Lighting Existing Conditions and Design Criteria Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report will describe the existing lighting system of the specific spaces of my redesign the auditorium, the atrium, the outdoor plaza and the 4 th level, representative of each of the lower levels. Included in the description is the lighting hardware, control devices and daylighting elements. Space properties such as surface materials, reflectances and furniture arrangement are also discussed. The existing system will be evaluated against the IES design criteria and ASHRAE Standard 90.1, 1999. From this report, I concluded that the lighting system of the auditorium meets the design criteria established. Additionally, the offices, design labs and editing rooms have appropriate lighting designs that exceed the lighting levels of IESNA. However, the atrium s track lighting system is ineffective, requiring too many fixtures to meet the recommended lighting levels. The results of the evaluation of the 4 th floor showed the need for a system to adjust the light levels in response to the amount of daylighting contributing to the space. The system would reduce the energy costs for the building.
Lighting Existing Conditions and Design Criteria Report The Maryland Institute College of Art is one of the nation s leading centers for digital art and design. The Brown Center reflects this idea in everything from it s unique structural frame to it s lighting system. This report will describe both the College s general lighting system and more specifically, the lighting systems of the four spaces I will be redesigning. The design criteria according to IESNA will be evaluated along with the power allowances according to ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1, 1999. Based on these criteria, I will evaluate the current system to determine the areas to improve in my redesign. Auditorium EXISTING LIGHTING SYSTEMS The 4,600 square foot auditorium holds 550 seats. Entrance to the space is through two sets of double doors at the rear of the auditorium. The doors empty on to the two aisle flanking each side of the seating and leading to the stage running along the angled south wall. (Figures 1.1 and 1.2) The space is able to hold a variety of functions. The stage will be used for small scale performances in dance and music. In addition, a 14 x 26 projection screen can be brought down over the stage to showcase the students work in digital mediums. The lighting system will need to adapt to both of these different functions. Figure 1.1: Auditorium Plan View
Figure 1.2: Auditorium Section The structure of the building is left exposed throughout the space. The ceiling and columns are the exposed concrete structure, while the concrete floor is sealed. The walls are composed of decorative concrete masonry units with acoustical panels mounted at various positions along the walls. Refer to Figure 1.3 for the surface materials and reflectance. Figure 1.3: Surface materials and reflectance SURFACE MATERIAL REFLECTANCE Ceiling Exposed concrete structure 35% Walls Decorative CMU 35% Acoustic Panels Floor Sealed Concrete 35% (IESNA, 9 th Edition, Figure 136, page 122) The overall lighting system of the auditorium consists of 9 rows of luminaires spaced 10 on center along the length of the auditorium ceiling. The 4 rows of fixtures closest to the stage are attached to pipe batton. This allows for flexibility of the lighting system with fixtures added or removed as needed. (5) 32 lengths of track run east to west at the north end of the auditorium, including (3) over the balcony. Each row contains (5) 100W PAR 38 accent lights spaced 7 on center. (Type A, Figure 1.4) Each luminaire is directed south towards the stage.
(3) 32 lengths of pipe batton follow the track sections. In addition to the (5) accent lights, each pipe batton contains extra theater lighting. The (5) 575W halogen spotlights are positoned at various spots along each pipe. The beam spreads vary between 26, 36 and 50. (Types B B3, Figure 1.4) (1) 24 length of pipe batton runs directly over the stage. This pipe holds (4) 100W accent lights and (6) 575W spotlights (3) directed north towards the audience and (3) directed south towards the projection screen. 28 above the auditorium floor are 2 rows of (9) pendant mounted 350W halogen asymmetric wallwashers spaced 5 on center. (Type C, Figure 1.4) A row of fixtures is positioned above each aisle from the rear entrance doors to the middle of the auditorium. Along the interior aisle walls, spaced 6 on center are recessed compact fluorescent steplights. (Type D, Figure 1.4) Finally, (2) 10 vertical pipe battons are mounted to the walls on each side of the stage. The initial design does not specify any luminaries mounted here, but the pipes were installed for future use. Figure 1.4: Auditorium Lighting Fixture Schedule TYP DESCRIPTION WATT VOLT MTNG LAMP FEATURES BALLAST A Halogen djustable accent light 100 120 clamp (1)100W halogen PAR38 Fl 5 diameter cross baffle sheild B B1 B2 Halogen variable beam spot light Halogen ellipisoidal reflector Halogen ellipisoidal reflector 575 120 clamp (1) 575 GLC, 115v Specular alzak reflector, 4 lens set VNSP, NSP, MFL, WFL 575 120 clamp (1) 575 GLC, 115v 26 beam spread 6 diameter specular alzak reflector 575 120 clamp (1) 575 GLC, 115v 36 beam spread 6 diameter specular alzak reflector
