133 3R FORUM ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 9-12 April, 2018, Indore, India Technological Interventions for Managing E-Waste Yong-Chil Seo Professor, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, R.O. Korea Executive Board Member, Korea Electronics Recycling Cooperative, Seoul, R. O. Korea Former President, Korea Society of Waste Management (KSWM) E-mail: seoyc@yonsei.ac.kr 1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea 2 Korea Electronics Recycling Cooperative, South Korea
Content 2 Systematic (legal) Approaches for E-waste Recycling Polyurethane(PU) to Solid Refuse Fuel(SRF) for Energy Recycling of refrigerants Handling of small size E-Waste (WEEE) Conclusions
System(legal) for E-waste(WEEE) recycling 3 E-waste collection and recycle process Discharge Collect Transport Storage Recycle Loading Unloading Transport Producers Take back Transport Recycling Center Home (Discharge) Door to Door Loading Transport Recycling Depository (Distribution) Recycler Community Center Local Government Unloading
System(legal) for E-waste(WEEE) recycling 4 Chronological change in recycling system in Korea Paid Paid deposit deposit Manufacture s Recycling Government Deposit Deposit refund refund Recycle Recyclers Transfer Transfer Collectin Mandatory g g system Customers Collecting Manufacturing field - -Advance prevention prevention policy - policy Regulate use on hazardous - - Regulate use on hazardous Recyclin - g - Reinforcing facility standard - Complying with recycling method - Achieving recycling goal Consumption field 2015 4.5kg/cap yr 2017 5.4kg/cap yr 2016 4.8kg/cap yr 1991 1993 2003 2008 2014 Separate garbage System Deposit System Extended Producer- Responsibility system Eco-Assurance System Target-amount System Cleaning managed by local gov. office Designation of recycling business operator Expansion Obligations to producers(sellers) Based on EPR, Strong regulations appearance Expand list of Items [10 27 items] Source: Waste resources management, University of Seoul
System(legal) for E-waste(WEEE) recycling in Korea 5 E-waste recycling system with regulations Related Laws [1] Act on the promotion of saving and recycling of resources (2003.1, EPR) [2] Act on resource recycling of electric electronic equipment and vehicles (2008, EcoAS) Related Laws Main systems for e-waste recycling implemented with related two regulations (law) Extended Producers Responsibility Systems Laws Eco Assurance Target-Amount management [1] Act on the promotion of saving and recycling of resources [2] Act on resource recycling of electric electronic equipment and vehicles 2003 2008 2014 2017
System(legal) for E-waste(WEEE) recycling in Korea 6 Item of recycling target system ( 14 ~ / 4group, 27 items) Group Large home appliances Post and telegraph appliances Medium home appliances Small home appliances Item Refrigerator, Washing Machine, Air Conditioner, TV, Vending machine Cellular phone, Computer, Printer, Facsimile, Copy machine Electric water purifier, Electric range, Electric oven, Dish dryer, Dishwasher Bidet, Air cleaner, Electric Heater, Audio, Rice pot, Softener, humidifier, iron, Electric fan, blender, Vacuum cleaner, Video player
PU in E-Waste 7 Overview of refrigerator material composition Composition rate of Polyurethanes in refrigerator - PU accounts for 11.04% (13kg)of the total weight from a refrigerator - Before compressing or SRF producing, the volume corresponds to about 1.5m 2 - Therefore, final treatment (disposal) is important task to reduce volume of PU Materials Weight (Kg) Rate (%) Ferrous 66.763 56.68 Non-ferrous 8.868 7.53 Plastics 16.11 13.68 Glasses 10.66 9.05 9.05 13.68 11.04 2.02 56.68 Unit : % PCBs 0.33 0.28 7.53 Rubber 1.59 1.35 Wires 0.46 0.39 Urethanes 13 11.04 total 117.781 100.00 Ferrous Non-ferrous Plastics Glasses Urethanes Etc.
