Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 )

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 763 771 ASLI QoL2015, Annual Serial Landmark International Conferences on Quality of Life ASEAN-Turkey ASLI QoL2015 AicQoL2015Jakarta, Indonesia. AMER International Conference on Quality of Life The Akmani Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia, 25-27 April 2015 Quality of Life in the Built & Natural Environment 3" From Ex-landfill to Public Park: Impact on local community's quality of life and living environment Mazifah Simis *, Azahan Awang, Kadir Arifin Faculty of Social Science & Humanities, National University of Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract Regarded as a new development urban planning approach in developing countries, brownfield regeneration, particularly the redevelopment of ex-landfills as public parks in Malaysia, leads to the question of this research: could such development benefit the local communities quality of life and living environment? We selected as study respondents 163 heads of household within a one-kilometer radius of two pilot ex-landfills as public park areas, namely, Worldwide Landfill Park and Kuantan Passive Park. Results show significant differences in respondents perception, which indicates the positive impact of such redevelopment. 2016 2015 The Authors. Published by by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility ofamer (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers) and ce-bs (Centre Peer-review for Environment-Behaviour under responsibility Studies, of AMER Faculty (Association of Architecture, of Malaysian Planning Environment-Behaviour & Surveying, Universiti Researchers) Teknologi and ce-bs MARA, (Centre Malaysia. for Environment- Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. Keywords:Brownfield regeneration; ex-landfill to a public park; local community s quality of life; living environment 1. Introduction Customary brownfield regeneration has been implemented in developed countries. However, the increase in * Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000. E-mail address:mazsimis1973@gmail.com 1877-0428 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers) and ce-bs (Centre for Environment- Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.157

764 Mazifah Simis et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 763 771 urban population and scarcity of urban space has increased the importance of implementing brownfield regeneration in the urban planning of developing countries. Malaysia is no exception; it is an emerging country and a member of Group 1 developing countries in Southeast Asia with an urbanization rate exceeding 70% (Liu 2013) and the urban population exceeding 60%. Thus, the need to provide adequate urbanspace for future development has resulted in the inclusion of brownfield regeneration in the country s National Urban Policy. Through the NUP9 Action Plan, the National Urban Policy specifically instructs urban administrators to plan and prepare programs for brownfield regeneration. In this study, special focus is given to Category B brownfield, which refers to ex-landfills and their redevelopment as public parks. The increasing number of ex-landfills near urban areas, especially urban settlement, and inadequate urban green provision based on planning standards of two acres per 1,000 urban population are explicit justifications for the proposal to redevelop ex-landfills as public parks (National Landscape Department 2010; Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia 2012). Until 2014, only two pilot projects of such redevelopment have been implemented in Malaysia, namely, Worldwide Landfill Park and Kuantan Passive Park. This transformation necessitates impact studies. Therefore, this study is conducted with two research objectives, namely, (i) to identify the communities perception of their quality of life and (ii) to determine the communities perception of their living environment due to the impact of living next to public parks transformed from ex-landfill sites. 2. Literature review The concept of sustainable brownfield regeneration is defined as the management, rehabilitation, and return to beneficial use of brownfields in such a manner to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations in environmentally sensitive, economically viable, and socially and institutionally robust acceptable ways within the particular regional context (RESCUE 2005). Brownfield regeneration has been implemented in the physical planning of developed countries, such as the United States, Japan, and European countries. Given that no consensus on the definition of brownfield has been reached(armin & Hoda 2013), the location of brownfield sites, either in the city center or within the vicinity of the urban area, plays a significant role in determining the importance of brownfield regeneration in physical planning (Doerle 2012). In the Malaysian context, brownfield is defined as an area that has been developed but abandoned or neglected, an area with a development structure that is already obsolete, or a development area that is not entirely completed and abandoned (Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia 2012). Brownfield could refer to a contaminated area, covering abandoned buildings or buildings that are already completed but not sold in the period of more than 10 years either on government or private land. To facilitate physical planning in Malaysia, the brownfield is divided into six categories based on the types of areas (Table 1). Table 1. Brownfield categories in Malaysia Category of brownfield A B C D E F Types of areas Former mines/quarries Ex-landfill areas full of solid waste/no longer in use permanently Factory/business/housing/institution/areas that have been abandoned for more than 10 years Incomplete and abandoned development projects in the period of development of more than 10 years Buildings/rows of completed blocks but abandoned for more than 10 years Former depot/public transportation stations, infrastructural facilities, and utilities The expansion of urban areas due to the effect of fast-paced urbanization and urban sprawl in Malaysia has led to Category B brownfield, which refers to area previously located outside the urban vicinity and have become part of the urban built environment. Comparative analyses in 2004 (Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2004) and

