eceee 2017 summer study on energy efficiency 7-013-17 State of residential energy consumption in Southeast Asia: need to promote smart appliances because urban household consumption is higher than some developed countries June 2017 Chiharu MURAKOSHI, Ji XUAN, Azusa TAKAYAMA, Hidetoshi NAKAGAMI and Hiroto TAKAGUCHI JYUKANKYO RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC. This research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (1-1502) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan and also United nation the 10 year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production sustainable lifestyle and education -, Ministry of the Environment, Japan and Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
Overview of presenta/on Ø Survey method of house holed energy consumption Ø Household energy consumption in Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia Ø CO 2 emission Ø Characteristics of households and housing Ø Home Appliances and Electronics Ø Development of BELDA database Ø Energy Efficiency Policy issues in Southeast Asian countries Ø Conclusion and recommendations 1
Survey method of house holed energy consump/on (2015) Total : 1,190 samples 110 samples 110 samples Survey Items Identification of Household number of household members, age, gender, occupation, the days that people usually at home during the daytime on weekdays, annual income of all family members 300 samples 150 samples 210 samples 100 samples 110 samples Housing Characteristics Energy Consumption and the Bills Home Appliances and Electronics building type, structure type of building, number of floors, gross floor area, established year, ownership, number of rooms monthly energy use by fuel type, monthly energy bills by fuel type space cooling (room air-conditioning, fan, etc.), space heating (room air-conditioning, heaters, etc.), home appliances, lighting Hot Water type and number of water heating equipment, hours of use, bathing habits Vehicles type, number and frequency of use of automobiles and motorbikes/scooters 100 samples Lifestyle and Behaviour ways of keeping home cool, satisfaction with the indoor environment, willingness to buy energy-efficient home appliances in the future and problems when buying energyefficient home appliances, energy saving behaviours 2
Misunderstanding of the developed countries on household energy consump/on in Southeast Asia Household energy consumption in Southeast Asia is low. Consumption in urban areas except for the heat demand is higher than some developed countries. Cooking energy consumption is high because of remains large family system, high home proportion of noon. Japan& Korea Southeast Asia North Ameriva EU Kandal('15) Hoa Binh('15) Samut Sakorn('15) Phnom Penh('15) Ho Chi Minh('15) Hanoi('15) Bangkok('15) Kuala Lumpur('15) Japan('15) Korea('08) UK('10) Germany('10) France('10) Canada('10) USA('09) 12 10 13 13 19 21 19 20 33 lighting & plug load cooking space cooling water heating space heating 53 70 72 70 95 102 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Energy Consumption per Household (GJ/hh/year) Note)Source of data in Japan : Pilot Survey, Survey on the Actual Conditions of Households for the Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Ministry of Environment(Oct 2014 Sep 2015) 3
