STANLEY E. BOREK Electrical Engineer Air Force Research Laboratory Multi-Sensor Exploitation Branch (AFRL/IFEC)

STANLEY E. BOREK Electrical Engineer Air Force Research Laboratory Multi-Sensor Exploitation Branch (AFRL/IFEC)

Concealed weapons detection is one of the greatest challenges facing the law enforcement community today. Detecting a concealed weapon threat is a monumentally difficult task Threat more commonplace in today s society Corrections community needs a capability to detect prison weapons and other contraband

GOAL of CWD: SECURITY & SAFETY At Large Public Gatherings Airline Passenger Screening Public Building Security Prisoner Screening Transportation Hubs Law Enforcement Operations Anyplace, Anytime,

IMPACT of CWD: Scan crowds in buildings, on streets, at airports for concealed weapons Eliminate the hidden threat, increase officer safety Tag weapon carrying subjects in crowds Keep the public and law enforcement personnel safe Quickly, effectively scan prisoners for concealed weapons and other contraband Increase corrections officer and prisoner safety

CWD TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS at AFRL/IF Detection and Classification of Concealed Items using Magnetic Signature Analysis Developer: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) Focal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging Radiometer Developer: Lockheed Martin Handheld Concealed Weapons Detector Development Developer: Jaycor-Titan Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection Developer: TREX Enterprises Corporation Nonlinear Acoustic Sensor for Concealed Weapons Detection Developer: Luna Innovations (formerly Nascent) Small Business Innovation Research Topic # AF03-094 Innovative Information System Technologies Developer: Malibu Research

Detection and Classification of Concealed Items using Magnetic Signature Analysis (Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL)) Baseline Technology An array of magneto-resistive gradiometer sensors that sense disturbances in the ambient Earth s magnetic field Configured into a walk-through weapons detection portal Responds to ferromagnetic materials Accurately pinpoints the number, location and size of weapons Provides a graphical interface to the operator by using freeze-frame video capture technology Video and data records of alarms are archived

Detection and Classification of Concealed Items Using Magnetic Signature Analysis Deployed at Bannock County courthouse and serves as an operational serves testbed Evaluated in a New York City school system Evaluated at INEEL Security Facilities. Compatibility tests with Sandia Explosive Detection System. National Safe Skies Alliance field testing found superior performance in detection and location of standard threat items

Detection and Classification of Concealed Items using Magnetic Signature Analysis (INEEL) Challenges False Alarms Environmental noise interference Marginal detector sensitivity Variability in detector response Portal detection dead zones False positives from cell phones, pagers, shoes, underwire bra, etc. Magnetometer systems can not see non-magnetic objects Impacts Risk of passing a threat Not able to differentiate between threat/non-threat items Screening throughput efficiency degraded Personal privacy issues

Detection and Classification of Concealed Items using Magnetic Signature Analysis (INEEL) CWD Portal Data Preprocessing Data Acquisition Threshold Analysis Data Filtering Joint Time/Freq Analysis Magnetometer Sensors Neural Network Classification User Interface Neural Network Advanced signal processing being developed to discriminate and classify threat and non-threat items Additional sensitivity and noise rejection being implemented Diverse sensor types being investigated to enable detection on non metallic threat Items

NLECTC-NE Utilization of INEEL Technology Implementation of a test bed in the New York City School System s Washington Irving High School Will identify location of alarmed objects, speeding up students processing time Will alarm on Razor Blades (ferrous objects), addressing current security issues and requirements Will not alarm on non-ferrous metal such as body jewelry, metal buttons some belt buckles, etc., reducing false alarms Can be re-calibrated for enhanced sensitivity, allowing precise screening

Focal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging Radiometer (Lockheed Martin) Brassboard Upgrade Objective: Greater Sensitivity Operational Stability Scope: Upgraded Components Improved Detection Capability Ease of Operation Related Internal Effort Rudimentary ATR Other Experiments