Mazifah Simis et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 763 771 765 2012 (National Solid Waste Department 2012) showed an increase in quantity and urban space coverage of exlandfills defined as a non-operating landfill, where waste disposal activities have been laid off or completed (Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2004). In 2003, 115 ex-landfills exist, and 40.0% of them were located within urban areas. The number increased to 131 in 2012, and the number is expected to increase to 296 when all existing landfills in Malaysia close operations by 2020. More than 70.0% of the 296 future ex-landfills are expected to be located in urban and within urban residential areas. Out of the total, 13 have been identified to have an average acreage of 8.0 to 100.0 hectares. In addition to being the cause of an increasing number of urban brownfields, exlandfills have been identified as an issue that has worried local communities (Chun-Yang & Talib 2006; Brender et al. 2011). Living next to an ex-landfill is commonly associated with a perception of decrease in health and safety status and deterioration of the surrounding living environment. Amidst those issues, the existence of ex-landfills has been identified as assets to address the issue of urban space for future development (Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia 2010) and insufficient urban green space provisions following the standard of two hectares per 1,000 urban population (National Landscape Department 2010). In line with the decision of the National Physical Planning Council (2004), which determines public parks as the main priority for ex-landfill redevelopment in Malaysia, the National Landscape Department proposed the need to redevelop ex-landfills as public parks (2010). The redevelopment of ex-landfills as public parks is seen as an alternative approach to the importance of urban green spaces. Meanwhile, the appropriateness of urban green spaces provision is essential for Malaysia to achieve the sustainable urban status set by UN-HABITAT (2012). The redevelopment of ex-landfills as public parks is also considered a wise development approach, able to change urban derelicts into beneficial land use (Fauziah & Agamuthu 2012). Based on the ex-landfill data in Malaysia in 2003 (Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2004), the prospect of the redevelopment of urban ex-landfills as public parks is shown in Table 2. Table 2. Prospect of redevelopment of urban ex-landfills as public parks Ex-landfill within vicinity of urban areas Acreage Quantity Total area (hectare) (hectare) Potential to be developed as public parks Category of public park <0.2 5 2.1 Play lot 1,050 0.2 0.6 9 11.4 Playground 5,700 0.6 2.0 20 62.9 Community Park 31,450 2.0 8.0 11 163.5 Local Park 81,750 8.0 40.0 2 90.0 Urban Park 45,000 Total 47 329.9 164,950 Carrying capacity (based on planning standard of 2 hectares: 1,000 urban population) Previous studies on public parks showed that development within urban areas,primarily residential areas, improves the local communities quality of life and living environment (Mansor et al. 2010; Bajunid et al. 2012; El- Husseiny 2013; Rasidi et al. 2013), as does the redevelopment of ex-landfills as public parks (De Sausa 2003; EPA 2012, Benjamin 2012). Is the impact similar in the context of Malaysia s development? This question has led to the present study because to date, no study has been reportedon the impact of ex-landfill redevelopment as public parks in the context of Malaysia. To understand this issue, this study adhered to Dass s (2008) view, who stated that the quality of life of people in urban areas is the outcome of people s interaction with urban environment, particularly the urban living environment. Based on this understanding, the status of the quality of life was assessed through the perceptions of local communities against the impact of the transformation of ex-landfills into public parks in their living environment. The communities quality of life is closely related to their living environment. Thus, the success of such redevelopment was also studied based on its impact on the comfort of a living environment as perceived by local communities.