Misunderstanding of the developed countries on household energy consump/on in Southeast Asia Household energy consumption in Southeast Asia is low. Consumption in urban areas except for the heat demand is higher than some developed countries. Cooking energy consumption is high because of remains large family system, high home proportion of noon. Similarly, electricity consumption in urban areas is higher than some developed countries. n Energy efficiency improvement is urgent need to more than developed countries. Japan& Korea Southeast Asia North Ameriva EU Kandal('15) Hoa Binh('15) Samut Sakorn('15) Phnom Penh('15) Ho Chi Minh('15) Hanoi('15) Bangkok('15) Kuala Lumpur('15) Japan('15) Korea('08) UK('10) Germany('10) France('10) Canada('10) USA('09) 12 10 13 13 19 21 19 20 34 53 72 70 electricity 70 95 102 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Energy Consumption per Household LPG & others piped gas kerosene others (Biomass) (GJ/hh/year) Note)Source of data in Japan : Pilot Survey, Survey on the Actual Conditions of Households for the Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Ministry of Environment(Oct 2014 Sep 2015) 4
CO 2 emission Urban area Kuala Lumpur (6.4 t-co2/hh year) [n=100] cooking (LPG, others) 5% appliance 27% 6.4 lighting 5% space cooling water 4% heating 1% Car & bike 58% Bangkok (3.6 t-co2/hh year) [n=297] cooking (LPG, others) 6% appliance 37% water heating 3.6 1% lighting space 6% cooling 9% Car & bike 41% 3.8 car 53% motorbike 5% 1.5 car 36% motorbike 5% Hanoi (2.7 t-co2/hh year) [n=110] appliance 35% space lighting cooling 12% water 9% heating 5% Ho Chi Minh (2.6 t-co2/hh year) [n=110] 0.7 appliance 34% lighting 14% water heating 2% space heating 0.1% 2.7 cooking (LPG, others) 10% cooking (LPG, others) 7% 2.6 space cooling 15% Car & bike 28% Car & bike 28% 0.7 car 1% motorbike 27% motorbike 28% space heating 0.1% t-co2/hh/year In home Car & bike Total Kuala Lumpur 2.7 3.8 6.4 Bangkok 2.2 1.5 3.6 Hanoi 1.9 0.7 2.7 Ho Chi Minh 1.8 0.7 2.6 Phnom Penh 1.1 0.9 2.0 Sumut Sajorn 1.1 0.8 1.9 Hoa Binh 1.2 0.3 1.5 Kandal 0.9 0.9 1.8 Japan 3.5 1.3 4.8 Phnom Penh (2.0 t-co2/hh year) [n=208] 0.9 cooking (LPG, others) 21% space cooling 8% 2.0 lighting 2% appliance 22% Car & bike 47% car 10% motorbike 37% Rural area Samut Sakorn (1.9 t-co2/hh year) [n=147] appliance 36% lighting 7% cooking (LPG, others) 8% water heating 1% 1.9 space cooling 6% Car & bike 42% 0.8 car 37% motorbike 5% Hoa Binh (1.5 t-co2/hh year) [n=110] appliance 36% space cooking heating(lpg, others) 0.1% 17% Car & bike 21% space cooling 3% lightingwater 15% heating 7% 1.5 0.3 car 4% motorbike 17% Kandal (1.8 t-co2/hh year) [n=99] 0.9 space heating 0.1% cooking (LPG, others) 27% space cooling 7% 1.8 lighting 2% appliance 13% Car & bike 51% car 7% motorbike 44% 5
Characteris/cs of households and housing Ø Number of household members is 5/hh in urban area. Rural area is little smaller. There remains a large family system, three generations living together is more than 50% in urban areas except Kuala Lumpur. As a result, during the day on weekdays, someone is at home in most of them. Ø Number of person with job: 2 or more in Cambodia,1.7 in Bangkok, 1.6 in Kuala Lumpur and less than 1.5 in Vietnam and Thailand except Bangkok High consume of lighting and home appliances High consume of cooking Ø Monthly income: Thailand >Malaysia>Vietnam>Cambodia. Urban>Rural. Big difference with developed country. Ø Energy price is low. Electricity price: Malaysia, Vietnam:8 cent/kwh, Bangkok: 13 cent/kwh, Cambodia : 21 cent /kwh and Japan: 27 cent/kwh. High consume of electricity Ø Size of housing: around 90 m2 in urban area. It is similar as Japan. However, housing size per capita is smaller than Japan. Japan: 40 m 2 /person, Southeast Asia: 15 28m 2 /person. Kuala Lumpur(n=100) household size (people) 4.6 frequency of stay-athome (weekdays) 74% No. of workers (people) 1.6 monthly income (USD) 1,074 floor space (m 2 ) 87 Urban Area Bangkok(n=300) Ho Chi Minh(n=110) Hanoi(n=110) 4.6 4.7 4.3 90% 77% 96% 1.4 1.4 1.7 537 595 1,248 107 85 96 Phnom Penh(n=210) 5.2 78% 2.8 455 80 JPN Rural Area Samut Sakorn (n=150) Hoa Binh (n=110) Kandal (n=100) 2.5 3.6 4.2 5.2 53% 70% 83% 94% 1.2 1.3 1.2 2.5 405 397 727 3,950 98 118 78 100 6
