institute of community studies POLYCENTROPOLIS In Search of the European Holy Grail Professor Sir Peter Hall METREX Barcelona Thursday 28 October 2004
ESDP: Policy Pointers Central principle: polycentricity Encourage growth in less-developed regions, cities Polycentricity: different scales: Mega: Global to Sub-global including gateways But: top vs. next level! Local: Outward diffusion to smaller cities concentrated deconcentration Help cities in less dense, less-developed fringes
ESDP: Helping/Bucking Trends? Macro: Contrast: Pentagon vs. Gateways Gateways, smaller towns dynamic Importance of urban clusters Especially on corridors Dynamic places: Mega-City-Region Clusters Sunbelt Cities Key Cities in remote areas
European Urban Typology: 1990-2005 Type of Region/Area Examples Chief Characteristics Euro-Core London, Randstad Growth plus deconcentration Peripheral Capitals Madrid, Copenhagen Growth plus local dispersal Sunbelts Bristol, Bordeaux, Growth plus local Stuttgart, Bologna dispersal Peripheral Regions Oporto, Bari, Cork General outmigration; selective city growth
ESDP and Polycentricity: A Contradiction? (1) 2 meanings of polycentricity High-Level: Euro-Core to Euro-Periphery Through Structural Funds Definite effects: Madrid, Lisbon, Dublin 1990s Budapest, Prague, Warsaw 2000s? Low-Level: Mega-City-Regions: European powerhouses? So: a problem: which level to promote?
GDP/Head: Objective One 2004-6 Source: BBR
Impact of Enlargement: The Spanish Case
ESDP and Polycentricity: A Contradiction? (2) Dispersal from large cities into mega-cityregions > more polycentric locally, less polycentric at European scale A key policy question! So: important to measure polycentricity at different scales Role for research: World City Economies, ESPON, POLYNET
ESDP and Polycentricity: Impact of enlargement East Central Europe: Monocentric/Primate Even greater centralisation? No Mega-City-Regions? (???Central Bohemia, Katowice-Kraków, Vienna- Bratislava-Győr???) So: go for growth? Or: promote decentralisation? Which level? Can Mega-Polycentricity mean Micro- Monocentricity? and the reverse???
Urban Service Economies
Urban Service Economies: The Four Key Sectors
Urban service Economies: The Four Key Sectors
Globalized World Cities: GaWC 1999/2000 A. ALPHA WORLD CITIES 12: London, Paris, New York, Tokyo 10: Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Milan, Singapore B. BETA WORLD CITIES 9: San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto, Zürich 8: Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, São Paulo 7: Moscow, Seoul European cities in italics
Globalized World Cities: GaWC 1999/2000 (ctd.) C. GAMMA WORLD CITIES 6: Amsterdam, Boston, Caracas, Dallas, Düsseldorf, Geneva, Houston, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Melbourne, Osaka, Prague, Santiago, Taipei, Washington 5: Bangkok, Beijing, Rome, Stockholm, Warsaw 4: Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Budapest, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Istanbul, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Miami, Minneapolis, Montreal, München, Shanghai
Globalized World Cities: GaWC 1999/2000 (ctd.) D. EVIDENCE OF WORLD CITY FORMATION Di Relatively strong evidence 3: Auckland, Dublin, Helsinki, Luxembourg, Lyon, Mumbai, New Delhi, Philadelphia, Rio de Janeiro, Tel Aviv, Wien Dii Some evidence 2: Abu Dhabi, Almaty, Athens, Birmingham, Bogota, Bratislava, Brisbane, Bucharest, Cairo, Cleveland, Köln, Detroit, Dubai, Ho Chi Minh City, Kiev, Lima, Lisbon, Manchester, Montevideo, Oslo, Rotterdam, Riyadh, Seattle, Stuttgart, Den Haag, Vancouver
Air Connections 1997 1 London 2 Frankfurt 3 Paris 4 New York 5 Amsterdam 6 Zürich 7 Miami 8 Los Angeles 9 Hong Kong 10 Singapore 11 Tokyo 12 Seoul Source: Shin and Timberlake 2000
Main World Air Corridors
e-communication: myth
and reality: Personal Trips & e-coms: e France 1800-2000 Source: Graham and Marvin 1996
Moving Information: e-communication v. f2f Limits of e-communication e- v. f2f: complementary! Moving information: in people s heads New patterns of work Key question: Air v. HST or Air + HST? Complementary: Air/HST hubs: Frankfurt, CDG, Amsterdam
European High-Speed Train System 2010
Urban Implications Integration of Transport Modes: Air/HST, HST/Regional Metro Rail Transport-Dense Urban Corridors (Lösch) CBDs v. Edge Cities (Thames Gateway, Zuidas)
PBKAL: Europe s New Trunk Line
Model Air/Rail Interchange: (1) Amsterdam Schiphol
Model Air/Rail Interchange: (2) Frankfurt/Main
The New Urban Reality: The Mega-City City-Region Polycentric: Many different cities and towns Highly networked: Flows of people, information Very large: Up to 20-30mn people Key Chinese examples: Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta Relation to Gottmann s Megalopolis? A functional phenomenon: the Space of Flows (Castells) especially information flows (advanced business services)
Mega-City City-Regions: Pearl, Yangtze, SE England
NWMA Spatial Vision: City Regions, HST Corridors
Mega-City Region Dynamics Hypothesis: continuing Concentrated deconcentration Progressive redistribution of functions: Core city or cities: higher-order service functions (financial and business services, design services, media, higher education, health ) Other cities: more routine functions; R&D, high-tech manufacturing; niche roles e.g. university cities Highly symbiotic, highly interconnected
POLYNET: A new European research project
POLYNET: Central Research Objective Focus on Mega-City-Region Analyse relationship Mega>Micro Via: measure, analyse information flows Knowledge Economy: Advanced Producer Services Both Telecommunications and Face-to-Face Both internal (node to node) and external Hypothesis: Mega-City-Regions becoming more polycentric
POLYNET: Research problems Data: not easy to obtain People movements: commuting (probably); within-work (difficult how?) Telecommunications (telephone, email, fax): No direct data? Two ways out: interviews/diaries; analyse firm structures (GaWC) Research Results: Janbuary 2005
Amsterdam: Old/New CBD: Amsterdam Zuidas
Planning the Mega-City Region: UK Sustainable Communities 2003
HST and Planning: Thames Gateway Channel Tunnel Rail Link 4 UK stops: London St Pancras (terminal), Stratford, Ebbsfleet, Ashford International Each integrated with local transport Major regeneration/commercial development around each
Thames Gateway 2003
St Pancras Terminal
King s s Cross Regeneration: Conservation/New Build
Thames Gateway 2003
Thames Gateway: Stratford 1999
Thames Gateway: Stratford 2012
Thames Gateway: Ebbsfleet Access
Thames Gateway: Eastern Quarry 1997
Thames Gateway: Ebbsfleet Valley 2010
Learning from Polycentropolis Polycentricity: More than one scale Contradictions possible, even likely: European Polycentricity>National Monocentricity And: National Monocentricity>Regional Polycentricity: the Global Mega-City-Region These may be the real regional dynamos! Scale effects: as cities grow, transform into GMCRs? Go with the flow but bend the trends!