766 Mazifah Simis et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 763 771 The quality of life, which has both objective and subjective characteristics, causes the existence of different definitions and indicators (Azahan et al. 2008). To achieve the research objectives, this study focuses on two indicators (namely, local communities health and safety status) and adheres to the definition of quality of life as a satisfaction environment, where comparison of satisfaction becomes the basis of community satisfaction (Murdie et al. 1992). Hence, this study applies perception study method to assess communities perception of the impact of exlandfill redevelopment as a public park. In determining the living environment indicator, the study adhered to the opinions of Hallman (1987) and Bender et al. (1997), who stated that living environment is an output of the impact of the surrounding aesthetic view and comfortable residential surrounding area comprising good air quality, low noise level, increased public safety status, scenic surrounding view, and adequacy of surrounding green space provision. Review of literature, which shows that the existence of landfill sites correlates with the deterioration of air quality and views (Heartzman et al. 1987; Zaini et al. 2011),requires that the present study focus on the evaluation of the surrounding air quality and scenic view status. The study also focuses on the assessment of the impact of the adequacy of green space provision based on the local communities perception, which is the objective of the proposal of ex-landfill redevelopment as a public park in Malaysia. 3. Methodology 3.1. Determination of study area and study respondents A total of 131 ex-landfill sites exist in Malaysia (National Solid Waste Department 2012). However, only two such sites have been redeveloped as public parks, namely, Worldwide Landfill Park and Kuantan Passive Park. Worldwide Landfill Park is located approximately four kilometers from the new city area of Seri Kembangan, Selangor. Previously known as the Ayer Hitam landfill, Worldwide Landfill Park was opened as a public park in 2012. The residential area is the primary land use within the surrounding area, with ten residential areas within a one-kilometer radius. Meanwhile, Kuantan Passive Park was redeveloped from the Indera Mahkota landfill, located approximately5.0 km from Kuantan, the city center of Pahang. Opened as a public park in 2012, the surrounding area is also a residential area, with six residential areas located within a one-kilometer radius. Based on the justification that both areas are ex-landfill sites redeveloped as public parks within an urban residential area, Worldwide Landfill Park and Kuantan Passive Park were chosen as study areas. These study areas represent 100% of ex-landfill sites redeveloped as public parks in Malaysia. This study applies Lisa et al. s (2003) position for determining study respondents to produce high and reliable outcome. They suggested that the study area for the research related to the impact of landfills on the communities health need to be scaled down to less than a two-kilometer radius. For this study, a two-kilometer radius from the study area was designated as the determinant factor in the selection of study respondents. Only residents living within one kilometer from Worldwide Landfill Park and Kuantan Passive Park are eligible as study respondents. However, only heads of household and residents who have lived over a period of five years (which refers to the time of before and after the redevelopment) are eligible as study respondents. Those criteria are set to ensure that the respondents possess previous experience fundamental to assessing the impact of ex-landfills as public parks. 3.2 Data collection and determination of sample size Data were collected via a survey method. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, namely,(i) respondents perceptions toward their quality of life and (ii) respondents perception toward their living environment before and after the redevelopment of ex-landfills as public parks being. The sample size in this study was determined by Krejcie and Morgan s (1970) sample size calculation with 95% reliability. To determine the accuracy of the sample size, the total number of occupied housing units within the study area was predetermined, with the number of occupied housing units representing population size. Field study from May to July 2014 determined a population size of 7,251 was determined. A total of 163 were set as the selected sample size for this study. To provide equal opportunities, the respondents were randomly selected based on the study area (Table 3).

