TRANSPLANTING METHODS FOR THE CULTIVATION OF CORN LILY (VERATRUM CALIFORNICUM) Cinon C Shock, Erik B G Feiber, Chery Parris, and Lamon D Saunders, Maheur Experimen Saion, Oregon Sae Universiy, Onario, OR Inroducion Corn iy (Verarum caifornicum) is of ineres because i has he poenia o provide pharmaceuica precursors for use agains cancer One mehod of esabishing panings of corn iy coud be o ranspan rhizomes from he wid o agricuura fieds If corn iy seedings are grown in a nursery for use in a panaion, hey woud aso need o be ranspaned ino a producion fied a some sage in heir deveopmen Prior experience over he as haf cenury suggess ha dorman corn iy rhizomes do no ranspan we Seve Monsen of Wesern Ecoogica Consuing had ie success ranspaning corn iy ino a wide range of Uah ocaions, incuding back ino he ocaions where hey were dug (persona communicaion) Faiure of pas ranspaning effors coud be due o sress during he handing of he pans, echniques of ranspaning, he naure of he sie where hey were paned, or oher facors Poor ranspan success in he pas ed us o hypohesize ha corn iy rhizomes have ow oerance of desiccaion Successfu fied cuivaion of corn iy wi depend on a beer undersanding abou is ranspaning requiremens Does very sigh desiccaion of corn iy prior o paning affec rhizome growh? To avoid desiccaion, he rhizomes migh have o be kep coo and mois uni paned Does ranspaning inroduce or spread disease in he corn iy roo sysems? Shoud rhizomes be reaed wih fungicides prior o paning? Does undue oss of roos prior o paning affec rhizome growh? Poenia remova of roos prior o paning coud provide a source of raw maeria for he pharmaceuica indusry, bu i migh aso reduce ranspan surviva and deay pan deveopmen Our preiminary research has shown ha ranspaned corn iy pans may be deficien in cacium Woud addiion of gypsum o he soi a ranspaning eiminae he cacium deficiency? Woud reaing he roos wih rooing hormone simuae roo growh and pan surviva? The ria repored here esed seven reamens in 2010-2012 for heir effec on corn iy ranspaning success and subsequen pan growh Wih sufficien irrigaion, McCa, Idaho shoud be a favorabe sie for ranspaning because corn iy grows nauray in he mois areas here Transpaning corn iy o Onario, Oregon shoud be considered a ess favorabe sie, because i has a ower eevaion and hoer cimae han he eevaion range (2,900-10,000 f) where corn iy nauray occurs in his region Transpaning Mehods for he Cuivaion of Corn Liy (Verarum caifornicum) 215
Maerias and Mehods Corn iy rhizomes for he ria were coeced in eary Ocober, 2010 from he Mani-La Sa Naiona Fores in Uah The dorman pans consising of rhizomes and roos (referred o here coecivey as rhizomes ) were dug wih abou 4 in (10 cm) of roos and paced ino wooden boxes and packed wih ice for ranspor o Onario where hey were ransferred ino a cooer se a 32-34 F (0-1 C) and over 90% reaive humidiy uni paning On Ocober 19, 2010 he rhizomes were sored subjecivey ino hree size caegories (sma, medium, and arge) The rhizome fresh weigh for each po was deermined and rhizomes were submied o one of seven reamens in 2010 before paning (Tabe 1) Rhizomes for he unreaed check reamen received no reamen prior o paning For he fungicide reamen, Capan (5% Capan) and Ridomi MZ58 were appied o he rhizomes as dry powder formuaions prior o paning For he modes desiccaion reamen, he rhizomes were ef