11th Conference on Performance Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods Case Study of Underground Car Park Team Japan
We focused on the characteristics of the fire behavior of car fire. Car fire is not so powerful and unlikely to spread. We installed minimum fire safety items such as compartmentation with openings and smoke exhaust system utilizing ramp and smoke shaft. Evacuation safety was verified except the occupants in the dead-end of parking space. Dense smoke and soot affected firefighting activity. Executive Summary
1. Fire Spread 2. Smoke Control 3. Evacuation 4. Fire-Fighting Strategy of Fire Safety
1. Fire Spread 2. Smoke Control 3. Evacuation 4. Fire-fighting
Fire Does Not Spread Beyond Lanes
number of data 40 20 35 18 30 16 14 25 12 20 10 158 106 4 5 2 0 average = 0.0362 Probability of Non-Exceedance =95% Fire Growth Rate [kw/s 2 ] 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0-0.01 0.01-0.02 0.02-0.03 0.03-0.04 0.04-0.05 0.05-0.06 0.06-0.07 0.07-0.08 0.08-0.09 0.09-0.1 0.1-0.11 0.11-0.12 0.12-0.13 0.13-0.14 0.14-0.15 0.15-0.16 0.16-0.17 0.17-0.18 0.18-0.19 0.19-0.2 0.2-0.21 0.21-0.22 0.22-0.23 0.23-0.24 0.24-0.25 fire growth rate α [kw/s 2 ] Design design value = 0.112 value =0.112 lognormal (0.0362, 0.0574) 0.00025 6 0.0002 5 number of data 4 0.00015 3 0.0001 2 0.00005 1 Ref: MZM. Tohir, M. Spearpoint, Distribution analysis of the fire severity characteristics of single passenger road vehicles using heat release rate data, Fire Science Reviews, Vol. 2, No. 5, 2013 0 Maximum HRR [kw] average=4260 design value =8900 Design value lognormal (4260, 2449) =8,900 Lognormal (4260, 2449) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 0-400 400-800 800-1200 1200-1600 1600-2000 2000-2400 2400-2800 2800-3200 3200-3600 3600-4000 4000-4400 4400-4800 4800-5200 5200-5600 5600-6000 6000-6400 6400-6800 6800-7200 7200-7600 7600-8000 8000-8400 8400-8800 8800-9200 9200-9600 9600-10000 maximum heat release rate Q max [kw] Statistically Process: a, Q max
Three Kinds of HRR Curves HRR 6Qmax Fail to control by sprinkler in a stacked zone 2Qmax Fire spread to adjacent cars 3Qmax Fail to control by sprinkler in a non-stacked zone Qmax Q=αt 2 Qsp Fire spread to adjacent cars Succeed to control by sprinkler time Design Fire
1. Fire Spread 2. Smoke Control 3. Evacuation 4. Fire-Fighting
Prevent Horizontal Smoke Spread by Natural Smoke Ventilation smoke shaft Active smoke compartment Induction of fresh air GF ramp ramp B1F B2F Smoke Control
Fresh Air Zone B Zone A Fresh Air z Dividing the car park into 3 smoke zones Smoke is exhausted through smoke shaft or a ramp Zone C Smoke Exhaust Vestibule Pressurization Fresh air is supplied through other ramps Installing vestibule pressurization system Strategy of Fire Safety
Scenario-s1 Scenario-f1 Zone C Scenario-s3 Scenario-f3 Scenario-s2 Scenario-f2 Settings of Each Scenario Scenario Sprinkler Fire Growth rate α Qmax [MW] HRR [kw/m 2 ] Scenario-s1 Success 0.122 1.0 125.0 Scenario-f1 Fail 0.122 17.8 2225.0 Scenario-s2 Success 0.122 1.0 125.0 Scenario-f2 Fail 0.122 8.9 1112.5 Scenario-s3 Success 0.122 1.0 125.0 Scenario-f3 Fail 0.122 8.9 1112.5 Fire Scenarios
Temperature Distribution at Z=1.8m Time 120s 300s 420s Scenario-f1 Sprinkler failed case Scenario-s1 Sprinkler succeeded case 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220[ C] Simulation Results
1. Fire Spread 2. Smoke Control 3. Evacuation 4. Fire-Fighting
Huge space - Requires long time for evacuation - Exposes occupants to smoke before noticing emergency Limited illumination - Reduces evacuation speed - Impairs sight of direction Closed space - Rises smoke temperature - Causes F.O. Characteristics of This Car Park
Evacuation Strategy - Compartment - Emergency light and Exit sign - Smoke shaft - Temporary refuge area ZoneB ZoneA stair Temporary refuge area Smoke Shaft Exit Exit sign Compatment Emergency light ZoneC ELV Horizontal evacuation Evacuation Planning
Hs [m] 1.8 [m] Hs [m] < 1.8 [m] Toxic More than 1.8m Exit Less than 1.8m Loss of Visibility Exit SAFE Yes UNSAFE No [Toxic] Cs [1/m] 0.5 [1/m] CO 2 [%] 0.5 [%] Ts [deg C] 44.8 [deg C] [Visibility] V [m] L (20m) [m] Ts [deg C] 140 [deg C] 30 [min] t escape [min] Tenability Criteria