B3 C Halogen ellipisoidal reflector Halogen asymmetric wallwasher 575 120 clamp (1) 575 GLC, 115v 50 beam spread 6 diameter specular alzak reflector 350 120 pendant (1) 350 W HIR 8 x 24 28 AFF aluminum reflector D Steplight 7 120 wall 7W compact fluorescent 8 x 4 flush louvered faceplate 18 AFF High power factor ballast Atrium The atrium is the prominent entrance lobby of the Brown Center. It has the footprint of a right triangle with the two legs of the triangle being the glass curtain wall rising 60 feet. The hypotenuse of the triangle is clear glass, separating the atrium from the main corridor of each of the upper levels. (Figures 1.5 and 1.6) The atrium serves two functions. First, it is the building s central circulation space. The main staircase is located just beyond the entrance doors. The open concrete staircase can be seen escalating to each of the upper three levels. In addition, access to the elevator, auditorium and lower auditorium lobby leads off from this space. Secondly, the atrium hold the building s reception desk, positioned just left of the revolving doors. Figure 1.5: Atrium Plan View
Figure 1.6: Atrium Section Since the glass curtain wall slopes in at 27 degrees, it becomes both a wall of the atrium and the ceiling. The steel framed curtain wall is composed of a translucent white glass with a white frit pattern to allow light to pass through while blocking glare. The floors are the sealed concrete seen in the auditorium. Surafce materials and reflectances and transmittance are summarizes in Figure 1.7 below. Figure 1.7: Surface materials and reflectance/transmittance SURFACE MATERIAL REFLECTANCE/ TRANSMITTANCE Ceiling/Exterior White glass 80% Walls Interior wall Clear glass 95% Floor Sealed Concrete 35% (IESNA, 9 th Edition, Figure 136, page 122) Because the atrium is composed almost entirely of glass, daylighting is the primary lighting system used. For times when additional light is needed, a simple system of two rows of fixtures is used. The first track is attached to the sloped wall of the atrium across from the 3 rd level. Three 20 sections of track run the entire length of this wall. (4)150W halogen wallwashers and (2) 100W halogen accent lights are positioned along each of the three tracks. (Types F and A1, respectively, Figure 1.8) Identical to this system is a second row of tracks across from the 4 th level.
A triangular system of track lighting is used to highlight the reception desk and pathway to the elevator lobby and the lower auditorium lobby. Three 8 sections of track form an equilateral triangle to which the luminaries are attached. On each section, (1) 100W accent light is directed towards the center of the triangle (Type A1, Figure 1.8) and (2) 150W wallwashers are directed outwards. (Type F, Figure 1.8). Other fixtures in this space include the monopoint mounted 100W accent lights. (Type A2, Figure 1.8) A row of three fixtures are mounted to the underside of the stairs at each landing. These will provide emergency lighting for the means of egress. Figure 1.8: Atrium Lighting Fixture Schedule TYP DESCRIPTION WATT VOLT MTNG LAMP FEATURES BALLAST A1 Halogen djustable accent light 100 120 track (1)100W halogen PAR38 Fl 5 diameter cross baffle sheild A2 F Halogen djustable accent light Halogen wallwasher 100 120 Mono point (1)100W halogen PAR38 Fl 150 120 track (1) frosted Q150DC 5 diameter cross baffle sheild 7 x 6 cross baffle shield Plaza An outdoor plaza is formed by the intersections of the existing Fox building and the Brown Center and the avenues of West Mount Royal and West Lafayette. This 9,600 square foot space serves as a gathering spot for people visiting the two buildings. Two side walks cut through the plaza one for access to the Brown Center from Lafayette Avenue and the other linking the Brown Center to the Fox Building. Benches line the sidewalks and the paths are joined by a large water feature. (Figure 1.9)
