URBANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT INTERFACE: A SOCIOLOGICAL INTERVENTION (Case Study of Haldwani Urban Area) THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE KUMAUN UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SOCIOLOGY Under the Supervision of DR. BHAGWAN. SINGH. BISHT Prof. & Head Ph.D., D.Litt. Department of Sociology Kumaun University, Nainital Uttarakhand- 263002 By Ms. SNIGDHA RAWAT Research Scholar Department of Sociology Kumaun University, Nainital Uttarakhand- 263002 2010
Dr. B.S. Bisht Ph: 05942-236100(O) Ph.D., D.Litt. Mob: 9411159928 Professor & Head, Department of Sociology, Nainital 263002, Uttarakhand, India Ref.. CERTIFICATE Dated Certified that Ms. Snigdha Rawat, D/O Late Mr. Sohan Singh Rawat has completed the research work on the topic, Urbanization and Environment Interface: A Sociological Intervention (Case study of Haldwani Urban Area), under my guidance for period prescribed by the university w.e.f. August 2006 to February 2010. Ms. Rawat has put in the required number of attendance of 200 days in the Department of Sociology, D.S.B Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis embodies the work conducted by the candidate herself and fulfils the requirement laid down in the Research Ordinance of the University. Dr. Bhagwan. S. Bisht Prof. & Head, Department of Sociology, Kumaun University, Nainital Uttarakhand-263001
Preface Acknowledgement Abbreviations CONTENTS Page No. i-ii iii iv Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-10 References 10 Chapter 2 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11-42 2.1 Urbanization 11 2.2 Phases of Urbanization 14 2.3 Historical Perspective 15 2.4 Urban Concepts in India 16 2.5 Urbanization and Environment 22 2.6 Review of Literature 28 2.7 City Profile 35 2.8 Present State of Knowledge 38 References 40 Chapter 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 43-53 3.1 Social Research 43
3.2 Research Design 44 3.3 Universe of Study 45 3.4 Sampling Procedure and Study Units 45 3.5 Tools and Techniques of Data Collection 47 3.6 Classification and Tabulation of Data 50 3.7 Analysis and Interpretation of Data 51 Chapter 4 References 52 SAMPLE PROFILE 54-62 4.1 Age-wise Distribution of the Respondents 54 4.2 Sex-wise Distribution of the Respondents 55 4.3 Religious Profile of the Respondents 56 4.4 Caste Profile of the Respondents 56 4.5 Marital Status of the Respondents 57 4.6 Family Structure of the Respondents 58 4.7 Educational Profile of the Respondents 59 4.8 Occupational Profile of the Respondents 60 4.9 Income-wise Distribution of the Respondents 61 Chapter 5 INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF HALDWANI URBAN AREA 63-102 5.1 Population 63 5.2 Urban Land Use 66 5.3 Transportation 73 5.4 Water Supply 75
5.5 Sanitation and Drainage 77 5.6 Industrial Growth 80 5.7 Occupational Structure 81 5.8 Environmental Pollution 82 5.9 Green Cover Depletion 93 5.10 Problem of Solid Waste and Sewage Disposal 98 References 102 Chapter 6 REACTION AND RESPONSES OF THE RESPONDENTS 103-167 TOWARDS URBANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Chapter 7 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL 168-182 PROTECTION AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 7.1 Role of Schools and Colleges 171 7.2 Role of Citizens and Citizens Rights 173 7.3 Role of Municipality 174 7.4 Role of NGOs 176 7.5 Suggestive Measures for Solid Waste Management 180 Chapter 8 CONCLUSION 183-191 8.1 Intensity of the Problem 183 8.2 Negligence and Inefficiency of the Local Government 186 8.3 Attitude of the Residents 188
8.4 Urbanization of the Adjoining Rural Areas 190 Bibliography Appendix Interview Schedule
PREFACE Urbanization is one of the most important processes that can be considered as the primary source of social change in the present world. The unprecedented growth of population together with technological innovations and economic growth, naturally leads to increased urbanization and this ultimately leads to the disturbance of ecological balance and environmental degradation. Cities are the centre of trade, commerce and industry providing greater opportunities to the people to earn a living. However, as the cities grow in size with the increase in population there is overcrowding, high energy use, degradation of natural resources, growing demand for space, pollution, etc. which ultimately lead to the deterioration of the environment. The present research work is an attempt to study the interface between the process of urbanization and environment. Haldwani, which is the largest city of Kumaun is taken as the universe of the study. Details and findings of the study are organized in eight chapters. Chapter I gives a brief introduction about the process of urbanization, its influence on the environment and facts and figures regarding the state of urbanization and its environmental impact. Chapter II gives a detailed account of the concept of urbanization, history of urbanization, various urban concepts and the related environmental issues. I
Chapter III deals with the research design and methodology used in the study. The chapter gives an outline of the research design used in the present research work including the sampling procedure and tools and techniques of data collection. Chapter IV analyses the profile of the respondents included in the samples for the purpose of the present study. Chapter V gives a detailed description of the infrastructural development in the preview of urbanization and the environmental status of the city. Chapter VI deals with the responses, attitude and awareness of the respondents regarding urbanization and environmental problems. To make the study scientific, the responses are analyzed on the basis of different variables like age, sex, educational qualification and occupation. Chapter VII discusses the suggestive measures for environmental conservation and effective management of solid waste. Chapter VIII is the concluding part of the study and includes the findings regarding urbanization and environment interface. References pertaining to each chapter are given at the end of the respective chapters and a detailed bibliography is also provided. Copy of the interview schedule used in the study is given in the appendix. Date: Snigdha Rawat II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge my deepest sense of gratitude to my esteemed supervisor Prof. Bhagwan. S. Bisht, Ph.D., D.Litt., Head of the Department of Sociology, Kumaun University, Uttarakhand, for his scholarly guidance at every stage of this research work. It is because of his supportive attitude, valuable suggestions, co-operation and inspiration that I am able to complete this piece of research work. I have been highly privileged to have worked under his supervision. I am indebted to Mr. Hemant Bora for his unflinching help and support during the course of this research work. My sincere thanks are due to Dr. Nirmala Dhaila, Dr. Rajendra Singh Pathani and Col. V.S. Dhaila who always provided me necessary help and co-operation. It is my pleasant duty to express my heartfelt gratitude to my mother Mrs. Bhagwati Rawat. It is her love, affection and consistent encouragement that I am able to cross this milestone. I am also greatful to my sister Dr. Madhumita Rawat for her help and support. Finally, I am thankful to the Department of Sociology, Kumaun University, Nainital for providing me necessary research facilities. I also express my thanks to all my friends and well wishers with love and reverence, who bestowed upon me their unselfish help and sincere support. Snigdha Rawat III
ABBREVIATIONS BOD Biological Oxidation Demand COD Chemical Oxidation Demand DIC District Industries Centre ESI Environment Sustainability Index HVS High Volume Sampler IDSMT Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns NAAQ National Ambient Air Quality NIUA National Institute of Urban Affairs RSPM Respirationable Suspended Particulate Matter SEZ SPM SUA SWM Special Economic Zone Suspended Particulate Matter Standard Urban Area Solid Waste Management TERI Tata Energy Research Institute UA Urban Area UEPPCB Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution UNDP UNFPA Control Board United Nations Development Programme United Nations Population Fund IV