Occupants are supposed to start evacuation when smoke descends in an adjacent grid Grid size: 24mx24m Smoke Level [m] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 100 200 300 400 Time[sec] An adjacent grid! Smoke Level [m] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 100 200 300 400 Time[sec] An adjacent grid! Evacuation Start Time
Sprinkler: Failure ASET: 197 [sec] RSET: 310 [sec] Hs : 1.3 [m] CO 2 : 0.6 [%] Cs : 1.9 [1/m] V : 4.2 [m] Ts : 45.1 [deg C] OK! ASET: 90 [sec] RSET: 116 [sec] Hs : 1.6 [m] CO 2 : 0.17 [%] Cs : 0.28 [1/m] V : 25.0 [m] Ts : 27.8 [deg C] ASET: 166 [sec] RSET: 274 [sec] Hs : 1.1 [m] CO 2 : 0.45 [%] Cs : 1.55 [1/m] V : 6.2 [m] Ts : 39.0 [deg C] Exit(3) NG Scenario-f1 Scenario-f2 Scenario-f3 Exit(3) NG Sprinkler: Success ASET: 207 [sec] RSET: 375 [sec] Hs : 1.4 [m] CO 2 : 0.21 [%] Cs : 0.53 [1/m] V : 16.1 [m] Ts : 26.1 [deg C] OK! ASET: 91 [sec] RSET: 116 [sec] Hs : 1.6 [m] CO 2 : 0.16 [%] Cs : 0.29 [1/m] V : 25.0 [m] Ts : 27.6 [deg C] OK! Exit(3) NG Scenario-s1 Scenario-s2 Scenario-s3 ASET: 175 [sec] RSET: 326 [sec] Hs : 1.3 [m] CO 2 : 0.21 [%] Cs : 0.48[1/m] V : 20.0 [m] Ts : 26.7 [deg C] Verification Result of Evacuation Safety
Fire Control Sprinklers can improve evacuation conditions such as smoke layer and visibility. Evacuation Starting Time Prompt activation of emergency alarm/voice system and facility management are necessary. Remediation of Dead Ends Means of egress should be arranged to the dead end to prepare an evacuation route getting away from fire origin. Verification Result of Evacuation Safety
1. Fire Spread 2. Smoke Control 3. Evacuation 4. Fire-Fighting
Entrance-B1 Stairwell-B1 Stairwe11-A1 Entrance-A1 The firefighters would arrive at the fire site 11 minutes after the fire has occurred. Entrance-B2 Entrance-C1 Stairwell-B2 Stairwell-C1 Ground floor of the Car Park Stairwell-A2 Entrance-C2 Entrance-A2 Three out of six fire crews approach the entrances located on the ground floor of the building. Stairwell-C2 Access of Fire-Fighters
Stairwe-B1 Zone B Stairwe-A1 Zone A The firefighters would reach the vestibules on the floor of fire origin 20 minutes after the fire has occurred. Stairwe-B2 Stairwe-C1 Zone C Stairwe-C2 Stairwe-A2 The maximum value of extinction coefficient of smoke in the compartment of fire origin would become 2.0 L/m at that time. Rescue
Fire Engine Fire stand pipe Hose Wat er Tank Firefighters should spray water in a rough direction toward the fire origin through the opened door from the vestibules. Car Park Spr i nkl er Head Room of Fire Origin Wat er Tank z Al ar m Firefighters Val ve Spr i nkl er Pump Stairwell Water will be continuously sent to the sprinkler system from a fire engine. Firefighters will spray water to the fire origin until extinguishment. Suppression
Installed the least fire safety items Compartment : Fire resistant walls and active smoke barriers Smoke exhaust : Ramps and smoke shaft Smoke density and visibility are critical For evacuation Only evacuation from dead end is not secured, even with sprinkler. For fire-fighting Sprinklers and interconnection of fire engine to sprinklers are necessary. Conclusion
Questions? Thank You for Your Attention
Appendix
Sprinkler Activation Qsp : HRR of SP system activated HRR Qsp=861kW 1.0MW time Near the thermal point temperature Tg [deg] 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Activation time of SP α=0.122 RTI=32 Nominal Activation Temperature of SP Head = 72 [deg.] 84sec(HRR=861kW) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 Time[sec] HRR of SP Activated Case
Whole Model For the Simulation of Fire Fighting (0-20minutes) Partial Model For the Simulation of Evacuation (0-10minutes) *Only Zone C *The cell size of Z direction is more detailed Simulation Models
Car Park Rescue Crew Entrance Firefighters will use entrances on the ground floor as staging areas to allocate firefighting equipment and extend water hose. B1 B2 Room of Fire Origin Vestibule Firefighters Stairwell These groups of firefighters will search evacuees who failed to escape, in order to rescue or lead them to the outdoor. Rescue