Penetra/on ra/o of home appliances and ways to keep cool Ø AC, Hanoi is similar as Japan. Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh are about 50%. Cambodia and Rural area is low. 3 fans in each family. Ø Hardly use AC during day time. Almost people take cool by ventilation and fan. Over half households use AC on night time. Ø Setting temperature of AC is over 25 (Japan is 26.4 ) Ø Cooling has been used sparingly, but do not feel the discomfort. From 50 to 70% people feel comfortable. Ø Usage time of AC is 7-13 hours in urban area. Cooling will increase significantly Cooling is culture would be misunderstandi ng. Ø Flat panel TV is rapidly spread. Japan, Malaysia and Vietnam>Thailand and Cambodia. CRT-type TV still remain in Thailand and Cambodia. Ø Penetration ratio of fridge is almost 100% except Cambodia. Capacity of fridge is over 200 litter (grow in size). Ø Penetration ratio of rice cooker is as same in Japan. Ø PC, urban area of Vietnam is similar as Japan. Ø One cellular phone in every one. Factor of high energy consumption Pay attention of future growth of fridgeʼs capacity Almost same level as developed countries 7
Development of BELDA database BELDA: Building Energy structure and Lifestyle Database of Asia Researchers BELDA Data base Open platform Research collaboration Upload Results of field survey since 2015 Household Energy Consumption (2015) Detailed Interview survey for lifestyle (2016) Electricity measurement survey (2016-2017) Macro data Meteorological data Existing paper and survey data Energy industries Home page Download Policy makers Simple & cross tabulation of field survey results Macro data / Meteorological data Existing paper and survey data Standard questionnaire sheet Data input / upload Registered users can input data on questionnaire sheet and compare with the results of the database. Registered users can upload their survey results. Standard questionnaire sheet 8
BELDA Home Page (Building Energy structure and Lifestyle Database of Asia) http://www.belda.asia/wp/en/ 9
Energy Efficiency Policy issues in Southeast Asian countries Ø Possibilities of implementing energy efficiency measures vary depending on the state of a country's public policy systems and on energy prices. Ø EE policy is depending on; Ø Economic development has advanced in the following order: Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Ø Income for a typical family is at the same level in Malaysia and Thailand, followed by Vietnam and Cambodia, and residential energy use is at the same level in Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Ø Energy efficiency policies greatly differs. Cambodia: no energy efficiency law Vietnam: the Law on Energy Saving and Efficiency effected in 2011 Thailand: Energy Conservation and Promotion Act formulated in 1992 Malaysia: Malaysia plan 2015 (revised every 5 years) 10
Ø Policies first target large-scale industrial and commercial facilities. Ø Household Energy Efficiency measures is behind depending on welfare policy. Ø Generally, energy conservation policies for residential sector consisted: energy efficiency standards for housing and equipment labeling system subsidies and low-interest loans to promote high-efficiency equipment various information is provided in order to stimulate consumer awareness and demand in the market Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Cambodia Electricity price 8 US /kwh 13 US /kwh 8 US /kwh 21 US /kwh Energy Efficiency Voluntary Guideline Mandated more than Mandated more No standard on Buildings 2,000 square meters than 2,000 square meters MEPS 5 items MEPS:7 items HEPS:8 items 7 items No Labeling 5 items (planning add 6 items) (voluntary) 27 items (include 19 items of home appliances) 17 items (include 10 items of home appliance) Under contemplation Note, HEPS: High Energy Performance Standard (top 20% point) 11