Figure 1.9: Plaza Plan View The lighting of the plaza is fairly minimal. A row of (3) 95 W single metal halide pole top luminaries line the main walkway between Lafayette Avenue and the Brown Center. (Type G, Figure 1.10) The building façade is illuminated by a series of direct burial uplights spaced 10 on center and 2 from the building. (Type H, Figure 1.10) These 400 W uplights are an alternative to flood lights to highlight the architecture. To illuminate the entrance to the building, a cluster of 40W inground adjustable uplights are positioned near the doors. (Type J, Figure 1.10) Figure 1.10: Plaza Lighting Fixture Schedule TYP DESCRIPTION WATT VOLT MTNG LAMP FEATURES BALLAST G Metal Halide 95 277 pole (1)MHC95/U/M/3 Pole top K H J Direct burial uplight Adjustable uplight 400 277 In ground 40 277 In ground (1)MH 400/U (1) CDM35/PAR20/M /Fl 22 diameter 180º side lighting 12 pole 27 deep housing 10º lamp tilt 7.5 diameter 14 recess F can type ballast Integral encapsulated
4 th Level The 4 th level houses a variety of spaces including classrooms, design labs, offices, and a resource library. The main corridor runs along the exterior wall of the building, encircling the central classroom spaces. Although each level has a few unique spaces, the lighting system of this floor is typical for the remaining two levels. The surface materials of the 4 th floor are similar to those in the auditorium and the atrium. Concrete columns are left exposed throughout the entire 4 th floor. Ceilings in the elevator lobby, corridors, production studios, seminar labs and mechanical room are the exposed concrete structure. Ceilings in offices, editing rooms and restrooms are acoustical ceiling paneling. All floors are sealed concrete. All exterior walls are the white glass of the curtain wall system. All interior walls are gypsum board painted white. See Figure 1.11 for a summary of the surface materials and reflectances. Figure 1.11: Surface materials and reflectance/transmittance SURFACE MATERIAL REFLECTANCE/ TRANSMITTANCE Ceiling Exposed concrete structure 35% Acoustical ceiling panels 75% Exterior Walls White glass 80% Interior walls Gypsum board, 80% Painted white Floor Sealed Concrete 35% (IESNA, 9 th Edition, Figure 136, page 122) CORRIDORS: Since one wall along the length of the corridors is the glass curtain wall, daylight will be the primary means of lighting this circulation space. A 104W direct/indirect fluorescent fixture runs the length of the corridor for use when extra light is needed. (Type K, Figure 1.12) The 8 long fixtures are spaced 10 on center and suspended 2 6 from the ceiling. ELEVATOR LOBBY: From the exposed concrete ceiling hangs a wire frame. Between the 2 x 2 squares of the frames, cylindrical compact fluorescent downlights are pendant mounted. (Type L, Figure 1.12) Eight fixtures illuminate this space, space 6 on center.
GALLERY: A small gallery space is located just off the elevator lobby. It is open to the main corridor. The largest wall of the gallery is the glass wall that separates the atrium from this level, so daylight will contribute a significant amount of light. In addition, the track lighting system used in other areas of the building is applied here. (2) 28 lengths of track run along each wall. A combination of 100W accent lights and 150 W wallwashers are used to highlight the artwork. (Types A1 and F, Figure 1.14) RESOURCE LIBRARY: Two walls of the library are exterior, so daylighting will provided the majority of light for this space. In order to provide light for the bookshelves positioned in the interior corner, (5) 8 fluorescent direct/indirect fixtures are hung 18 below the ceiling. (Type K, Figure 1.12) OFFICES/EDITING: The offices and editing rooms on this floor have no exterior walls; therefore, these spaces rely solely on the direct/indirect fluorescent fixtures for lighting the space. (Type K, Figure 1.12) The lengths of these fixtures vary between 4 and 8 depending on the size of the space. SEMINAR: The seminar rooms are lined up along the south side of the building, so they have one exterior wall. Daylight will be sufficient to light the space under most circumstances; however, the direct/indirect fixture is used for additional lighting. (Type K, Figure 1.12) Figure 1.12: 4 th Level Lighting Fixture Schedule TYP DESCRIPTION WATT VOLT MTNG LAMP FEATURES BALLAST A1 Halogen adjustable accent light 100 120 track (1)100W halogen PAR38 Fl 5 diameter cross baffle shield F Halogen wallwasher K 8 Direct/Indirect fluorescent L Compact fluorescent downlight 150 120 track (1) frosted Q150DC 7 x 6 cross baffle shield 104 120 pendant (2) F54T5/830/HO Opal acrylic diffusers 34 120 pendant (2) PL@13/830 12 diameter low iridescent reflector, cross baffle Integral electronic HPF magnetic ballast
