol central) 90 Temperaturas_Simulación vs Ensayo (Termopares árbol T-V) 50 80 40 A3T2 70 60 A5T2 A5T4 30 20 10 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 A3T4 A3T7 T_III_3 T_III_6 T_III_8 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 A5T7 T_V_3 T_V_6 T_V_8 Tiempo (s) Scenario D Tiempo (s)
Conclusions -It has been sensed a high potential of these techniques for use of water mist in high speed trains. -It has developed a methodology for the analysis of the ability of water mist against critical parameters (shielding, fuel,...). -The use of validated fire computer models will allow to continue with the development of the system, include improvements, and performing an optimized system.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank RENFE Operadora and the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spanish Government) by granting the project Análisis y Validación Experimental de un Enfoque de Sistema para la Seguridad en Caso de Incendios en Trenes de Pasajeros de Alta Velocidad.
Contact Data Dr. Mariano Lázaro Urrutia (lazarom@unican.es) - Department of Transport and Technology Projects and Processes UNIVERSITY OF CANTABRIA - Direction: GIDAI Fire Safety Research and Technology E.T.S. Ingenieros Industriales y Telecomunicación Ave. Los Castros, s/n 39005 SANTANDER (Cantabria). SPAIN Telf. +34 942-20.1826 Fax: +34 942-20.1873