Focal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging Radiometer (Lockheed Martin) System Features Direct Detection Dickie circuit, LNA (55dB), detector diode Cassegrain Optics with secondary scan 16 or 32 detectors, linear focal plane array Max FOV = 12 V, 9 H Frame Rate = 1 to 30 Hz Standoff distance = 6 to 30 feet Display on PC with minimal processing

Focal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging Radiometer (Lockheed Martin) Hardware 32 W-Band W radiometers detect natural emissions Scene is focused with Cassegrain optics Scanner produces a 32 x 44 pixel image Location for boresighted video Signal boards condition and digitize images PC display includes user controls 15 x 15 x 32 Inches

Focal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging Radiometer (Lockheed Martin) Images Millimeter wave has resolution limitations Pixels are about ½ inch at 12 feet Blur circle is about 1 inch. Subject movement helps recognition Image processing considerations Minimal off-the-shelf algorithms gave promising results Real-time processing could be similar to Lockheed Martin IR targeting systems

Focal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging Radiometer (Lockheed Martin) Proof of Technology Metal Weapons Composite Weapons Technology Extension (Plastic Visible)

Focal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging Radiometer (Lockheed Martin) Drywall Video

Focal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging Radiometer (Lockheed Martin) System Performance

Focal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging Radiometer (Lockheed Martin) Conclusions Image processing will greatly improve: Detection, classification and tracking Direct detection system can be sized for particular applications: Scale optics Increase array size Polarization and glint management is important: Use target detection algorithms

Handheld Concealed Weapons Detector Development (Jaycor-Titan) PROGRAM OBJECTIVES Develop an enhanced, handheld, low-cost (< $1,000) ultrasonic CWD Increase range from 12 ft to 30 ft Reduce false positive alarm rate Decrease pointing angle sensitivity from ± 5 degrees to ± 45 degrees Build several working models for further government test and evaluation

Handheld Concealed Weapons Detector Development (Jaycor-Titan) Previous Prototype CWD-2000 Specifications Handheld ultrasonic (40 khz) detector locates hard objects (metal, glass, plastic) under various clothing types Effective Range: 4-12 ft. Trigger activated with separate aiming light switch 5-level LED detection indicator Variable pitch audible alarm Weight: 2 lb 15 oz. (with batteries) Batteries: Rechargeable NiCad Detector - 15 hour continuous operation High Intensity Aiming Light 1 hour continuous

Handheld Concealed Weapons Detector Development (Jaycor-Titan) 2nd GENERATION MODEL CWD-2002 Specifications Handheld ultrasonic (40 khz) detector locates hard objects (metal, glass, plastic) under various clothing types Effective Range: 4-25 ft. Trigger activated with separate aiming light switch 5-level color-coded LED detection indicator Variable pitch audible alarm Weight: 3 lb. (with batteries) Batteries: Rechargeable NiCad porta-pak Laser Diode Aiming Light Detector - 9 hour continuous operation Option - 8 hours High Intensity Aiming Light 1 hour continuous continuous

Handheld Concealed Weapons Detector Development (Jaycor-Titan) Assessment of Probability of Detection for CWD-2000 Return signal amplitude recorded for: 3 different targets (cell phone, Beretta 9-mm, pocket knife) 3 different clothing types (none, cotton flannel, synthetic polyester) 3 different target locations (front, side, back - all front illuminated) No Cloth 6ft away No Cloth 12ft away No Cloth 18ft away Cell phone Beretta Pocket knife Cell phone Beretta Pocket knife Cell phone Beretta Pocket knife Front 5 5 3 Front 3 4 1 Front 1 2 1 Side 2 3 3 Side 2 2 1 Side 1 1 1 Back 2 2 2 Back 1 1 1 Back 1 1 1 Flannel Shirt Flannel Shirt Flannel Shirt Front 4 5 3 Front 3 2 2 Front 1 1 1 Side 2 3 1 Side 2 2 1 Side 1 1 1 Back 2 1 1 Back 1 1 1 Back 1 1 1 Shop coat Shop coat Shop coat Front 3 4 2 Front 3 4 2 Front 3 2 2 Side 2 4 2 Side 2 3 2 Side 2 2 2 Back 2 2 2 Back 2 2 2 Back 2 2 2 False negative - frontal target, 6/27 (22%), out to 18 ft. False positives due to clothing reflectance

