Healthy Homes Home Energy Conservation and Efficiency Bob Schultheis Natural Resource Engineering Specialist Bolivar, MO June 20, 2015 Exploring Energy Efficiency and Alternatives Home energy efficiency Farm energy efficiency Solar electricity Solar hot water Small wind Biodiesel Anaerobic digester Micro hydropower 2 Energy Management for Home goals save energy provide comfort assure safety and health A house energy audit guides weatherization priorities! 3 4 Energy Consumption in U.S. Homes Home Energy Use Missouri Source: www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/ 5 Source: www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/2009/state_briefs/pdf/mo.pdf 6 1
The Money Bottom Line There is No Silver Bullet You re not actually saving any money until you have recaptured the money you spent to do the energy measure. No one thing will magically cut energy expenses a lot Many little things all add up to greatly reduced costs Calculate the life cycle cost Cost of installation + cost of operation over lifetime Concentrate first on no cost / low cost options that offer biggest savings 7 8 Conservation saves energy saves $$$ Participants in the Montana Weatherization Assistance Program experienced 30% average savings* $567.00 average savings 4.7 year payback Basic Rule of Heat Transfer Heat always flows from a warmer area to a colder area HOT COLD $2660.00 average expense for measures * MT WAP 9 10 Four Types of Heat Loss Home Heat Loss 1980 (1500 sq. ft. home with crawl space) Conduction = heat transfer through solids 6 inches of fiberglass = 8 feet of brick Convection = heat transfer through liquids & gases 1/8 door gap = 6 round hole Infiltration 37% R-19 Walls 15% Radiation = heat transfer w/o solids, liquids or gases Example: Warming by sunlight Ventilation = for health, moisture control 30 50% R.H. indoors is ideal R-3.2 Doors 3% Glass 13% R-1.6 R-13 R-30 Floor 21% Ceiling 11% 11 12 2
Home Heat Loss 2009 (2344 sq. ft. home on concrete slab) home energy Infiltration 43% R-19 Walls 19% Doors 7% R-3.2 Glass 8% R-1.6 R-5 R-36 Floor 9% Ceiling 14% 13 14 Seal Out the Stack Effect What You Can Do NOW to Save $$ The $100 solution for your home = PLUG THE HOLES Expandable foam Weatherstrip Outlet insulators Caulking Foil duct tape 15 Water heater insulation blanket 16 Weatherize Against Infiltration Wiring, pipe & duct penetrations in attic, under floor & through walls Caulking where dissimilar materials meet Weatherstripping doors, windows & sills Outlet insulators on exterior walls Vapor barriers 20 GPD evaporates from crawl space into air of 1400 sq.ft. home Install 4 6 mil plastic on warm in winter side 17 Control Air Leaks use sealants 18 3
Installing Outlet Insulators 1. Before 2. Cover removed 3. Gasket to install HVAC System Air Ducts Caulk, tape or mastic joints = save up to 20% of ventilation heat loss Don t use cloth duct tape! Insulate metal ducts to R 3 to R 6 4. Gasket installed 5. Cover replaced & plugs added 19 20 HVAC System Installation of Duct Mastic & Insulation 21 Control Air Leaks weatherstrip doors 22 Insulate Against Heat Loss Control Air Leaks weatherstrip doors 23 24 4
R Value R Value of a Wall Section Definition: A measure of a material s ability to resist the flow of heat Higher values = less heat flow Buying R Value Material basis vs. Installed basis Compute R Value cost per inch 25 26 Insulation go for easy access The higher the R value the greater the resistance to energy flow the better the insulator. 27 28 How Much Insulation for MO? Insulation R Values Attics = R 49 Cathedral ceilings = R 38 Walls = R 18 Floor over crawl space = R 25 Crawl space wall = R 19 (if conditioned) Slab edge = R 8 Basement wall = R 11 (interior) = R 10 (exterior) Source: U.S. Department of Energy (http://www.energystar.gov) 29 30 5
Insulation type will depend on application 31 Insulation rolls and loose fill 32 Insulation glass fiber R 2.2 3.2 per inch 33 Insulation rock wool R 2.2 3.2 per inch 34 Insulation cellulose fiber R 3.7 per inch Insulation polyurethane & polystyrenes R 4.5 6.5 per inch 35 36 6