Recent dis/nc/ve policy change n In Thailand, Energy Efficiency Development Plan 2015-2036. Ø Mandatory measures in the plan include: enforcement of energy efficiency standards in designated factories and buildings enforcement of energy labeling on equipment/appliances introduction of Energy Efficiency Resource Standard Ø Voluntary measures include: supporting financial tools to hasten change to high efficiency equipment promoting greater use of LED by price mechanism Ø Complementary measures, including support for: human resource development for energy conservation creation of public awareness and behavioral change n In Malaysia, the 11th Malaysia Plan (2016-2020) includes measures such as formulation of a comprehensive demand side management master plan and encouraging its spread. 12
Conclusion and recommenda/ons Ø We started a field survey of actual conditions of residential energy use in urban areas and outlying farming villages in Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia from 2015. ü Electricity use or demand for space cooling, lighting and plug loads, and cooking by urban households in Southeast Asia is already at the same levels as developed countries, including Japan. ü Cars in Malaysia and Thailand, and motorcycles in Vietnam and Cambodia emit large quantities of CO 2. Ø Although the huge population, residential energy efficiency measures lag behind. ü Electricity prices are kept low for people's welfare. And energy efficiency policies are mainly implemented to target industry and large commercial buildings. ü The population size of ASEAN 10 member countries is 637 Million. Ø It is important to early adoption of the newest technologies from around the world and in-depth energy efficiency policies are needed in order to decrease or stem future increase on residential energy use. ü Implement stronger mandatory energy efficiency standard such as Japanʼs Top Runner standards. ü Accelerate the introduction of smart appliances, HEMS, highly heat insulated & airtight housing and renewable energy. Ø More detailed and large scale energy survey, development of database and making policy recommendations would be required, because on there has been hardly any collection and maintenance of basic information needed in order to plan energy efficiency policy. ü In 2017 year we plan to build an open platform database that can be accessed freely by interested parties, and to recommend policies for each country that are produced jointly by specialists in Japan and Southeast Asian countries. 13
Thank you for your attention 14
Penetra/on ra/o of home appliances Air Conditioner<households penetration><appliances penetration> Fan Ø AC, Hanoi is similar as Japan. Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh are about 50%. Cambodia and Rural area is low. 3 fans in each family. Cooling will increase significantly. Kuala Lumpur(n=100) Bangkok(n=300) Ho Chi Minh(n=110) Hanoi(n=110) Phnom Penh(n=210) Samut Sakorn (n=150) Hoa Binh (n=110) Kandal (n=100) Japan(n=11,632) 15% 11% 29% 40% 38% 54% 55% 91% 91% 0% 50% 100% 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.5 1.6 2.2 0 2 4 <households penetration><appliances penetration> Ø Flat panel TV is rapidly spread. Japan, Malaysia and Vietnam>Thailand and Cambodia. CRTtype TV still remain in Thailand and Cambodia. Factor of high energy consumption Flat Panel TV < households> <appliances> CRT-type TV < households> <appliances> Kuala Lumpur(n=100) Bangkok(n=300) Ho Chi Minh(n=110) Hanoi(n=110) Phnom Penh(n=210) Samut Sakorn (n=150) Hoa Binh (n=110) Kandal (n=100) Japan(n=11,632) 22% 40% 57% 68% 86% 85% 83% 91% 88% 0% 50% 100% 0.5 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.9 0 2 4 Kuala Lumpur(n=100) Bangkok(n=300) Ho Chi Minh(n=110) Hanoi(n=110) Phnom Penh(n=210) Samut Sakorn (n=150) Hoa Binh (n=110) Kandal (n=100) Japan(n=11,632) Kuala Lumpur(n=100) Bangkok(n=300) Ho Chi Minh(n=110) Hanoi(n=110) Phnom Penh(n=210) Samut Sakorn (n=150) Hoa Binh (n=110) Kandal (n=100) Japan(n=11,632) 19% 27% 26% 31% 25% 83% 55% 100% 99% 99% 97% 100% 100% 99% 0% 50% 100% 150% 62% 67% 84% 0% 50% 100% 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.7 1.9 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 0 2 4 0 2 4 15
Penetra/on ra/o of home appliances Ø Penetration ratio is almost 100% except Cambodia. Capacity of fridge is over 200 litter (grow in size). Promote high efficient fridge would be required due to grow in size. Refrigerator <households penetration><appliances penetration>rice cooker <households penetration><appliances penetration> Kuala Lumpur(n=100) Bangkok(n=300) Ho Chi Minh(n=110) Hanoi(n=110) 100% 98% 96% 99% 1.1 1.1 Kuala Lumpur(n=100) Bangkok(n=300) Ho Chi Minh(n=110) Hanoi(n=110) 97% 98% 100% 100% Phnom Penh(n=210) 44% 0.4 Phnom Penh(n=210) 79% 0.8 Samut Sakorn (n=150) Hoa Binh (n=110) 98% 100% Samut Sakorn (n=150) Hoa Binh (n=110) 99% 100% Kandal (n=100) 26% 0.3 Kandal (n=100) 72% 0.8 Japan(n=11,632) 99% 1.2 Japan(n=11,632) 89% 0.9 0% 50% 100% 150% 0 2 4 0% 50% 100% 150% 0 2 4 Ø PC, urban area of Vietnam is similar as Japan. One cellular phone in every household. Every one have it in Japan. Pay attention of future growth PC <households penetration><appliances penetration> Cellular phone<households penetration><appliances penetration> Kuala Lumpur(n=100) 58% 0.8 Kuala Lumpur(n=100) 100% 3.9 Bangkok(n=300) 44% 0.5 Bangkok(n=300) 98% 4.1 Ho Chi Minh(n=110) Hanoi(n=110) 79% 77% 0.9 0.9 Ho Chi Minh(n=110) Hanoi(n=110) 100% 99% 3.6 3.3 Phnom Penh(n=210) 35% 0.5 Phnom Penh(n=210) 89% 4.0 Samut Sakorn (n=150) Hoa Binh (n=110) 31% 33% 0.3 0.4 Samut Sakorn (n=150) Hoa Binh (n=110) 99% 98% 2.7 3.1 Kandal (n=100) 17% 0.2 Kandal (n=100) 95% 3.5 Japan(n=11,632) 84% 1.4 Japan(n=11,632) 95% 3.0 0% 50% 100% 0 2 4 80% 90% 100% 110% 0 2 4 16
Ways to keep cool & Sa/sfac/on with indoor environment (with & without AC) Bangkok, Thailand Day time Ways to keep cool Open windows Turn on fans Turn on fans with windows open Turn on AC Turn on air conditioner and fans Temperature Satisfaction with indoor environment Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Can's say either way Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied without AC(n=105) 12% 88% without AC(n=105) 13% 64% 15% 5% Bangkok with AC(n=95) 1% 7% 82% 2% 7% Bangkok with AC(n=95) 8% 71% 11% 6% Verage(n=200) 1% 10% 85% 1% 4% Average(n=200) 11% 67% 13% 6% Night time Humidity without AC(n=105) 2% 57% 41% without AC(n=105) 10% 61% 19% 8% 3% Bangkok with AC(n=95) 0% 11% 12% 55% 23% Bangkok with AC(n=95) 3% 64% 20% 8% 4% Average(n=200) 1% 35% 27% 26% 11% Average(n=200) 7% 63% 20% 8% 4% 17