DESIGN CRITERIA Auditorium Horizontal Illuminance: 10 fc Color appearance: important Lamps with a CRI greater than 80 should be chosen for good color appearances of skin tones and objects on stage System Control and Flexibility: very important Since the space will house a variety of functions from performances to digital media, lighting controls are very important to adapt the lighting levels to each of the functions POWER DENSITY REQUIREMENTS: ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 1999: Audience seating = 0.5 3.2W/ft 2 Area: 4,600 ft 2 Watts: 44 x 100 = 4400 watts 27 x 575 = 15,525 watts 24 x 7 = 168 watts 16 x 350 = 5,600 watts Total = 25,693 watts Power Density: 25,693 watts/ 4,600 ft 2 = 5.59 W/ ft 2 Atrium Horizontal Illuminance: 10 fc Vertical Illuminance: 3 fc Appearance of Space and Luminaires: very important Since this is the first space a person visiting the college will see, it should be visually appealing. Visual cues can be used to lead the visitors throughout the space Daylighting Integration and Control: very important Daylighting is effective to use in this area because it will be a source of ambient lighting. Since there are little tasks to be preformed in this space, the variability of the sun will not be a concern Modeling of Faces or Objects: important Points of Interest: very important
Lighting can be used to draw visitors to various points of interest around the space the reception desk, the auditorium and the elevator POWER DENSITY REQUIREMENTS: ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 1999: Lobby = 1.0 W/ ft 2 Area: 1,600 ft 2 Watts: 24 x 150 = 3,600 Watts 12 x 100 = 1,200 Watts Total = 4,800 Watts Power Density: 4,800 watts/1,600 ft 2 = 3.0 W/ ft 2 Plaza BUILDING ENTRANCE (Active) Horizontal Illuminance: 5 fc Vertical Illuminance: 3 fc Appearance of Space and Luminaires: very important Color Appearance: very important Direct Glare: very Important Light Pollution: very important Modeling of Faces or Objects: very important Peripheral Direction: very important Points of Interest: very important Light can be used to attract people to the main entrance of the building Reflected Glare: very important Bright reflections would be uncomfortable for people approaching the building and may deter them away Shadows: very important Shadows should be avoided because they could interfere with the entrance. The entrance doors should be free from any dark areas Source/Task Eye Geometry: very important Surface Characteristics: very important
POWER DENSITY REQUIREMENTS: ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 1999: Entrance without canopy = 30W/lin ft of door opening Door Opening: 18 lin ft Watts: 4 x 40 = 160 watts Power Density: 160 watts/ 18 lin ft = 8.89 W/ lin ft PLAZA GENERAL LIGHTING Horizontal Illuminance: 5 fc Vertical Illuminance: 2 fc Appearance of Space and Luminaires: very important The plaza should be visually appealing to encourage people stay and enjoy the space rather than just walking through it Color Appearance: very important Light Distribution on Surfaces: very important Modeling of Faces or Objects: very important Points of Interest: very important The plaza should function to direct people from the roadways into the buildings. This can be achieved through lighting by increasing the light levels as one walks towards the Brown Center Source/Task Eye Geometry: very important Surface Characteristics: very important POWER DENSITY REQUIREMENTS: ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 1999: Landscaped areas = 0.10 W/ft 2 Area: 9,600 ft 2 Watts: 3 x 95 = 285 watts 4 x 400 = 1600 watts Total = 1885 watts Power Density: 1885 watts/9,600 ft 2 = 0.196 W/ft 2 4 th Level MULTIMEDIA LABS (Mixed CAD and Paper Tasks): Horizontal Illuminance: 30 fc Vertical Illuminance: 3 fc
Direct Glare: very important Since a variety of tasks will be performed in this space, care should be taken to avoid excessive glare from the fixtures Flicker and Strobe: very important Light Distribution on Surfaces: very important Uneven patterns of light should be avoided since they would make it difficult to perform the various tasks Light Distribution on Task Plane: important Reflected Glare: very important There should be no glare from the computer screens Shadows: very important Source/Task Eye Geometry: very important POWER DENSITY REQUIREMENTS: ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 1999: Labs = 2.10 W/ft 2 Area: 340 ft 2 Watt: 2 x 104 = 208 Watts Power Density: 208/340 = 0.612 W/ft 2 CORRIDOR: Vertical Illuminance: 10 fc Daylighting Integration and Control: very important The corridors lead from the exterior spaces, completely lit with daylight, to the interior spaces, completely void of daylight. The corridors can be used to transition between the two extremes Direct Glare: very important Light Distribution on Surfaces: very important Modeling of Faces and Objects: very important Since corridors are high traffic spaces, a good distribution of light is important for good facial renderings Points of Interest: very important POWER DENSITY REQUIREMENTS: ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 1999: Corridor = 0.8 W/ft 2 Area: 240 ft 2 Watts: 5 x 104 = 520 watts Power Density: 520/240 = 2.17 W/ft 2