All weatherization measures can be applied to mobile homes Insulation vermiculite R 2.2 per inch 37 38 Window Treatments Polyethylene storm window kits Magnetic window kits Insulated shades Curtains or drapes Rigid insulation panels This option is low cost. 39 Windows storm windows (Inside is best) 40 1 Window Treatments Windows thermal curtains 41 Type of Treatment R-value Single glazing, bare 0.8 to 1.0 Double glazing, bare 1.8 to 2.0 Single glazing, loose drapery 1.1 Double glazing, pulled shade 2.05 Double glazing, sealed drapery 2.35 Double glazing, insulated shutters 9.50 or more Double glazing, insulated quilt, 1 layer polyester fiberfill 4.55 Double glazing, insulated quilt, 3 layers polyester fiberfill 6.75 Source: MU Guide GH2815 Shades and Shutters for Energy Efficiency 42 7
Water Heaters Insulate and turn down water heater Insulate if warm to the touch Set temperature to 120 F 135 F 3 5% savings for each 10 F reduction Use thermal trap on inlet/outlet Insulate water lines first 2 feet Photo credit: http://www.california.com/~positivenergy/xina/graphics/blanket.gif 120 F for electric mid or warm for gas 43 44 Attic Ventilation Stop hot water leaks and insulate pipes DON T cover attic vents to save heat 1 sq.ft. free vent area (FVA) per 150 sq.ft. of attic area Screens reduce FVA by 50% Split FVA equally between eaves & ridge Allow 1½ air space between insulation & roof 45 46 Crawl Space Moisture Control How Missouri Stays Warm DON T cover foundation vents to save heat Leave open if house tests positive for radon 1 sq.ft. FVA per 450 sq.ft. of crawl space Missouri households consume an average of 100 million Btu per year, 12% more than the U.S. average Missouri homes average 2,344 sq.ft., compared to 1,971 sq.ft. for U.S. Natural Gas 49% Other (wood, heating oil, etc.) 3% Propane 15% Electricity 33% 47 Source: Energy Information Administration www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/2009/state_briefs/pdf/mo.pdf 48 8
E3A Home Energy Workshop Bolivar, MO 6/20/2015 Which Heating Fuel Source is the Best? Fuel Type Selling Unit Avg. Efficiency, % Electricity KwH 100-280 Natural gas CCF (therm) 65 LP (propane) gas Gallon 65-80 Wood Cord 15-60 Wood pellets Ton 80 Corn (shelled) Bushel 80 Fuel oil Gallon 60 Kerosene Gallon 85 Coal Ton 60 Biomass Ton 40 49 Standard Heating Unit (SHU) One SHU = 100,000 BTUs Cost per SHU = Fuel cost x 100,000 (Heat Content x Avg.Sys. Eff.) LP (propane) gas = $1.56/gal x 100,000 (91,000 BTUs x 0.65) = $2.64 per SHU Electricity = $0.09/KwH x 100,000 (3413 BTUs x 1.00) = $2.64 per SHU 50 How They Rank Now (6/3/15) Heating System Fuel Cost Cost per SHU Air-tight stove - dry red oak $ 140 / cord Less $ 0.92 Geothermal heat pump $ 0.09 / KwH $ 0.94 Pellet stove - wood pellets $ 190 / ton $ 1.45 Air-to-air electric heat pump $ 0.09 / KwH $ 1.60 Biomass burner $ 100 / ton $ 1.74 Pellet stove - shelled corn $ 6.24 / bushel $ 1.99 Natural gas forced-air furnace $ 1.70 / therm $ 2.13 LP gas H.E. forced-air furnace $ 1.56 / gallon $ 2.14 Electric resistance heat $ 0.09 / KwH $ 2.64 LP gas older forced-air furnace $ 1.56 / gallon $ 2.64 Forced-air furnace - #2 fuel oil $ 2.40 / gallon More $ 2.89 Infrared Heaters The Sales Pitch Slash your heat bill up to 50% Heat up to 1000 sq.ft. for pennies a day Will not remove oxygen or humidity from the air Safe, soft, comfortable, healthy heat Pays for itself in one heating season Safe for children and pets Cannot start a fire Portable, 110 volt Price = $297 $479 51 52 Infrared Heaters The Reality Ohm s Law: Watts = Volts x Amps 1 watt = 3.413 BTU/hour 5,412 BTU/hr = 1,585 watts = (110 volts x 14.4 amps) 1,585 watts = 1.585 Kw x $0.11/KwH = 17 cents/hour to run Average 3 BR home requires 45,000 BTU/hour to heat Assumes you shut off heat to rest of house & wheel heater from room to room you re in Relatively safe due to housing that surrounds heating unit Won t remove oxygen because there is no combustion Not enough heat produced to affect humidity Unit is 100% efficient just like all other electric heaters Can buy safe, equivalent output electric heater for 1/10th the cost 53 Close off unused spaces and unplug unnecessary appliances 54 9