in a room heaed o 70 F (21 C) for 24 hours prior o paning For he pruning reamen, he roos of each rhizome were cipped roughy in haf prior o paning, and he cipped roos were weighed The gypsum reamen had he roos dused wih powdered gypsum wih an addiiona 175 oz (50 g) of gypsum added o he paning hoe The roo simuan pus gypsum reamen had he roos dipped in a rooing hormone souion, hen dused wih gypsum wih 05 ier of rooing hormone souion and 175 oz (50 g) of gypsum added o he paning hoe The rooing hormone souion was prepared by mixing 022 cups (52 m) of rooing hormone (00004% indoe-3-buyric acid [IBA], Roo Simuaor, Feri-Lome, Bonham, TX) per ga (379 ) of waer The rhizomes were paned 197 inches (05 m) apar on 30-inch (076-m) beds immediaey afer reamen The rhizomes were paned wih he growh bud poined up and he roos poined down wih he base of he bud 3 inches (8 cm) beow he soi surface Each po was 1 bed wide and 10 rhizomes ong The experimena designs a boh sies were randomized compee bocks wih he reamens repicaed five imes Drip ape (Aqua Traxx EA 508 1222) was insaed afer paning in each bed a 1-inch (25 cm) deph and offse 7 inches (178 cm) from he bed cener The fieds a each sie were irrigaed auomaicay o mainain he soi waer ension (SWT) in he roo zone beow 10 cb as described by Shock e a (2013) Soi waer ension was measured wih five granuar marix sensors (GMS, Waermark Soi Moisure Sensors Mode 200SS, Irromeer Co, Riverside, CA) insaed a 8-inch (20-cm) deph in he cener of he bed The GMS had been previousy caibraed o SWT (Shock 2003) The GMS were conneced o a daaogger via muipexers (AM 410 muipexer, Campbe Scienific, Logan, UT) The daaogger read he sensors and recorded he SWT every hour The daaogger made irrigaion decisions every 12 hours based on he average SWT The irrigaions were conroed by he daaogger using a conroer (SDM CD16AC conroer, Campbe Scienific, Logan, UT) conneced o a soenoid vave Onario Procedures The rias were conduced in a fied of Owyhee si oam (30% sand, 525% si, and 175% cay) a Maheur Experimen Saion, Onario, Oregon On November 3, 2009, 50 b nirogen (N)/acre, 100 b phosphorus (P)/acre, 40 b sufae (SO 4 )/acre, 4 b zinc (Zn)/acre, 2 b manganese (Mn)/acre, and 1 b boron (B)/acre were broadcas Anaysis of a soi sampe aken in Apri 2010 showed a ph of 79, 185% organic maer, 18 ppm P, 353 ppm poassium (K), 24 ppm SO 4, 1,932 ppm cacium (Ca), 432 ppm magnesium (Mg), 99 ppm sodium (Na), 41 ppm Transpaning Mehods for he Cuivaion of Corn Liy (Verarum caifornicum) 216
Zn, 17 ppm copper (Cu), 11 ppm Mn, 11 ppm iron (Fe), and 15 ppm B The sois where corn iy nauray grows have much ower ph, averaging 63 (Shock and Shock 2012), so 5 ons/acre of eemena sufur were broadcas on Sepember 30, 2010 o ower he ph A soi sampe aken on Ocober 18, 2010 reveaed subsania changes in ph, P, SO 4, Mn, Fe, and B: he resus were a ph of 53, 239% organic maer, 31 ppm P, 283 ppm K, 358 ppm SO 4, 1,982 ppm Ca, 420 ppm Mg, 200 ppm Na, 39 ppm Zn, 29 ppm Cu, 113 ppm Mn, 67 ppm Fe, and 08 ppm B The ria was paned on Ocober 20, 2010 On Apri 13, 2011, 50 b N/acre as CaNO 3 was injeced hrough he drip ape In addiion o he auomaed irrigaion, on Augus 3, 2011 he ria was furrow irrigaed using he furrows beween he 30-inch (762 cm) beds o wash sa off of he fied and each sa from he roo zone On Augus 23, 2011 a hin ayer of shredded ree bark was spread