Ways to keep cool & Sa/sfac/on with indoor environment (with & without AC) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Day time Ways to keep cool Open windows Turn on fans Turn on fans with windows open Turn on AC Turn on air conditioner and fans Temperature Satisfaction with indoor environment Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Can's say either way Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Kuala Lumpur without AC(n=46) 4% 26% with AC(n=54) 2% 15% Verage(n=100) 3% 20% 65% 67% 70% 11% 7% 6% 4% Kuala Lumpur without AC(n=46) with AC(n=54) Average(n=100) 15% 26% 21% 70% 56% 62% 13% 2% 17% 2% 15% 2% Night time Humidity Kuala Lumpur without AC(n=46) 13% with AC(n=54) 2% 22% Average(n=100) 7% 43% 19% 67% 31% 19% 20% 26% 17% 14% Kuala Lumpur without AC(n=46) with AC(n=54) Average(n=100) 7% 17% 12% 78% 69% 73% 13% 2% 15% 14% 1% 18
Ways to keep cool & Sa/sfac/on with indoor environment (with & without AC) Samut Sakorn, Thailand Day time Ways to keep cool Open windows Turn on fans Turn on fans with windows open Turn on AC Turn on air conditioner and fans Temperature Satisfaction with indoor environment Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Can's say either way Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Samut Sakorn without AC(n=75) 1% 5% with AC(n=25) 12% Verage(n=100) 1% 7% 93% 80% 90% 8% 2% Samut Sakorn without AC(n=75) with AC(n=25) Average(n=100) 31% 34% 44% 23% 24% 28% 36% 32% 20% 11% 8% 10% Night time Humidity Samut Sakorn without AC(n=75) with AC(n=25) Average(n=100) 20% 48% 57% 24% 32% 38% 43% 24% 8% 6% Samut Sakorn without AC(n=75) with AC(n=25) Average(n=100) 12% 20% 14% 59% 60% 64% 27% 24% 16% 3% 2% 19
Ways to keep cool & Sa/sfac/on with indoor environment (with & without AC) Hanoi, Vietnam Day time Ways to keep cool Open windows Turn on fans Turn on fans with windows open Turn on AC Turn on air conditioner and fans Temperature Satisfaction with indoor environment Very dissatisfied Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Can's say either way Dissatisfied without AC(n=10) 10% 90% without AC(n=10) 10% 30% 60% Hanoi with AC(n=90) 13% 14% 57% 2% 13% Hanoi with AC(n=90) 4% 59% 36% Verage(n=100) 12% 14% 60% 2% 12% Average(n=100) 5% 56% 38% Night time Humidity without AC(n=10) 30% 70% without AC(n=10) 40% 60% Hanoi with AC(n=90) 9% 16% 24% 21% 30% Hanoi with AC(n=90) 4% 58% 33% 4% Average(n=100) 8% 17% 29% 19% 27% Average(n=100) 4% 56% 36% 4% 20
Ways to keep cool & Sa/sfac/on with indoor environment (with & without AC) Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Day time Ways to keep cool Open windows Turn on fans Turn on fans with windows open Turn on AC Turn on air conditioner and fans Temperature Satisfaction with indoor environment Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Can's say either way Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Ho Chi Minh without AC(n=45) with AC(n=55) Verage(n=100) 7% 9% 8% 27% 40% 56% 40% 39% 38% 9% 15% 5% 8% Ho Chi Minh without AC(n=45) 4% with AC(n=55) 13% Average(n=100) 9% 58% 61% 64% 22% 16% 18% 20% 5% 10% Night time Humidity Ho Chi Minh without AC(n=45) with AC(n=55) Average(n=100) 7% 9% 8% 11% 5% 43% 82% 53% 8% 29% 22% 11% 12% Ho Chi Minh without AC(n=45) 2% with AC(n=55) 11% Average(n=100) 7% 62% 65% 67% 31% 15% 22% 4% 7% 6% 21
Ways to keep cool & Sa/sfac/on with indoor environment (with & without AC) Hoa Binh, Vietnam Day time Ways to keep cool Open windows Turn on fans Turn on fans with windows open Turn on AC Turn on air conditioner and fans Temperature Satisfaction with indoor environment Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Can's say either way Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied without AC(n=67) 31% 49% 19% without AC(n=67) 3% 85% 10% 1% Hoa Binh with AC(n=33) 30% 36% 18% 12% 3% Hoa Binh with AC(n=33) 3% 88% 6% 3% Verage(n=100) 31% 45% 19% 4% 1% Average(n=100) 3% 86% 9% 2% Night time Humidity without AC(n=67) 16% 58% 25% without AC(n=67) 16% 61% 21% 1% Hoa Binh with AC(n=33) 15% 39% 21% 18% 6% Hoa Binh with AC(n=33) 24% 45% 24% 6% Average(n=100) 16% 52% 24% 6% 2% Average(n=) 19% 56% 22% 3% 22
