Annual environmental performance evaluation of light and heat in daylight harvesting systems using Radiance and NewHASP

Annual environmental performance evaluation of light and heat in daylight harvesting systems using Radiance and NewHASP 2017 International Radiance Workshop August 22 24 Portland, Oregon Chikako Ohki and Hiroshi Ohga Obayashi Corporation, Japan Nozomu Yoshizawa Tokyo University of Science, Japan 1

Background A thermal load simulation program, NewHASP/ACLD ( the society of Heating, Air conditioning and Sanitary engineers Program /Air Conditioning LoaD ), was developed by SHASE (the Society of Heating, Air Conditioning, and Sanitary Engineers, Japan) in 2004, and is now widely used in academic research and design practice in Japan. The program has original functions to estimate the effect of daylight harvesting, but its algorithm is simple and cannot take into consideration complex daylight control systems. We developed a new Meta-simulation platform to calculate energy savings from daylight harvesting by combining Radiance NewHASP/ACLD LCEM Radiance, NewHASP/ACLD, and LCEM ( Life Cycle Energy Management: an energy simulation program developed by Japan s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport ). 2

Radiance/NewHASP/LCEM Meta-simulation A simulation method that combines the results of three simulations to produce better results Light simulations RADIANCE Thermal simulations NewHASP Energy simulations LCEM Lighting Simulation System Radiance Thermal Simulation Program NewHASP/ACLD Energy Simulation Tool LCEM 3

Input Data Thermal Load Simulation Program NewHASP Integrated Meta-simulation Flowchart Window solar heat gain Blind optical characteristic model (Radiance preparation function) τ (θ,φ) ρ(θ,φ) First thermal load simulation (down-calculation/replacement sequence gain) Second thermal load simulation (up-calculation/replacement calculation) Window Transcription File Sun location Wall sunlight incident angle Slat angle θ Profile angle Φ Detailed Simulation Model Blind control model (Slat cut-off control / Slat angle constant control) Time/SP loop Window loop Lighting heat gain Blind shaped BIM Annual thermal load for each hour Dimming level Lighting Transcription File BIM model Lighting simulation model (Radiance) Electric power consumption for lighting Energy Simulation Program LCEM Input sheet Output sheet Annual Electric Power Consumption (Individual Air- Conditioning Units + Lighting) 4

Input Data Thermal Load Simulation Program NewHASP Integrated Meta-simulation Flowchart Window solar heat gain Blind optical characteristic model (Radiance preparation function) τ (θ,φ) ρ(θ,φ) First thermal load simulation (down-calculation/replacement sequence gain) Second thermal load simulation (up-calculation/replacement calculation) Window Transcription File Sun location Wall sunlight incident angle Slat angle θ Profile angle Φ Detailed Simulation Model Blind control model (Slat cut-off control / Slat angle constant control) Time/SP loop Window loop Lighting heat gain Blind shaped BIM Annual thermal load for each hour Dimming level Lighting Transcription File BIM model Lighting simulation model (Radiance) Electric power consumption for lighting Energy Simulation Program LCEM Input sheet Output sheet Annual Electric Power Consumption (Individual Air- Conditioning Units + Lighting) 5

NewHASP s Standard Calculation Method NewHASP s Calculation Method with Daylight Using Daylight Illuminance Elevation Window Same Area Design Illuminance Artificial Lighting Illuminance Plan Floor Same Area Lights Off Work Surface Half of Design Illuminance Dimming levels 0 % Dimming levels 100 % Simplification of Window / Floor Shape Range to Turn Off 6

Input Data Thermal Load Simulation Program NewHASP Integrated Meta-simulation Flowchart Window solar heat gain Blind optical characteristic model (Radiance preparation function) τ (θ,φ) ρ(θ,φ) First thermal load simulation (down-calculation/replacement sequence gain) Second thermal load simulation (up-calculation/replacement calculation) Window Transcription File Sun location Wall sunlight incident angle Slat angle θ Profile angle Φ Detailed Simulation Model Blind control model (Slat cut-off control / Slat angle constant control) Time/SP loop Window loop Lighting heat gain Blindshaped BIM Annual thermal load for each hour Dimming level Lighting Transcription File BIM model Lighting simulation model (Radiance) Electric power consumption for lighting Energy Simulation Program LCEM Input sheet Output sheet Annual Electric Power Consumption (Individual Air- Conditioning Units + Lighting) 7