on he soi surface of a pos On March 2, 2012, Apri 30, 2012, and June 7, 2012, Fe a 03 b/acre (iron cheae, Sprin 138, Becker Underwood, Inc, Ames, IA) was injeced hrough he drip ape On May 7, 2012 and June 4, 2012, Ca as a foiar spray (InCa, Pan Impac, Preson, UK, 1 oz/ga waer) was appied o a pos Immediaey afer he Ca, Dihane fungicide was sprayed on a pos McCa Procedures The ria was conduced in a fied of oamy sand (85% sand, 5% si, and 10% cay) Anaysis of a soi sampe aken in he fa of 2009 showed a ph of 63, 163% organic maer, 17 ppm P, 304 ppm K, 7 ppm SO 4, 846 ppm Ca, 102 ppm Mg, 21 ppm Na, 08 ppm Zn, 03 ppm Cu, 6 ppm Mn, 57 ppm Fe, and 02 ppm B On May 20, 2010, 200 b/acre of gypsum, 100 b N/acre as urea, 40 b K/acre as K-Mag, 24 b of Zn/acre as zinc sufae, 24 b Cu/acre as copper sufae, and 12 b B/acre were broadcas o correc he soi deficiencies The ria was paned on Ocober 27, 2010 On June 21, 2011, 200 b/acre of gypsum, 100 b N/acre as urea, 40 b K/acre as K-Mag, 24 b of Zn/acre as zinc sufae, 24 b Cu/acre as copper sufae, and 12 b B/acre were broadcas On May 1, 2012 2,000 b gypsum/acre, 10 b Cu/acre, and 100 b Mg/acre were broadcas On May 31, 2012, 20 b N/acre was injeced hrough he drip ape On May 9, 2012, May 31, 2012, June 6, 2012, June 13, 2012, and June 28, 2012, Ca as a foiar spray (InCa, Pan Impac, Preson, UK, 1 oz/ga waer) was appied o a pos Immediaey afer he Ca, Dihane fungicide was sprayed on a pos on he same daes Daa Coecion and Saisics A pans in each po a Onario were measured for heigh and diameer on June 17, 2011 and June 18, 2012 A corn iy pans in each po a McCa were measured for heigh and diameer on June 22, 2011 and June 13, 2012 Treamen differences were compared using anaysis of variance Means separaion was deermined using Fisher s eas significan difference es a he 5% probabiiy eve, LSD (005) Resus Modes desiccaion of he corn iy rhizomes prior o paning resued in an average of 19% weigh oss prior o paning Averaged over sies, desiccaion of rhizomes prior o paning resued in among he owes survivas in 2011 By 2012, desiccaion of rhizomes prior o paning and roo pruning resued in among he owes raes of pan surviva Transpaning Mehods for he Cuivaion of Corn Liy (Verarum caifornicum) 217
Averaged over sies, reamen of rhizomes wih roo simuan and gypsum, gypsum ony, or reamen of rhizomes wih Capan were among he reamens wih he highes surviva in 2012 (Tabe 1) Averaged over sies, reamen of rhizomes wih roo simuan and gypsum resued in 81% surviva in 2012 Averaged over sies, reamen of rhizomes wih roo simuan and gypsum or gypsum ony was among he reamens wih he aes pans in 2012 A boh sies and in boh years, pan heigh increased wih increasing rhizome weigh a paning, bu he effec was ess pronounced in McCa (Figs 1-4) Considering pan size and surviva, he reamen wih rooing hormone and gypsum appears promising Discussion Ahough prior rias wih ranspaning corn iy rhizomes had faied, hese rias showed 949% success across a reamens (Tabe 1) We aribue he generaized success o he cod and mois condiions during handing and sorage of he rhizomes from digging o ranspan Simpy by aowing 24 hours of desiccaion prior o paning caused a oss in ranspan success, especiay a McCa Neiher he sie a Onario nor McCa was idea for corn iy growh A Onario he cimae may have been oo ho and he soi was oo say once he ph was correced A