Expert Group Meeting Mainstreaming Climate Change into National Urban Policies Themba R. Phakathi NUP Framework for A Rapid Diagnostic United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok, Thailand, 17-18 March 2015
Sustainable Urban Development Principles Promoted by a NUP Better Integrated More Compact Better Connected NUP Socially Inclusive More Climate Resilient Human Rights Based
Planning towards the City we Want TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES OF TO Urban Sprawl Compactness Segregation Integration Congestion Connectivity 3
More Compact Placing emphasis on a sustainable urban form (shape and density) Reduces the over exploitation of natural resources (e.g which result /and is consequence of urban sprawl) Promotes economic viability, livability and social equity. Promoting high density urban settlements. Policies of urban compaction may include: the promotion of urban regeneration, the revitalization of town centers, restraint on development in rural areas, higher densities, mixed-use development, promotion of public transport and the concentration of urban development at public transport nodes.
More Connected Promotes urban settlements that are well connected to each other to gain from complementariness in their production structures (including system of cities). Underpinned by developed networks or corridors to address transportationrelated needs Promotes the connection both leading and lagging with better modes of transport, As a result promotes production to be concentrated in more economically dense areas to take advantage of agglomeration economies.
Better Integrated Promoting a holistic approach to urban development. Physical (environmental), economic, social and cultural dimensions of urban life are interwoven for the success of urban development. Vertical and horizontal integration are crucial components of the integrated approach. Vertical in terms of the early integration and involvement of the various players of government, administration and nongovernment players involved in urban development. Horizontal in terms of integrating the various sectorial policies, and actions of the public and also private sector for sustainable development. Addressing a set of different field of actions at the same time
More Socially Inclusive Promoting growth with equity Everyone, regardless of their economic means, gender, race, ethnicity or religion, is enabled and empowered to fully participate in the social, economic and political opportunities that cities have to offer. Participatory planning and decision-making at the centre The policy/plans is developed taking into cognizance the different needs, interests and potential differential impacts of the policy/plan on men and women. This extends to include other vulnerable groups which may also include the youth, elderly, disabled, landless, the poor etc
More Socially Inclusive Recognizes the youth demographic trends Recognizes the immense challenges, Including the burden of unemployment Recognizes the pivotal role youth needs to play for sustainable urban development Takes cognizance the different needs, interests and potential differential impacts of the policy/plan
More Climate Resilient Recognizes the role of cities as major contributors to climate change through their increased CO2 emissions. Recognizes the vulnerability of urban populations and infrastructures to climate change. Promotes both adaptation to climate change and mitigation of emissions.
Human Rights based A policy that adopts a human rights perspective "Perspective is liberating Is developed by paying equal attention to the achievement of desirable outcome (policy) and to the quality of process leading to these outcome (Policy). Promotes human rights standards (e.g. right to adequate housing, water and sanitation) Underpinned by equally relevant human rights principles (e.g. non-discrimination, participation, transparency). Promotes furtherance of these human rights standards and principles in its entire cycle including implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
A NUP framework for a Rapid Diagnostic Rationale RATIONALE, VISION, AIM/PURPOSE, VALUES AND PRINCIPLES 3 Framework Action plan I. URBANIZATION: DRIVERS, TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS II. URBAN LEGISLATION Land regulation Local authorities, functions and responsibilities III. URBAN REGULATIONS Protection of public space Regulation of buildability rights Plotting Building codes IV. URBAN PLANNING: IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS AND ENFORCEABILITY V. HOUSING POLICIES AND REGULATIONS VI. INFRASTRUCTURE AND BASIC SERVICES Water and sanitation Energy Transport and mobility Drainage Urban Waste Management Telecommunications and others VII. URBAN ECONOMY AND MUNICIPAL FINANCES Municipal Finance Local Economic Development - Job Creation Land value sharing systems VIII. PROPOSALS FOR THE URBAN NETWORK The dynamics of main cities including capital city Policy options for intermediate cities Policy options for market towns, villages and settlements IX. OTHER ISSUES OF STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION, STRATEGIES AND ROADMAP 11
