Presidio Fungicide Horticulture Crops Technical Manual Innovative solutions. Business made easy.
2 Aim: To control downy mildew in brassica, leafy and cucurbit vegetables, and grapes; late blight in potatoes; and phytopthora diseases in tomatoes and peppers.
Introduction: Formulated with an innovative new class of Group 43 chemistry, Presidio fungicide provides a unique mode of action giving growers a powerful tool to prevent and mitigate tough diseases. It provides a fresh option for addressing resistance management. Highly compatible with a long list of tank mix partners, Presidio offers a wide application window, with short restricted entry and pre-harvest intervals. Active Ingredient: Presidio is a Group 43 (acylpicolide) product that contains the active ingredient fluopicolide 39.5%. With both systemic and translaminar action, Presidio works on contact and moves through the plants with great efficiency. Benefits of Using Presidio: Presidio has a wide variety of applications. It stops downy mildew in vegetables and grapes. It prevents late blight in potatoes. It also addresses Phytophthora diseases (such as phytophthora root), as well as crown and fruit rot in vegetables. A new mode of action for downy mildew and Phytophthora diseases. Preventive and some curative reach-back action. Moves through plants with systemic and translaminar action. New chemistry to fight resistance. Exceptional tank mix flexibility. Wide application window. Minimal restricted entry and pre-harvest intervals. Low-rate use pattern. Wide range of crop uses. No cross-resistance to commercial fungicides. 3
Understanding Downy Mildew: Downy mildew is a serious disease that can affect many field crops in Canada. As an obligate parasite it requires a living host to infect. Downy Mildew is caused by a fungus-like water mould (Pseudoperonospora cubensis). Once established in a region the disease can spread rapidly, causing a significant impact on fruit quality and yield. Symptoms first appear as small yellow spots on the topside of older leaves. The yellow spots sometimes take on a greasy appearance. The center of the lesion will eventually turn tan or brown and die. Downy mildew primarily over-winters in the southern United States, Mexico, and in greenhouses where susceptible crops are grown year-round yet it can travel incredible distances. The inoculum builds up on susceptible hosts in the spring. Sporangia are carried by air currents and storms. Sporangia may survive for several days before being deposited on susceptible crops growing in Canada. Once the disease becomes established, sporangia are disseminated from plant to plant and from field to field. Primary spread is caused by splashing rains, overhead irrigation and moist air currents. Secondary spread is caused by insects, tools, farm equipment, the clothing of workers and through the handling of infected plants. 4 Downey mildew in cucurbits.
Downy Mildew Disease Cycle 1 2 7 3 6 4 5 1. Fungus overwinters as oospores inside fallen leaves. 2. Moisture induces production of sporangium in spring. 3. Sporangia is carried hundreds of miles by the wind and is deposited on susceptible plants. 4. Sporangium liberates zoospores into the water. Spreads by splashing etc. 5. Sporangiophore and sporangia protrude through the stoma of the infected leaf or fruit. 6. Yellow/brown spots appear on top of the leaf. White patches of sporulation appear on the underside. 7. Infected plant is unmarketable. Adapted from Downy Mildew Disease Cycle (http://ohioline.osu.edu/b919/images/919_047.jpg) 5
Understanding Late Blight: Late blight is a disease caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans. It is one of the most serious diseases in many field vegetables including tomatoes and potatoes. It requires multiple tactics for control. If left uncontrolled it can cause significant economic loss. Late blight symptoms can develop on leaves, stems, branches and fruit (both green and ripe). Pale green to brown spots (sometimes with a purplish tinge) appear on the upper surface of leaves. Leaf spot margins often are pale green or water soaked. The spots may enlarge rapidly until entire leaflets are killed. In moist conditions a downy white mold usually develops near the margin of leaf spots on the underside of leaves. When petioles and stems are infected, other parts of the plant beyond blight lesions may dry up rapidly. The plant takes on a distinctive black, greasy appearance. In moist weather, a white downy fungus growth may appear on the affected fruit rot surface. Potato tubers are infected in the hill when sporangia are washed by rain from infected foliage into the soil. External symptoms on tubers include irregularly shaped, slightly sunken areas of brown to purplish color. Under the skin a tan to brown, granular dry rot develops, which extends less than half an inch into the tuber. The boundary between diseased and healthy tuber tissue is not well defined. Secondary organisms may invade affected fruit and cause a soft rot. The most important sources of inoculum for primary disease cycles are nearby infected potato fields. Sporangia production is favored by temperatures between 18 21 C and relative humidity near 100%. Under such conditions, sporangia can mature between 3 to 10 hours. Spores can be disseminated from 50 to 65 kilometers by wind, or over short distances in dew and splashing rain. They rapidly lose viability when the relative humidity is below 95%; at 80% RH they can survive only 5 hours. Temperatures above 35 C limit disease even after infection occurs; however, the fungus can survive inside living plant tissue and can resume disease development when cool moist conditions return. 6 Late blight in tomatoes.