Handheld Concealed Weapons Detector Development (Jaycor-Titan) Assessment of Probability of Detection for CWD-2002 Return signal amplitude recorded for: 3 different targets (cell phone, Beretta 9-mm, plastic knife) 3 different clothing types (none, cotton flannel, synthetic polyester) No Cloth 6ft away No Cloth 12ft away No Cloth 25 ft away Cell phone Beretta Knife Cell phone Beretta Knife Cell phone Beretta Knife Front 5 5 5 Front 5 5 5 Front 4 5 4 Side 2 3 3 Side 2 2 1 Side 1 1 1 Back 2 2 2 Back 2 2 2 Back 2 2 2 Flannel Shirt Flannel Shirt Flannel Shirt Front 5 5 5 Front 4 5 5 Front 3 5 4 Side 2 2 1 Side 2 2 1 Side 1 2 1 Back 1 1 1 Back 1 1 1 Back 1 1 1 Shop coat Shop coat Shop coat Front 5 5 5 Front 4 5 5 Front 3 5 4 Side 2 2 2 Side 2 2 2 Side 2 2 2 Back 2 2 2 Back 2 2 2 Back 2 2 2 False negative - frontal target, 2/27 (7.4%), out to 25 ft. False positives an issue with regards to clothing type

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection (TREX Enterprises Corporation) Characteristics of Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Visible PMC-1 IR Penetrates opaque materials - Fog, clouds, rain - Foliage and some building materials - CLOTHING System is totally passive - Senses only natural black body radiation Produces quality images with no clutter

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection (TREX Enterprises Corporation) Passive Millimeter-Wave vs. Radar Imagery M-48 Tank M-60 Tank Lack of speckle improves passive image more than 3x relative to RADAR RADAR Image @ 0.5 m resolution PMMW Signature @ 0.7 m resolution

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection (TREX Enterprises Corporation) Real-time Passive Millimeter-Wave Camera (PMC-1) (First Generation) 90-96 GHz Real-time (30 Hz) imaging sensor 3 ft. square aperture < 0.3 angular resolution 6 temp. resolution Sparse antenna > 1200 lb. System weight

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection (TREX Enterprises Corporation) Phase Array Architecture Reliable FPA WITH 2% RECEIVER FAILURES PA WITH 2% RECEIVER FAILURES PASSIVE MMW FOCAL PLANE ARRAY (Each receiver dedicated to 1 or more pixels) FPA WITH 25% RECEIVER FAILURES PASSIVE MMW PHASED ARRAY (Each receiver contributes equally to entire image) PA WITH 25% RECEIVER FAILURES 3820-V/8-3

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection (TREX Enterprises Corporation) What can PMC Provide for Law Enforcement? Visible Image IR Image Millimeter Wave Image PMC image of 9 mm type gun concealed under heavy winter clothing Totally Passive Operation Size, Shape, Directional Discrimination Real-time quality clutter free images Metallic and Non-metallic Article Detection Wide-area Surveillance Capability Standoff Capability to ~10 m Video Clip

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection (TREX Enterprises Corporation) PMC-2 Second Generation PMC A prototype wide field system 77-95 GHz real-time (30 Hz) imaging sensor ~ 2 ft. square aperture 0.23 angular resolution 2.1 temp. resolution ~ 30 by 24 field-of-view 150 lb. system weight Available in 2004

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection (TREX Enterprises Corporation) PMC-2 Imager, System Architecture ANTENNA (1) x, υ ( y) FREQUENCY PROCESSOR (N) x, y DETECTOR φ( x),υ( y) PHASE PROCESSOR (1) As the system is pupil plane based, a Fourier Transform is required to produce the final viewable image. Since the antenna is a phased array frequency scanned unit, sequential transforms using Rotman lenses are used, leading to: A Phase Processor for azimuth A Frequency Processor for elevation