Why a NUP for Developing Countries? 1. Transforming urbanization as a source of wealth: reaping social and economic benefits and managing and reducing negative externalities. 2. The current growth of urbanization tends to be unproductive in terms of livelihoods, and is characterized by slum growth and lack of basic urban services. 12
Target for this NUP Framework: Low Income Countries 100.00 90.00 80.00 % Urban Population 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 Lower Middle Income Countries ($1,005 or less) Higher Middle Income Countries ($3,976-12,275) Low income Countries ($1,006-3975) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 GDP per capita, 2008 (constant USD. 2000) Percentage of Urban Population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Developing Countries 13
National Urban Policy: Definition 1. A deliberate government-led process of coordinating and rallying various actors for a common goal/vision for the desired urbanization (e.g. in 20-30-100 years horizon). 2. Actors include all the pertinent ministerial departments and the local authorities. It is important to also involve the urban stakeholders: private sector, civil society organization, research and academia. 14
National Urban Policy (cont.) 3. Provides an overarching coordinating framework to address urban challenges to maximize the benefits of urbanization, while mitigating potential adverse externalities. 4. A National Urban Policy should be approved by the Government and ready to the point of implementation. 15
Making a NUP work 1. Affordable (cost-effective and fundable). 2. Simplified and pragmatic (free from undue complexity, functional, respond to priority and catalytic needs). 3. Action-oriented and implementable (clear implementation plan, What is not implementable does not exist ). 4. Participatory and inclusive. 16
Making a NUP Work (cont.) Four Stages: 1. Diagnostic 2. Development/Formulation 3. Implementation 4. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) 17
Lessons from NUP processes in several countries NUP not giving enough ownership of fundamentals: adequate control of public spaces, buildability rights, a financial strategy and a governance framework. NUP mainly concentrating on the formulation of the public policy cycle, but not on its implementation. NUP often driven by a sectoral ministry lack of integration, a strategic path, and a road map. NUP often too centred to cities - rather than systems/networks of cities. NUP seldom introducing a well articulated framework for a national government local government relationship. 18
A NUP framework for a Rapid Diagnostic Rationale RATIONALE, VISION, AIM/PURPOSE, VALUES AND PRINCIPLES 3 Framework Action plan I. URBANIZATION: DRIVERS, TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS II. URBAN LEGISLATION Land regulation Local authorities, functions and responsibilities III. URBAN REGULATIONS Protection of public space Regulation of buildability rights Plotting Building codes IV. URBAN PLANNING: IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS AND ENFORCEABILITY V. HOUSING POLICIES AND REGULATIONS VI. INFRASTRUCTURE AND BASIC SERVICES Water and sanitation Energy Transport and mobility Drainage Urban Waste Management Telecommunications and others VII. URBAN ECONOMY AND MUNICIPAL FINANCES Municipal Finance Local Economic Development - Job Creation Land value sharing systems VIII. PROPOSALS FOR THE URBAN NETWORK The dynamics of main cities including capital city Policy options for intermediate cities Policy options for market towns, villages and settlements IX. OTHER ISSUES OF STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION, STRATEGIES AND ROADMAP 19
I. Urbanization overview: Drivers, Trends and Projections Population dynamics and trends in relation to urbanization outcomes and patterns (past, present and future). Projects long-term (at least 30-100 years). Also should anticipate a better urban pattern through a design based on compact, connected, integrated and inclusive principles. 20
II. Urban Legislation Land Regulation Deals with existing regulations and implementation practices of land policies. Identifies the shortfalls. The land tenure system and protection of land rights. Local authorities, functions and responsibilities Draws the relationship and responsibilities between the local, regional and national governments. 21
III. Urban Regulations Regulation and protection of public space: delimitation of the public space is the principal function of urban planning. Regulation of buildability & urban development rights. Plotting regulation - Cadaster. Building codes. 22