Input Data Thermal Load Simulation Program NewHASP Integrated Meta-simulation Flowchart Window solar heat gain Blind optical characteristic model (Radiance preparation function) τ (θ,φ) ρ(θ,φ) First thermal load simulation (down-calculation/replacement sequence gain) Second thermal load simulation (up-calculation/replacement calculation) Window Transcription File Sun location Wall sunlight incident angle Slat angle θ Profile angle Φ Detailed Simulation Model Blind control model (Slat cut-off control / Slat angle constant control) Time/SP loop Window loop Lighting heat gain Blindshaped BIM Annual thermal load for each hour Dimming level Lighting Transcription File BIM model Lighting simulation model (Radiance) Electric power consumption for lighting Energy Simulation Program LCEM Input sheet Output sheet Annual Electric Power Consumption (Individual Air- Conditioning Units + Lighting) 8

Input Data Thermal Load Simulation Program NewHASP Integrated Meta-simulation Flowchart Window solar heat gain Blind optical characteristic model (Radiance preparation function) τ (θ,φ) ρ(θ,φ) First thermal load simulation (down-calculation/replacement sequence gain) Second thermal load simulation (up-calculation/replacement calculation) Window Transcription File Sun location Wall sunlight incident angle Slat angle θ Profile angle Φ Detailed Simulation Model Blind control model (Slat cut-off control / Slat angle constant control) Time/SP loop Window loop Lighting heat gain Blindshaped BIM Annual thermal load for each hour Dimming level Lighting Transcription File BIM model Lighting simulation model (Radiance) Electric power consumption for lighting Energy Simulation Program LCEM Input sheet Output sheet Annual Electric Power Consumption (Individual Air- Conditioning Units + Lighting) 9

Input Data Thermal Load Simulation Program NewHASP Integrated Meta-simulation Flowchart Window solar heat gain Blind optical characteristic model (Radiance preparation function) τ (θ,φ) ρ(θ,φ) First thermal load simulation (down-calculation/replacement sequence gain) Second thermal load simulation (up-calculation/replacement calculation) Window Transcription File Sun location Wall sunlight incident angle Slat angle θ Profile angle Φ Detailed Simulation Model Blind control model (Slat cut-off control / Slat angle constant control) Time/SP loop Window loop Lighting heat gain Blindshaped BIM Annual thermal load for each hour Dimming level Lighting Transcription File BIM model Lighting simulation model (Radiance) Electric power consumption for lighting Energy Simulation Program LCEM Input sheet Output sheet Annual Electric Power Consumption (Individual Air- Conditioning Units + Lighting) 10

Meta-simulation Platform 11

Annual daylight illuminance is calculated hourly using Radiance, and dimming levels of the artificial lighting are estimated. 12

Lighting Simulation Model Plan 15,600 [mm] Section [mm] 4,200 3,600 3,600 3,000 1,200 N 10,200 7,200 15,300 2,700 1,800 2 nd Floor 6,300 Full height Glass Luminaire Downlight Zone of Dimming Floor Area 197 m 2 Luminaire Zone of Dimming for grid ceiling : 44 (dimming levels: 5 100%) downlights : 15 5 8 12 luminaire per zone Reflection Ceiling 85.6 % Wall 90.2 % Floor 2.8 % Transmissivity Low-e glass 74.1 % 13

Dimming Procedure 1. Illuminance sensors are placed on the ceiling of each dimming zone 4,200 3,600 15,600 3,600 3,000 1,200 2. The dimming levels of the LEDs 1,800 in each zone is calculated based on the influence of daylight and 10,200 7,200 15,300 LEDs in other zones Luminaire Illuminance Sensor Luminaire 6,300 Outdoor light Reflection of outdoor light Floor 64 Reflection of Luminaire Detection range of sensor Dimming Zone Illuminance Sensor 14

Building Model BIM (ArchiCAD) Radiance Luminance Image SketchUp 15

Calculation of Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires a) Annual Daylight Calculation b) Dimming Levels up to 500 lux with LEDs only c) Sensor Illuminance [500 lux] Dimming Levels Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires d) Influence of Other Zones Desktop Illuminance is kept to 500 lux with daylight and LEDs Sensor zone Dimming zone Sensor illuminance at i Sensor illuminance at i with daylight Dimming level at j Sensor illuminance at i with LEDs in zone j 1

