Green Infrastructure Taking Root in Cities Robert Hopper, P.E. CDM Smith The Flow Green Infrastructure Evolution City Plans/Projects Measureable and Holistic Benefits 2 1
Parts, Systems, Whole The first law of intelligent tinkering is to save all the parts We fancy that industry supports us, forgetting what supports industry. Aldo Leopold Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac: With Other Essays on Conservation from Round River Green Infrastructure Evolution 3 City as Part of Ecosystem From UF Course Energy Analysis Lecture 25 2009 Green Infrastructure Evolution 2
Green Infrastructure Evolution Green infrastructure refers to sustainable pollution reducing practices that also provide other ecosystem services. EPA http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/wq/stormwater/green.html Interconnected Green Space Networks Practices to Manage Interface Between Built and Natural Environments Mimic Natural Hydrology Green Infrastructure Evolution 5 Local Plans and Initiatives Raleigh 2030 Comprehensive Plan Neuse River Basin Stormwater Program Greensboro Consolidated Plan For a Resilient Community Jordan Lake Rules Norfolk 2030 Plan Chesapeake Bay TMDL Program Green Infrastructure Evolution 6 3
Resources - Funding Sources Stormwater Utility Fees Cleanwater Management Trust Fund 319 Grants Cleanwater State Revolving Fund Virginia Stormwater Local Assistance Fund (SLAF) Greensboro GI Projects http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/gi_financing_options_12-2014_4.pdf 7 City of Raleigh 2030 Comprehensive Plan Section C Environmental Protection C.2 Design with Nature Policy EP 2.1 Green Infrastructure Action EP 2.1 Green Infrastructure Plan Action EP 2.3 Green Infrastructure Team C.3 Water Quality and Conservation Policy EP 3.1 Water Quality BMP Action EP 3.12 Watercourse Restoration City of Raleigh Plan 8 4
City of Raleigh - Fred Fletcher Wetland Wetland Creation Combination of Stormwater Utility Fee and Cleanwater Revolving Fund City of Raleigh Project 9 City of Raleigh Upper Longview Lake and Stream Enhancement Restoration, and Enhancement Combination of Stormwater Utility Fee and Cleanwater Revolving Fund Supports Lake Preservation Plan and Neuse River Basin Stormwater Plan City of Raleigh Projects 10 5
City of Raleigh Featured Projects Fred Fletcher Park Constructed Wetland 0.9 acre wetland 60 acre drainage area, 34% impervious $538,000 ($26,394 per impervious acre) Upper Longview Lake Stream Enhancement 3,200 linear feet of mostly Priority 2 Restoration Lake Volume Restoration 234 acre drainage area, 32% impervious 16,000 cubic yards of sediment removed $2.1 Million ($20,600 per impervious acre) City of Raleigh Projects 11 City of Greensboro Consolidated Plan Consolidated Plan Principle 7) Recognize The Environment as a Critical Element of Community Sustainability: Protect and restore Greensboro s irreplaceable scenic and natural resources: its system of parks and greenways, urban and woodland tree canopy, stream corridors and wetlands, and air and water quality. Consider use of best practices on managing urban stormwater, promoting water and wastewater conservation, and encouraging resource conservation. City of Greensboro Plan 12 6
Greensboro Brown Recreation Center LID Retrofit Demonstration Project Currently 90% Design Stormwater Utility Fees Jordan Lake Nutrient Management Strategy City of Greensboro Project 13 City of Greensboro Brown Recreation Center GI/LID City of Greensboro Project 14 7
City of Norfolk 2030 Plan Chapter 6 Promoting Environmental Sustainability Action ES1.1.6 - Encourage the use of Best Management Practices (BMPs) reflective of Norfolk s urban character in order to reduce and filter stormwater runoff. Green Infrastructure/BMP Projects Juvenile Detention Center Retrofit Ballentine Elementary Retrofit Parkdale Drive Channel Improvements Stormwater Utility and VA Stormwater Local Assistance Fund Local Stormwater Requirements to Meet the Chesapeake Bay TMDL City of Norfolk Plan 15 Norfolk Parkdale and the Retrofits BMP Retrofits Juvenile Detention Center - Conversion Ballentine Lake Expansion/Restoration Parkdale - Enhancement Norfolk GI Projects 16 8
Norfolk Example 1 Juvenile Detention Center Small Dry Pond to Wet Pond Conversion Total Tributary area Existing = 6 acres Proposed = 30 acres Existing IA= 3 acres Proposed IA = 21 acres Storage Existing 0.9 acre-feet 3.9 inches Proposed 4.8 acre-feet 2.8 inches Norfolk GI Projects Norfolk Example 2 Ballentine Elementary Lake Existing Wet Pond Expansion Tributary area Total Area = 179 acres Impervious Area = 119 ac Storage Existing 3.6 acre-feet 0.4 inches Proposed 8.4 acre-feet 0.9 inches Norfolk GI Projects 9
Norfolk Example 3 Parkdale Drive Stream and Floodplain Restoration 530 Linear Feet of Urban Stream Enhancement 0.6 acres of Wetland Variable Width Buffer Enhancement Norfolk GI Projects 19 Parkdale Drive Channel Enhancement Credits Former Method for Load Reduction Calculation: 0.068 pounds Phosphorous per linear foot restored Detailed Method to Determine and Sum Applicable Credits Protocol 1 - Credit for Prevented Sediment during Storm Flow Protocol 2 - Credit for In-Stream and Riparian Nutrient Processing within the Hyporheic Zone during Base Flow Protocol 3 - Credit for Floodplain Reconnection Volume Protocol 4 Dry/Wet Channel RSC as a Stormwater Retrofit http://www.chesapeakebay.net/documents/final_cbp_approve d_stream_restoration_panel_report_long_with_appendices_ A-G_02062014.pdf Norfolk GI Projects 20 10
Summary of Retrofit Benefits and Costs Site Pollutant Δ Removal (%) Example 1 Ballentine (Enhance) Δ Removal (lbs) TN 9% 140 TP 13% 30 TSS 18% 11,300 Total Project Cost Cost per Impervious Acre $360,000 $3,030 Example 2 JD Center (Convert) Example 3 Parkdale (Restore) TN 0% 90 TP 0% 20 TSS 0% 7,900 TN - - TP - 17 TSS - - $260,000 $8,500 $230,000 $9,200 Norfolk GI Projects Cumulative Ecosystem Services Measureable and Holistic Benefits 22 11
Succession Seeds have been spread - Cities in developing stages of integrating GI into comprehensive plans Taking root - Quantifiable measurements of pollutant loading reductions and recognized value of cumulative holistic benefits becoming greater part of stormwater strategy Growth Spreading and greater focus and resource allocation on green infrastructure Connected Network Trees and Urban Forests contribute to integrated system Measureable and Holistic Benefits 23 Questions Robert Hopper HopperRV@CDMSmith.com 12