Understanding Phytophthora Blight/Crown Rot: Phytophthora blight (caused by Phytophthora capsici) is one of the most destructive field vegetable diseases in many parts of Canada. The pathogen has a variety of hosts, including: pepper, tomato, eggplant and most cucurbits. The fungus survives in a wide range of crop debris, including cucurbits and fruiting vegetables. It may also survive on solanaceous weeds and velvetleaf and can also be found between crops as oospores or mycelium (fungal-like threads) in soil or plant debris. When the environmental conditions are favourable, the disease develops very rapidly. Infection occurs when soils are wet and warm (20 30 C). The disease is associated with heavy rainfall, excessive irrigation, and / or poorly drained soil. Frequent, heavy irrigation increases the chance of disease. Wilting is a common symptom of crown rot. Initial symptoms include a sudden permanent wilt of infected plants that remain green. The wilt progresses from the base to the ends of the vines, before the plant eventually dies. Oospores resist drying, extreme temperatures and other harsh environmental conditions and can survive in the soil without a host plant for many years. Oospores germinate directly and infect plants or produce sporangia and zoospores, which in turn infect other plants. Zoospores are formed and released when the sporangia become saturated in water. They are spread via irrigation or surface water. Zoospores may swim for several hours and infect plant tissues. Phytophthora blight in cucurbits. 7
Mode of Action: Presidio has both curative and preventive activity. It is mobile in the xylem and has translaminar movement. Presidio works by interrupting the pathogen s cell structure. Its preventative mode of action stops zoospore mobility and viability, and disturbs germ tube integrity. Its curative reach-back action works by stopping mycelia growth. It prevents production of sporangia. Presidio is not phloem mobile and does not move out of a treated leaf to those above or below. Resistance Management: It is recommended Presidio be used as part of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. Presidio should be applied as a foliar spray in tank-mix with another labeled fungicide with a different mode of action on the same target pathogen. 8
Systemic root uptake acropetal systemic = xylem movement from roots Transpiration Suction pressure Capillarity Water absorbed by root hairs 9
Registered Crops and Diseases: Cucurbits - Downy Mildew - Crown, Root, and Fruit Rot Leafy Vetetables - Downy Mildew Fruiting Vegetables (Tomato and Pepper) - Late Blight - Crown, Root, and Fruit Rot Brassica Vegetables (Head, Stem, Root) - Downy Mildew Potatoes - Late Blight Grapes - Downy Mildew Outdoor Ornamentals (field and container grown), Bedding Plants and Cut Flowers - Downy Mildew - Crown, Root Rot Compatibility: Presidio is compatible with all fungicides. No incompatibility has been reported. Presidio is compatible with all insecticides. No incompatibility has been reported. Tank-mixes with herbicides that require, or contain, an adjuvant are not recommended. NIS (Non-ionic Surfactants), COC (Crop Oil Concentrate) and MSO (Methylated Seed Oil) do not increase the effectiveness of Presidio. 10
Application Information: 220 292 ml/hectare (89 118 ml/acre). For outdoor ornamentals, bedding plants and cut flowers apply 60 119 ml in 380 L water. Maximum 880 ml/hectare (356 ml/acre) per season. No more than 2 sequential applications of Presidio before alternating with another effective fungicide from a different group. Maximum 4 applications per season. Ground, foliar or aerial (potatoes only) methods of application acceptable. Plant back: - Immediately on registered crops. - For all other crop rotation refer to the label. When to Apply? Apply Presidio when conditions favour disease development and prior to infection. Presidio should be applied with a tank-mix partner to ensure an integrated pest management approach to disease control. Make applications 7 14 days apart, depending on disease pressure. Choose higher use rate if rain is expected and under severe disease pressure. Water Rates: Coverage is important for good efficacy. Make sure water volume is sufficient for proper crop coverage. A minimum of 50 L/hectare (20 L/acre) water volume is recommended for aerial applications and 200 L/hectare (81 L/acre) for ground applications. Re-entry Period, PHI, Rainfastness: Re-entry Interval (REI): 12 hours (depending on activity). Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): 2 days on most crops, 21 days for grapes, 7 days for potato and brassica root vegetables. Rainfastness: 2 hours. 11