Ways to keep cool & Sa/sfac/on with indoor environment (with & without AC) Phnom Penh, Cambodia Day time Ways to keep cool Open windows Turn on fans Turn on fans with windows open Turn on AC Turn on air conditioner and fans Temperature Satisfaction with indoor environment Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Can's say either way Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Phnom Penh without AC(n=169) with AC(n=31) Verage(n=200) 7% 6% 23% 52% 48% 48% 43% 41% 13% 16% 2% 3% Phnom Penh without AC(n=100) 5% with AC(n=31) Average(n=131) 10% 39% 46% 45% 35% 31% 29% 15% 16% 3% 14% 3% 6% 4% Night time Humidity Phnom Penh without AC(n=169) with AC(n=31) Average(n=200) 82% 18% 19% 13% 45% 23% 73% 17% 7% 4% Phnom Penh without AC(n=169) 4% 43% 37% 14% with AC(n=31) 39% 32% 19% 6% Average(n=200) 10% 41% 35% 13% 2% 3% 3% 23
Ways to keep cool & Sa/sfac/on with indoor environment (with & without AC) Kandal, Cambodia Day time Ways to keep cool Open windows Turn on fans Turn on fans with windows open Turn on AC Turn on air conditioner and fans Temperature Satisfaction with indoor environment Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Can's say either way Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied without AC(n=89) 8% 26% 66% without AC(n=89) 12% 42% 31% 11% 3% Kandal with AC(n=11) 36% 55% 9% Kandal with AC(n=11) 64% 9% 0% 27% Verage(n=100) 7% 27% 65% 1% Average(n=100) 18% 38% 28% 13% 3% Night time Humidity without AC(n=89) 67% 33% without AC(n=89) 9% 40% 36% 11% 3% Kandal with AC(n=11) 27% 18% 55% Kandal with AC(n=11) 45% 27% 27% Average(n=100) 63% 31% 6% Average(n=100) 13% 39% 32% 13% 3% 24
Hours of Use of Home Appliances Kuala Lumpur Bangkok Ho Chi Minh Hanoi Phnom Penh Samut Skorn Hoa Binh Kandal AC (hrs/day) weekdays weekends 7 7 10 11 13 15 11 13 10 12 8 9 9 10 10 10 TV (hrs/day) weekdays weekends 7 9 6 8 5 7 5 7 4 6 5 6 5 7 hot water shower frequency (time/person/day) hrs (minutes/time/person) 2 12 2 13 1 15 1 13 3 18 2 13 1 17 2 13 Diffusion ratio Usage hours AC Hours of AC usage Japan : 8 hrs TV Average time spent watching TV Japan: 6 hrs, USA: 5 hrs TV & AC Usage hours of AC & TV during weekends are 1-2 longer than during weekdays. Hot water shower People are taking hot water showers 1-2 times every day (under 20 minutes). Urban Area Rural Area Lighting Kuala Ho Chi Phnom Samut Bangkok Hanoi Lumpur Minh Penh Sakorn Hoa Binh Kandal incandescent 3% 5% 40% 38% 5% 1% 28% 3% fluorescent 99% 100% 97% 97% 100% 100% 100% 100% LED 9% 4% 19% 27% 3% 0% 30% 0% incandescent 4 3 15 4 6 1 3 4 fluorescent 5 4 7 7 4 4 9 3 LED 5 4 5 5 2 0 10 0 25
Misunderstanding of the developed countries on household energy consump/on in Southeast Asia Consumption per capita is little lower than developed countries. But the difference is small. Japan& Korea Southeast Asia Kandal('15) Hoa Binh('15) Samut Sakorn('15) Phnom Penh('15) Ho Chi Minh('15) Hanoi('15) Bangkok('15) Kuala Lumpur('15) Japan('15) Korea('08) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.5 4.0 4.4 4.1 4.2 lighting & plug load cooking space cooling household size 5.2 4.2 3.6 5.2 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.6 5.3 2.5 5.1 3.3 0 UK('10) 5.7 2.3 North Ameriva EU Germany('10) France('10) Canada('10) USA('09) 5.2 6.3 8.4 14.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 0 5 10 15 20 Energy Consumption per Capita (GJ/capita/year) 26