GALLERY (Flat Displays on Vertical Surfaces): Vertical Illuminance: 30 fc Appearance of Space and Luminaires: important Color Appearance: very important Daylighting Integration and Control: very important Light Distribution on Task Plane: very important Avoid patterns of light on the wall that may distract from the featured pieces Luminance of Room Surfaces: important Reflected Glare: very important Shadows: very important Proper luminaire placement can eliminate shadows from the frames of the pictures Source/Task Eye Geometry: very important The fixtures must be positioned at the appropriate angles to reduce glare on the artwork and enhance the contrast SEMINAR ROOMS (Meeting): Horizontal Illuminance: 30 fc Vertical Illuminance: 5 fc Appearance of Space and Luminaires: very important Direct Glare: very important Modeling of Faces or Objects: very important Since the seminar rooms are a place for meetings, lamps that enhance skin tones are important Reflected Glare: important Surface Characteristics: important POWER DENSITY REQUIREMENTS: ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 1999: Meeting = 1.5 W/ft 2 Area: 440 ft 2 Watts: 4 x 104 = 416 Watts Power Density: 416 watts/440 W/ft 2 = 0.945 W/ft 2
EVALUATION OF EXISTING CONDITIONS Auditorium The pipe batton system of lighting the auditorium works well to provide the flexibility that this space needs. The uniform layout of the 100W accent lights provides the suggested light levels on the seats of the auditorium. The 575W adjustable spotlights can be turned on and positioned as needed for the differing performances. The power consumption for the space is twice that of the ASHRAE Standard 90.1, but the system will not be running continuously. The higher power density can be compensated by the fact that all the luminaries will only be on for a few hours at a time. Atrium Although the lighting system in the atrium will rarely be needed, I believe the existing design is ineffective. Since the accent lights are mounted 40 to 50 above the entrance lobby floor, a large number of fixtures are needed to achieve the desired lighting level. Output from these lamps is lost in the corridors of the upper levels, where additional light is not needed. This causes the power factor to be three times that of ASHRAE Standard 90.1. Additionally, the two tracks of spotlights mounted high in the atrium would cause an uneven appearance of bright spots and dark areas on the façade at night. Bringing the luminaries down closer to the entrance level would reduce both the number of required fixtures and the power consumption. Additionally, little is done to use the lighting as a means of guiding visitors through the space. Increasing the light levels of areas surrounding the space would lure people from the entrance lobby to other points of interest, such as the auditorium, the elevator and the access to the lower lobby. Plaza The lighting system of the exterior plaza is sufficient to meet the requirements for both power density and the recommended illuminance values; however, the current design is not enough to create an environment to stop and linger. While currently only the path is lit, other features in this plaza should be illuminated to draw attention off of the main walkway. The large water fountain should be highlighted as one of these features. Although the lighting of the fountain should
be minimal as to not detract from the building s façade, some fixtures need to be added to mark the element. The building appears as a large uniform geometric block. Without the current lighting system, it is difficult to determine the break in this block to enter the building. The entrance is marked by four inground uplights. Additional luminaries, either mounted in the interior or on the exterior, would help to emphasize the grand entrance to this unique structure. 4 th Level Overall, the lighting system for the 4 th floor is very effective. The direct/indirect fluorescent fixtures in the office and design labs work well to provide sufficient light while reducing glare and shadows. The track lighting in the gallery will effectively highlight the work on the walls. The daylight spilling in from the atrium will add to appearance of the selected pieces. Improvement of the design would come by added a control system to adjust to the amount of daylight provided. On sunny days no additional lighting is needed for the corridors, seminar room and resource library. As the level of daylighting varies throughout the day, the amount of additional light needed will also vary. A dimming system could measure the amount of daylight in a given space and then adjust the room luminaries until the space meets the set illuminance level. Although this system has a higher initial cost, it would result in a significant decrease in energy since the system would be using only the energy that it needed.