The Program: Nufarm recommends the following application program as a basic guide. We advise you to consult with your local extension specialist or crop protection guide for the use of other labeled fungicides. First application: Presidio at planting (tank-mixed with labeled fungicide from a different chemistry class). Second application: Presidio 7 10 days after crop emergence (tank-mixed with labeled fungicide from different chemistry class) Third and fifth applications: Labeled rate of other fungicides labeled for disease. Fourth and sixth applications: Presidio (tank-mixed with labeled fungicide with different mode of action). Remaining applications: Other quality oomycete fungicides. Mixing Instructions: 1. Fill clean spray tank 1/2 to 2/3 of desired level with clean water. 2. While agitating, slowly add the Presidio Fungicide to the spray tank. Agitation should create a rippling or rolling action on the water surface. 3. When tank mixing Presidio Fungicide with other labeled pesticides, add water soluble packets first, followed by dry formulations, flowables, emulsifiable concentrates and then solutions. 4. Fill spray tank to desired level. Environmental Information: Presidio presents a low risk for non-target organisms in the environment such as fish, birds, earthworms, plants and beneficial insects (including bees). It is non-toxic to honeybees and earthworms and is harmless to a wide range of beneficial organisms. Presidio is listed as toxic to aquatic organisms. Always follow the label when applying. 12
Trial Data: Cucurbits Downy Mildew Untreated Reason 500.35 pt Tanos.5 lb Bravo Ultrex 1.8 lb Presidio 4 oz Presidio 3 oz 0 20 40 60 % Downy Mildew Reasearcher M. Hausbeck/B. Cortright (MSU) Crop: Cucumber Applications: 5 to date; 7-day interval Evaluation date: August 27, 2008 Late Blight Control in Cucumbers % Severity 7 DAA5 UTC Presidio (140mL/ hectare)+bravo Presidio (220mL/hectare) Manzate 3.25kg/hectare) Bravo (4.8L/hectare) Pristine (1.3kg/hectare) Ranman (200mL/hectare) Trial: 2009BCONN043 Location: Ontario 5 applications (8 day spray interval) Application 5 applied August 4, 2009 Cucumber: VLASPIK % Severity 7 DAA5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Yield (kg/hectare) Untreated Presidio (140mL/ hectare)+bravo Presidio (220mL/hectare) Manzate (3.25kg/hectare) Bravo (4.8L/hectare) Pristine (1.3kg/hectare) Ranman (200mL/hectare) Trial: 2009BCONN043 Location: Ontatio 5 applications (8 day spray interval) Application 5 appled August 4, 2009 Cucumber: VLASPIK Yield (kg/hectare) 0 2 4 6 8 10 13
Phytophthora control in Bell Peppers Revus (584) Ridomil (1168) Presidio (292) Presidio (220) Untreated % Infected Fruit 14 DAA11 Trial: V026 Location: New Jersey 11 applications (7 day spray interval) Application 11 applied August 28, 2008 Phytophthora control in Bell Peppers Variety: Paladin % Infected Fruit 14 DAA11 Revus (584) Ridomil (1168) Presidio (292) Presidio (220) Untreated 0 5 10 15 Yield (kg/plot) Trial:V026 Location: New Jersey 11 applications (7 day Spray interval) Application 11 applied August 28, 2008 Phytophthora control in Bell Peppers Variety: Paladin Yield (kg/plot) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Late Blight Control in Potatoes Polyram (1.5kg/hectare) Bravo (1.2L/hectare) Presidio (292)+Bravo Presidio (220)+Bravo % Severity 9 DAA7 Trial: 2009BCONN023 Location: BC 7 applications (9-13 day spray interval) Application 7 applied September 14, 2009 Late Blight on Potato Variety: Russet Burbank % Severity 9 DAA7 Untreated 0 20 40 60 80 100 Polyram (1.5kg/hectare) Bravo (1.2L/hectare) Presidio (292)+Bravo Presidio (220)+Bravo Yield (kg/hectare) Trial: 2009BCONN023 Location: BC 7 applications (9-13 day spray interval) Application 7 applied September 14, 2009 Late Blight on Potato Variety: Russet Burbank Yield (kg/hectare) 14 Untreated Untreated 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
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Nufarm is the marketer of Valent products in Canada. To learn more about Presidio Fungicide or any other Nufarm products visit our website or call our technical support line, toll-free. www.nufarm.ca 1-800-868-5444 This information is for marketing purposes only. ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW THE LABEL BEFORE USING ANY NUFARM PRODUCTS. Presidio is a registered trademark of Valent U.S.A. Corporation. All other products are trademarks of their respective owners. February 2013