Museum indoor climate and energy use Henk Schellen Rick Kramer
Outline Museums in historic buildings Hygro-thermal conditions near outdoor walls Internal insulation HVAC control Energy conservation in museums by setpoint strategies / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 1
Museum Amstelkring Building Massive brick outdoor walls Single glazing Wooden beams Services Central heating Local HVAC systems Humidification Dehumidification / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 2
Condensation on windows / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 3
Painting near cold wall PAGE 4
Rotting wooden beam ends PAGE 5
1, 2 and 3D effects PAGE 6
House of Maurits The Hague PAGE 7
Rembrandt room The anatomic lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (Rembrandt, 1632) BUITEN BINNEN PAGE 8
Condensation on glazing Single glazing Indoor glazing Screen Outdoor Indoor / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 9
Exposition rooms 1st floor / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 10
The New Rijksmuseum / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 11
Building as collection? / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 12
Building as collection? / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 13
Outdoor walls Rijksmuseum / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 14
Foamglass indoor insulation (VO) / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 15
Colums and ornaments? / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 16
/ Department of the Built Environment Indoor isolatie?
Mock-Up 2006 / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 18
Mock-Up 2006 / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 19
Hunting House St. Hubert / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 20
Conservation heating / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 21
Test setup / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 22
Test setup Pre-testing in laboratory Testing on-site Remote DAQ through cell phone / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 23
Thermostatically controlled Humidistatically controlled / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 24
Conclusions Class AA and A are not easy to implement in old buildings Thermal insulation of the envelope is required Dangerous details at wooden beams etc. Think of alternatives for HVAC systems: winter set back of RH zoning in building (active) showcases conservation heating / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 25
Energy conservation in museums by setpoint strategies A case study for the Hermitage Amsterdam
Current practice in museums Typical museums objects: paper books textile carpets wooden furniture paintings / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 27
Current practice in museums Indoor climates are strictly conditioned in modern museums, barely based on scientific insights. climate specifications of modern Dutch museum Summer 21 ±2 C Temperature Winter 21 ±2 C Paintings, furniture, wooden 55 ± 5 % objects Relative humidity Mixed collections 45-50 ± 5 % Only metal collections 40-50 ± 5 % / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 28
Current practice in museums Strict indoor climates require high capacity HVAC systems, Which in turn has a huge impact on (monumental) buildings / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 29
This research Energy conservation in museums by optimizing climate control while preserving collection, building and thermal comfort / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 30
Relevant research Mecklenburg (1993): Energy costs decrease when a wider range of relative humidity fluctuation is allowed. Increasing the RH tolerance from ±2% RH to ±7% RH will reduce energy costs by 55% / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 31
Relevant research Collection preservation is assessed using the: Specific climate risk assessment method [1] Martens (2012): PhD-dissertation Developed method to predict preservation qualities based on measured indoor T & RH Adaptive set points can contribute to preservation quality and can decrease energy consumption [1] Martens MHJ. Climate Risk Assessment In Museums: degradation risks determined from temperature and relative humidity data. Eindhoven University of Technology, 2012. / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 32
Relevant research Thermal comfort is assessed using the: Adaptive Temperature Guideline [2] [2] Van der Linden a. C, Boerstra a. C, Raue a. K, Kurvers SR, de Dear RJ. Adaptive temperature limits: A new guideline in The Netherlands. Energy and Buildings 2006;38:8 17. / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 33
This research: overview of methods optimized control adaptive comfort damage functions / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 34
Expected results Model predictive control Adaptive thermal comfort Specific climate risk assessment < gas < electricity < money < environmental impact collection preservation thermal comfort / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 35
First results: case study Hermitage Amsterdam Hermitage Amsterdam External branch of The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia Building dates from period 1683, substantially renovated in 1970 Building, named Amstelhof, was for 324 years a home for elderly Recent restoration from 2007-2009 Collection from The State Hermitage Museum (Western European Art like Rembrandt and Da Vinci, Oriental Art, Russian culture etc.) / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 36
Case study Hermitage Amsterdam Hermitage modeled using Hambase [3] Building simulations to assess different setpoint strategies for the Exhibition Room [3] Wit MH de. Heat Air and Moisture model for Building And Systems Evaluation. Bouwstenen. Eindhoven: Eindhoven University Press; 2006. / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 37
Reference situation: 21 C & 48% / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 38
T-setpoints: constant / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 39
T-setpoints based on T-outdoor / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 40
T-setpoints based on RMOT and night setback Opening hours (10.00-17.00h): - T-setpoints based on RMOT Closing hours (17.00-10.00h): - (9.) 100% recirculation of ventilation air - (10.) Temperature free floating and 100% recirculation of ventilation air / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 41
RH-setpoint strategies (T-setpoints from strategy 10.) Opening hours / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 42
RH-setpoint strategies (ASHRAE classes) General Climate Risk Assessment: Percent of time that the indoor climate fits into a certain ASHRAE class / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 43
Case study: conclusions i. T is predominantly determined by thermal comfort and RH by collection ii. T free floating during closing hours combined with 100% recirculation saves the most energy and is not harmful for the collection in this case study iii. T-setpoints should depend on the outdoor climate, while it is sufficient for the collection to maintain RH between fixed limits all year round iv. Compared to the reference situation, it is possible to decrease the energy demand by 77% while significantly improving thermal comfort and improving collection preservation (strategy 15). / Department of the Built Environment PAGE 44