PU Waste Recycling 8 The current status of refrigerators and PU recycling in Korea Poly Urethane [Manual] Pretreatment [Automatic ] Shredding Magnetic separation Crushing Grinding SRF facility SRF Crushing Eddy current separation [PU recycling(processing) Fe pathway] Refrigerant, PCB, Comp, Motor etc. - After crushing the refrigerator, Bag-filter system captured most of PU crushed ABS Optical separation (NIR) - Captured PU was grinded again PP Plastic (-10mm) - It s not absolute process. - Fine (small-size) ABS PU was made as a good Al SRF - Types of system and /Non ABS PP /Non Al machine can vary in each /Non PP R/C Al Non-ferrous metal(-6mm) Cu /Non Cu Cu Optical separation (Color+EM)
PU SRF facility 9 Introduction for PU SRF facility recently developed Basic information Facility Specification 1EA Contents 2EA Capacity (Productivity) 380 ~ 420 kg/hr 760~840 kg/hr Power 175 HP (Horse Power) 350 HP Top view Pressure 1.2 ~ 1.6 ton/ cm2 Side view Compression ratio 1 : 13~16 Life expectancy 8~10 Year Price USD 320,000 (Tax not included) USD 640,000 (Tax not included Maker Korea Recycling Technology (KRT) [Domestic Company]
PU SRF facility 10 Main characteristics in installation and operation Increasing the recycling rate of Ref. Cu Al Plastics The Ref. Recycling rate is determined by the weight ratio between Ref. and Reproduced resources (Fe, Al, Cu, Plastics, etc.) As is Approximately 75~78% [PU foam were just waste] To be Approximately 86~89% [PU foam were used SRF]
Recycling of Refrigerant 11 Goal Background Evaluating the environmental impact of the WEEE refrigerants applying the Life Cycle Assessment (in recycling stage) Increasing the recycling quota and performance (KERC) ratio of refrigerant-contained WEEE (Refrigerator, Air-conditioner, waster purifier) (Unit : 1,000ton) 250 200 150 100 50 0 119 138 153 155 172 181 214 200 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 233 251 Recycling quota of KERC Recycling performance of KERC (Unit : year) Refrigerators 64.9% ( 16) Air Conditioner 1.9% ( 16) Water Purifier 0.2% ( 16)
Recycling technology of refrigerant 12 Study preview Selecting the boundary in research Waste/Recycling stage : Refrigerator Recycling boundary (including transportation) Poly Urethane 5-1 Grinding 2 Shredding Magnetic 4 Crushing separation 5 6 1 Pretreatment 3 Crushing Fe Compression Eddy current separation PU Foam Refrigerant, PCB, Comp, Motor etc. Plastic (-10mm) Non-ferrous metal(-6mm) 6-1 6-2 Optical separation (NIR) Optical separation (Color+EM) ABS /Non ABS PP /Non PP Al /Non Al Cu /Non Cu ABS PP Al Cu
Recycling technology of refrigerant 13 Study preview Selecting the boundary in research Waste/Recycling stage : Air conditioner Recycling boundary (including transportation) 1 Pretreatment 2 Separation 3 Separation 4 (Plastics) (Non-ferrous materials) Refrigerant, Radiator, Comp, condenser etc. Detached plastic covers Detached water Tank (Motor, Al, Fe) Separation(manually) Fe Plastics Radiator PCB, Non-ferrous materials Plastics Transportation process : (WEEE)stored and (reproducing resources)released in MERC
Recycling technology of refrigerant 14 Study preview Selecting the boundary in research Waste/Recycling stage : Water purifier Recycling boundary (including transportation) 1 Pretreatment 2 Separation 3 Separation 4 Separation(manually) Plastics (front case) (Water tank) Refrigerant, PCB, Comp, Motor etc. Detached water filters Detached water Tank (Al, Fe) Comp Filters Front case Water Tank Transportation process : (WEEE)stored and (reproducing resources)released in MERC
Handling of small size WEEE 15 Small WEEE collecting system Transport Manufacturer (30%) 1599-0903 Pickup Service 1599 0903 Logistic center Local Collect point Customer Local (21%) Local Collect point Recycling center Self collection (49%) Apt, Personal collector Ban acquisition after 19 Out of KERC System (Can t be Estimated)
Handling of small WEEE 16 Status of WEEE generation Keep Generate WEEE 160% increase Technologies develops -> Production & Consumption enormously -> Shortened life cycle -> WEEE generated continuously
Handling of small WEEE 17 Value of small WEEE Small WEEE Audio Bidet Heater Cooker Air purifier Softener Fan Blender Cleaner Iron Humidifier Video Value($/ea) 0.5 1.2 0.9 1.8 0.8 16.4 1.6 0.4 1.1 0.7 0.6 1.0 Analysis Parts Fe Non-Fe (Cu + Al) Plastic (Non-Black, Black) Component (PCB, motor, glass, wire, Etc.)