Mazifah Simis et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 763 771 767 Table 3. Sample size based on study area No. Study area Population size (within 1.0km radius) 1 Worldwide Landfill Park 2 Kuantan Passive Park Location of residential area based on radius (km) Name of residential area Population size 5,170 i)0.00 0.25 Sri Indah Apartment 1,327 30 ii)0.25 0.50 Desaminium Flora 503 11 Lestari Perdana LP3 94 2 iii)0.50 0.75 Lestari Perdana LP2 122 3 Lestari Perdana LP4 45 1 Desaminium Rimba 787 18 Taman Putera Permai 235 5 iv)0.75 1.00 Lestari Perdana LP7 775 17 2,081 i)0.00 0.25 Taman Teluk Cempedak Kota Perdana 670 15 Lestari Putra 612 14 Sample size Sub-total 5,170 116 113 3 ii)0.25 0.50 Medan Tok Sira 167 4 ii)0.50 0.75 Perkampungan Tok Sira 850 19 Taman Jaya 211 5 iii)0.75 1.00 Pelindung Height 540 12 Taman Taz 200 4 Sub-total 2,081 47 Total N=7,251 163 4. Results and discussion The data obtained through perception assessment were assessed using the difference in percentage and paired sample t-test. The findings of the impact of redevelopment on quality of life are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Meanwhile, the results regarding the impact of redevelopment toward the living environment are presented in Tables 6 and 7. Table 4. Respondents quality of life before and after redevelopment of ex-landfill as a public park Research indicator Percentage (%) Difference in percentage Before redevelopment After redevelopment (%) (+/-) i)health status according to respondents perception Worst 60.12 1.84-58.28 No difference 39.88 23.31-16.57 Better 0.00 74.85 +74.85 Total

768 Mazifah Simis et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 763 771 ii)frequency of obtaining medical services <6 times/year 6.75 12.88 +6.13 6 12 times/year 41.10 57.06 +15.96 13 18 times/year 42.33 26.99-15.34 >18 times/year 9.82 3.07-6.75 Total iii)safety status according to respondents perception Worst 23.95 1.84-22.11 No difference 41.10 19.63-21.77 Better 34.95 78.53 +43.58 Total Table 5. Results of paired sample t-test Before the redevelopment of ex-landfill as a public park Communities health status Frequency of obtaining medical services Communities safety status *Significant at p<0.5 level After the redevelopment of ex-landfill as a public park Communities health status t=-33.33 Frequency of obtaining medical services t=9.33 Communities safety status t=-15.94 Table 4 shows the results of a comparative study based on the respondents perceptions toward their quality of life before and after redevelopment. Results showed that the respondents perceived increased health status after redevelopment with an increment of 74.85%. The perceived improved health status was supported by the difference in the percentage of -22.09% for the frequency in obtaining health services between 16 to more than 18 times a year. Respondents also perceived an increase in the status of safety by 43.58% after redevelopment. Results in Table 4 are strongly justified by the results in Table 5. Paired sample t-test clearly showed the existence of a significant difference in the quality of life experienced by respondents before and after redevelopment. This result is in accordance with EPA (2012) and Benjamin s (2012) findings on the perceived health and safety benefits gained by local communities from the impact of ex-landfill redevelopment as urban green space. Hence, the present study concluded that such transformation positively affects the perceived Malaysian local communities quality of life, quality of health, and safety status. Table 6. Respondents living environment before and after the redevelopment of ex-landfills as public parks Research indicator Percentage (%) Difference in Before redevelopment After redevelopment percentage (%) (+/-) i)surrounding air quality status

Mazifah Simis et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 763 771 769 according to respondents perception Worst 31.29 9.82-21.47 No difference 36.20 31.90-4.30 Better 32.51 58.28 +25.77 Total ii)status of residential surrounding view according to respondents perception Worst No difference Better Total 47.24 31.90 20.86 15.95 12.88 71.17-31.29-19.02 +50.31 iii)adequacy of open green space surrounding the residential area according to respondents perception Worst No difference Better Total 20.86 53.99 25.15 16.56 27.61 55.83-16.56-26.38 +30.68 Table 6 shows the results of a comparative study based on the respondents perceptions toward their living environment before and after redevelopment. Results showed that respondents perceived the status of surrounding air quality as better (25.77%) after redevelopment. An increase in total percentages of 50.31% and 30.68% was also found in respondents perception toward the surrounding scenic view and adequacy of green space provision, respectively. Results in Table 6 are strongly justified by the findings in Table 7. Results of paired sample t-test prove the existence of a significant difference in the respondents living environment before and after redevelopment. This result agrees with De Sausa s (2003) findings, which concluded that local communities commonly associate brownfield redevelopment as green space (urban park) with the existence of increased benefits to their surrounding living environment. The result is also in line with EPA s (2012) findings, which stated that green space development in brownfield areas could improve the status of air quality and scenic view of the surrounding local environment. Thus, the present study concluded that the transformation of ex-landfills into public parks could positivelyaffectthe local communities perception toward their living environment. Through such redevelopment in the vicinity of urban residential areas in Malaysia, the surrounding living environment, air quality, scenic view, and adequacy of surrounding green space are enhanced for the benefits of the local communities. Table 7. Results of paired sample t-test Before the redevelopment of ex-landfill as a public park Status of surrounding air quality Status of residential After the redevelopment of ex-landfill as a public park Status of surrounding air quality t=-12.04 Status of residential surrounding view t=-13.55 Adequacy of open green space surrounding residential area