IV. Urban Planning: Implementation tools and enforceability 1. Assesses the role of urban planning to secure quality design of the urban fabric (urban planning & design - definition of complete urban patterns). 2. Care for the proper provision of open spaces. 3. Proper provision and connectivity of the street pattern. 4. The urban plotting framework. Guaranties the adequate supply of buildable plots. 5. Cares for the implementability, given the local conditions. 6. Planed city extensions, planed city infills and New Towns. 23
V. Housing Policies and Regulations The focus on needs/demand, housing dynamics and strategies in place to meet the right to adequate housing. Analysis of housing accessibility and affordability. Promotes a financial model for the development of affordable housing. Specifies the role of the private sector. Specifies the role of the public sector. 24
VI. Infrastructure and Basic Services Water and sanitation Deals with provision and access to adequate water for various uses and users. Looks at water sectors and actors. Energy Energy sources, efficiency options, needs/demand, sustainability and the link to other sectors (green economy, environment, quality of life, safety etc.) Transport and mobility Addresses the mobility efficiency in the cities and the different mobility needs of people, goods and services. 25
VI. Infrastructure and Basic Services (cont.) Drainage Reviews topography, flood management, landslides in relation to urban patterns, urban footprint and spatial organization. Urban Waste Management Deals with urban waste production and management: liquid and solid waste, recycling, reuse, landfills. Telecommunications and other services 26
VII. Urban Economy and Municipal Finances Municipal finances: Addresses the current and potential urban financing sources, mechanism and capabilities to make the cities management financially viable. A budgeting process of income and expenditure. Local economic development - Job Creation Looks at what interventions can foster employment opportunities, particularly for the youth. Special attention to the opportunities to foster a sustainable economic viability. Land value sharing systems 27
VIII. Proposals For the Urban Network The dynamics of main cities, including capital city Main cities as magnets of additional population growth and key elements that structure urban dynamics, for the good or bad. Managing larger towns may require specific policy directions, including special legislation to address existing and future challenges. Policy options for intermediate cities Have the potential to expand and grow, mainstreaming sustainable dimensions to prevent externalities of megacities. Policy options for market towns, villages and other settlements Critical drivers of urban forms and patterns in rural areas. Ultimately, a clear policy direction on how to predict and manage the growth of small settlements and villages, addresses the proper link between rural and urban economies. 28
A NUP framework for a Rapid Diagnostic Rationale RATIONALE, VISION, AIM/PURPOSE, VALUES AND PRINCIPLES 3 Framework Action plan I. URBANIZATION: DRIVERS, TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS II. URBAN LEGISLATION Land regulation Local authorities, functions and responsibilities III. URBAN REGULATIONS Protection of public space Regulation of buildability rights Plotting Building codes IV. URBAN PLANNING: IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS AND ENFORCEABILITY V. HOUSING POLICIES AND REGULATIONS VI. INFRASTRUCTURE AND BASIC SERVICES Water and sanitation Energy Transport and mobility Drainage Urban Waste Management Telecommunications and others VII. URBAN ECONOMY AND MUNICIPAL FINANCES Municipal Finance Local Economic Development - Job Creation Land value sharing systems VIII. PROPOSALS FOR THE URBAN NETWORK The dynamics of main cities including capital city Policy options for intermediate cities Policy options for market towns, villages and settlements IX. OTHER ISSUES OF STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION, STRATEGIES AND ROADMAP 29
30 Recommendations for action, strategies and roadmap (The How and Who) I. Brief analysis and recommended options Options and scenarios for the NUP including institutional arrangements, policy reforms, research and evidence collection and support, process for developing the policy, opportunities and risks Prioritization of some areas for strategic intervention at national, regional or local levels to support the development and implementation of the NUP II. Strategies for effective implementation III. Roadmap for developing and implementing the NUP Detailed Plan: activities, outputs and milestones and resource requirements
What UN-Habitat can do for you 1. Undertake a Rapid Diagnostic. 2. Assist throughout the processes of the NUP. 3. Design and oversight of the Participatory Process. 4. Assist in developing an Integrated Spatial Framework. 5. Integrate City-Region Planning. 6. Review and Evaluation of the Policy. 31
Partnership: Together we can do more! 32
www.unhabitat.org 33 33