ton Handling of small WEEE 18 Prospect of small WEEE Regulatory amount of Recycling Annual Target(kg/person) Population Output by product in last year(kg) Totoal output in last year(kg) 60,000 11.7% 12.8% 50,000 58.9% 23,951 40,000 30,000 20,000 9,433 6,416 20,102 9,901 21,217 12,623 14,229 Small Midsize Communication 10,000 13,549 16,722 18,340 20,704 0 2014 2015 2016 2017
Recycling Process of Small WEEE 19 Recycling process in Korea Classification Printer, Vacuum Small WEEE Mostly Manual Process Crusher Hand Picking PCBs, Motor, Waste etc. *3shaft Hammer crusher Fe, Non- Fe, Plastic Plastic PCBs and Non-Fe Hand Picking Non-Fe, Plastic Magnetic separator Fe Etc.
Handling of small WEEE 20 KERC(Korea Electronic Recycling Cooperative) recycling process (2 TPD) Printer, Vacuum Manual Disassembl y Recovery (Hose, Toner) Small WEEE Grouping Other parts Small WEEE Crusher Manual Machinery Product Hand Picking Fe, Non-Fe, Plastic PCBs, Motor, Waste etc. Magnetic separator Fe Plastic Non-Fe (Cu, Al) Eddycurrent separator Non-Fe, Plastic
Conclusions 21 - Settlement of recycling system for WEEEs by systematic and regal efforts Producers and sellers actively participated in EPR system Recyclers/recycling centers properly recycled WEEEs on formal section MoE(government) and KERC operated recycling scheme in an effort to improve recycling rate of WEEEs - Expansion of the WEEEs targeted for recycling 27 electronics targets are mandatory and were set by regulations related environment and resources ( 14~) - Global regulations are expanding Korea : 4.8kg/cap ( 16) 5.4kg/cap ( 17) (recycling target increased) - For achieving such requirements, Technological Interventions have been needed for better management of E-waste.
Conclusions 22 To Resolve the Major Difficulties in E-Waste Management recently, the Following Technological Interventions were Implemented; 1) PU Waste to SRF for Energy Recovery 2) Effective Recovery of Refrigerant 3) Management of Small Size E-Wastes - Advantages of PU to SRF Increasing recycling rate of Ref. and Saving the total disposal costs Secure the technology for energy recovery from PU foam - Improving Refrigerant Recovery Facility. CO 2 Emission Reduced from. Recycling rate improved through pretreatment (Grouping) instead additional facility. Recovery of valuable materials according to the characteristics of secondary vendor (color and type) * Need More Advanced Technological Interventions
Prof. Yong-Chil SEO Affiliation: Dept. of Environ. Engineering, Yonsei University, R.O. Korea Telephone: 82-33-760-2438, cell phone: 82-10-5373-2114 E-mail: seoyc@yonsei.ac.kr Position: Professor, Yonsei University Director, WtE Center, KMOE and BK21+ Program for Grad. School Former President, KSWM, Former Chief in Editor, JMCWM Director, WTERT Korea Teaching Courses: Combustion Eng., WtR&E Engineering, Air Poll. Cont. Tech. International Members: IPLA and UNCRD Resource Expert, UNEP Mercury Expert & Working Group, NIES(Japan) IAB Member