Heating System control heating thermostat try 68 F. 68 55 Heating System filter change monthly & keep system clean. 56 Air Filters MERV MERV 8 v. 10 Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) ASHRAE Standard 52.2 Efficiency in collecting very small particles Reference: www.mechreps.com/pdf/merv_rating_chart.pdf 57 58 MERV Ratings MERV PARTICLE TYPICAL CONTROLLED SIZE ( m) CONTAMINANT 1 4 >10.0 Pollen, sanding dust, textile and carpet fibers 5 8 3.0 10.0 Mold, spores, hairspray, cement dust 9 12 1.0 3.0 Legionella, lead dust, welding fumes 13 16 0.3 1.0 Bacteria, most tobacco smoke, insecticide dust, copier toner 17 20 0.3 Virus, combustion particles, radon progeny Poorly sealed filter access panel 59 60 10
radiator and register Heating system tune up and cleaning 1 Heating System do not block air flow. 61 62 Heating system up grade or replacement Heating System move warm air 63 64 ENERGY STAR 1. Estimated energy consumption on a scale showing a range for similar models 2. Estimated yearly operating cost based on the national average cost of electricity. Choose Energy Efficient Appliances Appliances CFLs / LEDs Home Electronics Heating & Cooling Lighting Fixtures Ceiling Fans Home Office Equipment Water Coolers Windows Water Coolers Insulation Ventilating fans Thermostats Dehumidifiers Homes Roofing 65 66 11
More Ways to Save Energy 1 Replace/clean furnace filter every 1 3 months Energy saving (programmable) thermostats ($50 $100) Winter: Set heating unit to 68 F max. (63 F night time) o 3% more energy use per degree increase Summer: Set air conditioning to 78 F min. o 8% more energy use per degree decrease Clean lime from water heater Re level blown in attic insulation Set ceiling fans for season Insulate attic access door Unplug appliances when not used Summer Put tight fitting doors on open fireplaces Winter 67 More Ways to Save Energy 2 Clean refrigerator coils; remove frost from freezers Keep lights clean; shut off when not in use Use south facing windows to collect solar heat Personal attitude & behavior Wear layered warm clothes indoors during winter Take short showers instead of baths Regulate windows & doors (train kids) Upgrade to EnergyStar efficient appliances Plant trees (deciduous on south; evergreens on north) 68 Investing in Energy Efficiency Return on Energy Measure Investment, % Change to fluorescent lamps 41 Seal heating and cooling ducts 41 Upgrade to EnergyStar clothes washer 37 Replace refrigerator with EnergyStar unit 37 Install EnergyStar programmable thermostat 30 Install R 12 water heater insulation jacket 28 EnergyStar heat pump to replace old HVAC system 19 Upgrade to EnergyStar dishwasher 18 Weatherizing and sealing the home 9 Increase wall and attic insulation to DOE levels 8 My Top 10 Cheap List for Homes Caulk outside joints where dissimilar materials meet Weatherstrip exterior door and window gaps Install interior storm window kits on single pane glass Add attic insulation if now less than 6 inches thick Insulate older water heaters; set temp. to 120 135 F Seal air duct leaks; put tight fitting doors on open fireplaces Use south facing windows to collect solar heat Use CFLs/LEDs; keep lights clean; shut off when not in use Wear clothing in layers & set back thermostat Involve whole family in energy management program Source: Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, 1997 costs 69 70 Questions? Robert A. (Bob) Schultheis Natural Resource Engineering Specialist Webster County Extension Center 800 S. Marshall St. Marshfield, MO 65706 Voice: 417-859-2044 Fax: 417-468-2086 E-mail: schultheisr@missouri.edu Web: extension.missouri.edu/webster Program Complaint Information To file a program complaint you may contact any of the following: University of Missouri MU Extension AA/EEO Office 109 F. Whitten Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 MU Human Resources Office 130 Heinkel Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USDA Office of Civil Rights, Director Room 326-W, Whitten Building 14th and Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20250-9410 University of Missouri Extension provides equal opportunity to all participants in extension programs and activities, and for all employees and applicants for employment on the basis of their demonstrated ability and competence without discrimination on the basis of their race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, disability or status as a protected veteran. 71 72 12