McCa he pans ha survived grew arger in 2012 han hey had grown in 2011 The McCa sie was no idea due o summer fros and poor soi The soi was much ess ferie han ypica sies where corn iy grows (Shock and Shock 2012) and i was difficu o mainain adequae soi nurien eves The ranspan reamen incuding gypsum and rooing hormone warrans furher sudy and use Oher fungicides no used in his sudy migh be beneficia References Shock, CC 2003 Soi waer poenia measuremen by granuar marix sensors Pages 899-903 in Sewar, BA and Howe, TA (eds) The Encycopedia of Waer Science Marce Dekker Shock, CC, and MP Shock 2012 Sois nauray supporing corn iy (Verarum caifornicum) Oregon Sae Universiy Maheur Experimen Saion Annua Repor 2011, Deparmen of Crop and Soi Science Ex/CrS 141211-218 Shock, CC, FX Wang, RJ Fock, EBG Feiber, CA Shock, AB Pereira, and LB Jensen 2013 Irrigaion monioring using soi waer ension Susainabe Agricuure Techniques, Oregon Sae Universiy Exension Service EM 8900 10p hp://iribraryoregonsaeedu/xmui/bisream/hande/1957/37569/em8900pdf Transpaning Mehods for he Cuivaion of Corn Liy (Verarum caifornicum) 218
Tabe 1 Corn iy (Verarum caifornicum) pan heigh (254 cm = 1 in), pan diameer (254 mm = 1 in) and surviva for rhizomes submied o seven prepan reamens and paned in he fa of 2010 Corn iy pans were measured June 22, 2011 and June 13, 2012 a McCa, Idaho and June 17, 2011 and June 18, 2012 a Onario, Oregon, Maheur Experimen Saion Oregon Sae Universiy 2011 Onario McCa Average Treamens cm mm % cm mm % cm mm % 2011 Check 272 149 920 223 122 940 248 135 930 Capan 308 147 940 228 125 1000 268 136 970 Capan + Ridomi 265 142 920 197 127 960 231 135 940 Pruning + Capan 257 163 1000 225 126 960 241 145 980 Desiccaion 219 160 920 157 119 820 188 140 870 Gypsum 265 150 960 232 123 980 248 137 970 Roo simuan + gypsum 323 140 980 248 128 980 286 134 980 Average 273 150 949 216 124 949 244 137 949 LSD (005) Treamen 32 NS 69 Sie 19 05 NS Tr X Sie NS NS NS 2012 Onario McCa Average Treamens cm mm % cm mm % cm mm % 2012 Check 288 130 640 353 128 720 320 129 680 Capan 318 135 620 333 122 820 325 128 720 Capan + Ridomi 268 102 700 361 130 600 309 115 656 Pruning + Capan 279 121 540 385 134 680 332 127 610 Desiccaion 259 102 400 288 100 420 272 101 410 Gypsum 319 121 620 362 119 900 340 120 760 Roo simuan + gypsum 303 118 800 372 125 820 337 122 810 Average 291 119 617 350 122 709 319 120 664 LSD (005) Treamen 42 18 163 Sie 31 NS NS Tr X Sie NS NS NS Transpaning Mehods for he Cuivaion of Corn Liy (Verarum caifornicum) 219
Figure 1 Corn iy (Verarum caifornicum) pan heigh in 2011 a Onario, Oregon as infuenced by rhizome fresh weigh a paning in 2010, Maheur Experimen Saion, Oregon Sae Universiy Figure 2 Corn iy (Verarum caifornicum) pan heigh in 2012 a Onario, Oregon as infuenced by rhizome fresh weigh a paning in 2010, Maheur Experimen Saion, Oregon Sae Universiy Transpaning Mehods for he Cuivaion of Corn Liy (Verarum caifornicum) 220
Figure 3 Corn iy (Verarum caifornicum) pan heigh in 2011 a McCa, Idaho as infuenced by rhizome fresh weigh a paning in 2010, Maheur Experimen Saion, Oregon Sae Universiy Figure 4 Corn iy (Verarum caifornicum) pan heigh in 2012 a McCa, Idaho as infuenced by rhizome fresh weigh a paning in 2010, Maheur Experimen Saion, Oregon Sae Universiy Transpaning Mehods for he Cuivaion of Corn Liy (Verarum caifornicum) 221