770 Mazifah Simis et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 763 771 5. Conclusion surrounding view Adequacy of open green space surrounding residential area *Significant at p<0.5 level t=-9.33 The scarcity of future urban space urges emerging developing countries to implement sustainable brownfield regeneration in its urban planning. Meanwhile, the need to provide adequate urban green space and the increase in a number of urban brownfield areas, mainly ex-landfill sites, necessitates the redevelopment of these sites as public parks. Regarded as a new development approach in Malaysia, such redevelopment requires special justification based on its impact toward the local communities quality of life and living environment. This study has proven that the development of ex-landfills as public parks could improve the quality of life and the comfort of the living environment as perceived by local communities. The result also reflects the community acceptance of the existence of public parks from ex-landfills as their living environment. To strengthen the justification for the appropriateness of the development, further detailed field studies are proposed to be implemented. Such future studies include those on landfill gas emission, leachate, and content of heavy metals in soil. Thus, the development of 296 public parks from ex-landfills could benefit Malaysian quality of life and living environment by 2020. Acknowledgements This study was made possible with the support from National University of Malaysia (UKM), National Landscape Department and the local communities of Worldwide Landfill Park and Kuantan Passive Park. References Armin, M., & Hoda, R. N. (2013). The role of brownfield development in sustainable urban regeneration. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 4(2), 78-87. Azahan, A., Abdul Hadi, H. S., & Kadaruddin, A. (2008). Assessing on the definition of quality of life and its application in the field of environmental management in Malaysia. Akademika, 72, 45-68. Bajunid, A. F. I., Abbas, M. Y., & Nawawi, A.H. (2012). Tesselation planning: relationships between the physical environment and the neighbourhood. Asian Journal of Environment-Behavior Studies, 3(7), 45-56. Bender, A., Din, A., Favarger, P., Hoesli, M., & Laakso, J. (1997). An analysis of perceptions concerning the environmental quality of housing in Geneva. Urban Studies, 34, 503-513. Benjamin, H. F. (2012). Brownfield redevelopment and gentrification: a social-economic evaluation of the EPA browndfields pilot program. Iowa: Iowa State University. Brender, J., Maantay, J., & Chakraborty, J. (2001). Residential proximity to environmental hazards and adverse health outcomes. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 35-52. Chun-Yang, S. Y., & Talib, M. (2006). Overview of brownfields in Malaysia. Engineer Bulletin. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Engineering Malaysia. Dass, D. (2008). Urban quality of life: a case study of Guwahati. Social Indicator Research, 88, 297-310. Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia. (2010). National Urban Policy. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia. Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia. (2012). Planning guidelines for brownfield. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia. Doerle, J. M. (2012). Economic perspectives of brownfield development in Germany: an integrated approach. Stuttgart: Department of Environmental Protection, Germany. De Sausa, C. (2003). Turning brownfield into open space in the city of Toronto. Landscape and Urban Planning, 62, 181-198. El-Husseiny, M. A. (2013). Role of public space in achieving sosial sustainability in Cairo. Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies, 4(14), 145-158. EPA Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Brownfields and land revitalization.. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/brownfield. Fauziah, S. H., & Agamuthu, P. (2010). Closure and post-closure of landfills in Malaysia: lesson learnt. Malaysia Journal of Science, December 2010, 13-17.

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