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection (TREX Enterprises Corporation) PMC-2 Imager, Phase & Frequency Processors Designs Bootlace Input Lines Rotman Lens Output Lines INPUT Tapped Delay Line and Lens Feed Network 232 Inputs 192 Outputs Lens Lens Outputs, Detectors and Readout Circuit PMC-2 Phase Processor design PMC-2 Frequency Processor conceptional design

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection (TREX Enterprises Corporation) PMC-2 System Flowchart ANTENNA 232 OUTPUT CHANNELS LNAs IN OCTAPAKS (3 LNAs PER CHANNEL) PHASE PROCESSOR 232 INPUTS 192 OUTPUTS LNAs IN UNIPAKS 3 LNAs PER CHANNEL FREQUENCY PROCESSOR S (192 OF) MMW DIODES (192 x 128) MUX CHIPS (64 CHANNEL A/Ds) (384 OF) ELEC- TRONICS INTERFACE BOARD BITFLOW DIGITAL VIDEO FRAME- GRABBER HOST PC DUAL PENTIUM 2 IMAGE DISPLAY Front End Back End Data Acquisition Processor Boards Block Diagram of the various sections of the imager from front to back Broken down into three main sections - Front end - Back end - Data acquisition (Together with various sub-sections).

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapons Detection (TREX Enterprises Corporation) PMC-2 Deliverable A functional prototype suitable for operational evaluation Performance Parameters Field of view: 30 x 20 deg Angular Resolution: 4 milli-radians Thermal Sensitivity: 2.10 deg Kelvin Update Rate: 30 Hz System Weight: 150 lb. Antennal Size: 26 in. x 26 in. Display Size: 192 x 128 Pixels

Nonlinear Acoustic Sensor for Concealed Weapons Detection (Luna Innovations (formerly Nascent)) Project Description To develop and demonstrate a nonlinear acoustic technology for detecting weapons concealed on an individual s person. Proof-of-concept demonstration Approach Theoretical analysis and breadboard demonstration Deliverables Feasibility analysis and demonstration on the use of nonlinear acoustics for CWD. Schedule Contract obligation estimated for January 2004

Small Business Innovation Research Topic # AF03-094 Innovative Information System Technologies (Malibu Research) Problem Description & Relevance Isolate and identify potential concealed weapons carriers With sufficient warning in time and distance To permit successful defensive action To limit the loss of life and destruction of property At a low enough cost to allow wide deployment

Small Business Innovation Research Topic # AF03-094 (Malibu Research) Program Goals To show that a radar sensor in combination with a video display can detect and identify a concealed explosives carrier Fully explore the capability of the radar portion of the system to detect the carrier and develop a data base - Resolution - Effects of masking/unmasking - Impact of environmental variables Develop a design specification for the system - To enable subsystem pricing - To determine form factor

Small Business Innovation Research Topic # AF03-094 (Malibu Research) System Approach A commercial warning radar Simple signal processing to measure and compare signal levels returned and determine range An off the shelf imaging system utilizing video and IR An integral Friend or Foe identification subsystem An off the shelf laser designator

Small Business Innovation Research Topic # AF03-094 (Malibu Research) Theory The returned signal from a terrorist exceeds the average returned signals from friends because of reflectivity (equivalent radar cross section) of the explosives, wires and detonator connections acting as antennas possibly augmented by bullets, nails and other shrapnel 2 linear elements 12 loop elements 12 cylinders Wire Backscatter = 3.5 m 2 Cylinder Backscatter = 20 m 2

Small Business Innovation Research Topic # AF03-094 (Malibu Research) Other Considerations Scatterer interface between the bomber s body and the explosives Edges of the explosives are significant Explosive volume acts like a resonant cavity, excited off resonance The scattering at frequencies which couple to the modes of the explosive volume might lead to detectable features Cross polarization caused by wires - Little else would generate cross polarization

Small Business Innovation Research Topic # AF03-094 (Malibu Research) In Principle (Suspected Suicide Bomber is Color Coded for Observation)