Amarna Workers Village The Egyptian city of Amarna was the pet building project of the pharaoh Akhenaten, who oversaw construction of his new capital between 1346 and 1341 BCE. The city was largely abandoned after the death of Akhenaten, which means that most of it has survived quite well and it is now an extensive archaeological site that has been in the process of excavation since the late 1800s. In this activity we will focus not on the royal palaces, but rather on the small village up in the hills to the east of Amarna which was built early on to house the workers who built the great city. In our popular culture, Egyptian laborers are often presented as having a terrible lifestyle, and sometimes referred to as slaves. In fact, the ancient Egyptians did not use slave labour (they had very few slaves, nearly all of whom were domestic slaves serving the royal family). Rather, labour for major building projects like new cities or the pyramids was drawn from the local populace at certain times of year as a form of taxation. Families would relocate to purpose built houses, like the ones you ll be looking at from Amarna, to do work for a month or two, after which they would go back to their farms. Although not technically slaves, the actual quality of life of these laborers is certainly worth investigating. The summary of the data and the diagrams available for the site focus on three areas of the site - the houses, the animal pens and garden plots, and the main chapel. Your task is to collaborate with your partner to write a story about a person living at this site. The story should describe an average day in the life of an individual, based on the specific following information about the site. First, decide on who your character will be how old, what gender, what is their job, etc. and then go through the details below in order to write about their day. How much time will they spend at home? What will they be doing there? What will they be eating throughout the day? Does this person have family members? If so how do they interact with them? Is it a regular day or a special day of some sort? What tasks do they have to accomplish throughout the day and how will they go about doing so? The details you include are up to you, but it should reflect the information that you have about the site. You ll need to draw upon what you ve learned about archaeological inference to determine many of the aspects of everyday life. Working together, you ll write up your short story, which will be shared with the rest of the class at the end of the class session. 1
2
The Houses: The walled village contains several rows of neatly planned houses, all roughly the same size. Gate Street 8 is the most completely excavated house and has many features typical of the rest of the houses at the site. There is a plan of this house on page 5. The house is divided into three major areas, with the front and back areas further subdivided into two rooms each. A. Northern Front Room (c. 2.7 x 2.3 metres): This room opens onto the street. The walls of this room have been coated with plaster and whitewashed with a gypsum mixture. The front area of the house is the only part of it that is whitewashed in this fashion. The features on the floor (marked on the plan as 1704, 1706 and 1736) are modern disturbances to the surface of the floor, not part of the ancient building. B. Southern Front Room (c. 1.75 x 2.3 metres): The primary feature of the south room is a structure that has been built into the eastern wall (marked on the plan as 1708, 1731 and 1732). This box-shaped structure is about 40 centimetres tall. From similar structures at other sites and models in tombs, we know that these were used for setting large querns into for the milling of grain. C. Middle Room (c. 4.55 x. 3.85 metres): This is the largest room of the house. Along the west and south walls of this room runs a lowlying, L-shaped bench, 7 centimetres high off the floor. On the western part of this bench there is an upturned limestone table-top (1997), an area of wear in the plaster where a chair may have been (2004), and impressions in the plaster itself from a mat laid on the bench (2003). A second limestone table-top (2001) lies on the floor. On a projection from the bench is a large, broad, thickwalled, pottery bowl (1895) containing a small deposit of ash. Against the east wall are two shallow circular depressions in the floor where pottery vessels had stood (1995, 2002). D. Southern Rear Room (c. 2.45 x 1.75 metres): The only significant feature of this room is a low bench (1506). At either end of this bench patches of the plaster show traces of wear possibly as a consequence of a piece of furniture once laying there. E. Northern Rear Room: This room contains a well-preserved staircase leading upwards, with a small cupboard under the stairs. The angle of the staircase indicates that the ceilings were not inconveniently low one could stand fully upright in these rooms, though the staircase may have been awkward to navigate. The evidence suggests that the middle room and rear rooms were certainly roofed, though it is not clear whether the front rooms covered by a roof they may have been only partially enclosed. 3
Although it was originally suggested that the staircases in these houses only led to rooftop access, the amount of fill in the middle and rear rooms (and some of the items, such as wooden shutters, well-decorated plaster, and localized evidence of fire) suggests a collapsed upper storey. This upper storey may have contained a sleeping area and a kitchen, but it is impossible to say for certain. Although the structural features are well preserved, there is very little domestic debris left at the houses, suggesting that they were regularly cleaned and the refuse taken to rubbish dumps throughout the surrounding area. 4
5
Animal Pens and Garden Plots: There are several areas of the site (including the annexe to the chapel, see below) where clear garden beds had been laid out, with alluvial soil from the Nile floodplain deliberately brought to the site for the purpose. Preliminary analysis of botanical remains provides evidence for the presence of several species, including: barley, wheat, peas, lentils, cucumber, onion, garlic, a variety of herbs, flax, pomegranate, grape, watermelon, fig, olive, almond, and date. At least seven different sets of animal pens were present at the site (one of these, the one next to the main chapel, is shown in the plan on the following page). These pens consist of a courtyard with access to a series of smaller pens. The courtyards and some of the pens had limestone troughs. Although the pens themselves are relatively clean, analysis of animal bones from the rubbish pits helps to provide information on the animals kept in these pens. Only bones of oxen, goats and pigs are found at this site. Oxen are certainly too large to have been kept in these pens, and analysis of the coprolites found in the pens themselves points to pigs as the primary occupants. This is of note as pigs require a great deal of water and are not particularly easy animals to raise in a desert environment. 6
7
The Main Chapel: There are several chapels present at the site, all located outside the main city walls. The largest and best preserved of these was called the main chapel by the excavators. Half of the building is the chapel proper, the rest consists of an annexe that runs along the south side of the chapel (see plan on following page). The chapel itself follows a fairly standard design for this time period in Egypt: a sequence of two halls followed by a sanctuary with three shrines, the whole arranged symmetrically on a central axis. Low square offering tables of brick stand in the centre of the floors of the Inner Hall and Sanctuary; benches line the two principal walls of the Outer Hall. The walls which subdivide these rooms were screen walls, rising to a height of about 1.2 metres. All areas inside the chapel were roofed, including the Outer Hall. The inner surfaces of the chapel walls were entirely plastered and painted. The plaster is fragmentary, but it can be determined that the Sanctuary was painted with images of stylized vultures, as well as floral and geometric motifs. The Inner Hall has images of a male and female with incense cones on their heads, holding bouquets of flowers probably representing participants in religious ritual. What is most interesting about the paintings at the chapel is that they are not in the style of the Amarna ruling elite but share strong similarities with the older (and at this period not politically favored) art style. There is not enough evidence at the temple to suggest the worship of a particular deity, though the proximity of the chapels to cemetery areas and the presence of at least one burial beneath the chapel itself might suggest a funerary temple function. The annexe on the south side of the chapel possessed a very different atmosphere. Its walls were not plastered and on its floor lay a deposit of organic debris. Most of this area was also un-roofed. The function of the annexe seems to have been the provision of food: animals were probably kept in areas i and ii, areas iii and vi contained ovens, area ix contains a podium supporting five square plots for the growing of flowers or vegetables. 8
9