Calculation of Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires a) Annual Daylight Calculation Annual Daylight Calculation: annual illuminance, measured by illuminance sensors on the ceiling, is calculated per hour b) Dimming Levels up to 500 lux with LEDs only c) Sensor Illuminance [500 lux] Dimming Levels Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires d) Influence of Other Zones Desktop Illuminance is kept to 500 lux with daylight and LEDs Sensor zone Dimming zone Sensor illuminance at i Sensor illuminance at i with daylight Dimming level at j Sensor illuminance at i with LEDs in zone j 16

Calculation of Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires a) Annual Daylight Calculation Dimming b) Levels to 500lux c) Sensor with LEDs only : Calculating the Levels up to 500 Dimming dimming levels when Illuminance average desktop illuminance is kept lux with LEDs [500 lux] Levels to >=500lux with LEDs only. only Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires d) Influence of Other Zones Desktop Illuminance is kept to 500 lux with daylight and LEDs Sensor zone Dimming zone Sensor illuminance at i Sensor illuminance at i with daylight Dimming level at j Sensor illuminance at i with LEDs in zone j 17

Calculation of Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires a) Annual Daylight Calculation b) Dimming Levels up to 500 lux with LEDs only Sensor c) Sensor Illuminance [500 lux]: the sensor Electric illuminance Power is Dimming calculated Illuminance for a desktop Consumption of [500 lux] Levels illuminance of 500 lux when Luminaires LEDs are turned on at the calculated dimming levels. Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires d) Influence of Other Zones Desktop Illuminance is kept to 500 lux with daylight and LEDs Sensor zone Dimming zone Sensor illuminance at i Sensor illuminance at i with daylight Dimming level at j Sensor illuminance at i with LEDs in zone j 18

Calculation of Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires a) Annual Daylight Calculation b) Dimming Levels up to 500 lux with LEDs only c) Sensor Illuminance [500 lux] Dimming Levels Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires Influence of Other Zones: when the LEDs in d) one Influence zone of are fully turned on, the sensor Other Zones illuminance in other zones is calculated Desktop Illuminance is kept to 500 lux with daylight and LEDs Sensor zone Dimming zone Sensor illuminance at i Sensor illuminance at i with daylight Dimming level at j Sensor illuminance at i with LEDs in zone j 19

Calculation of Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires a) Annual Daylight Calculation b) Dimming Levels up to 500 lux with LEDs only c) Sensor Illuminance [500 lux] Annual Dimming Levels: based on calculations Electric Power Annual Electric Dimming a) d), the annual dimming levels Consumption of per Levels hour is calculated Luminaires in each dimming of Luminaires zone by solving simultaneous equations. Power Consumption d) Influence of Other Zones Desktop Illuminance is kept to 500 lux with daylight and LEDs Sensor zone Dimming zone Sensor illuminance at i Sensor illuminance at i with daylight Dimming level at j Sensor illuminance at i with LEDs in zone j 20

Calculation of Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires a) Annual Daylight Calculation b) Dimming Levels up to 500 lux with LEDs only c) Sensor Illuminance [500 lux] Annual Electric Power Consumption of Luminaires : Electric Power Annual Electric the annual Dimming electric power consumption of luminaires Consumption of Power Consumption is calculated, Levels assuming Luminaires the LEDs dimming of Luminaires levels are linearly related to their power consumption. d) Influence of Other Zones Desktop Illuminance is kept to 500 lux with daylight and LEDs Sensor zone Dimming zone Sensor illuminance at i Sensor illuminance at i with daylight Dimming level at j Sensor illuminance at i with LEDs in zone j 21

What is NewHASP? 1. The thermal load simulation program NewHASP/ACLD was developed by SHASE (the Society of Heating, Air Conditioning, and Sanitary Engineers, Japan) in 2004. 2. The open source code was released in 2012. 3. NewHASP/ACLD is now widely used in academic research and design practice in Japan.

Radiance Simulation Blind Function:τ(φ,θ), ρ(φ,θ) REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENT SURFACE SLAT WIDTH W=25 mm TRANSMITTANCE MEASUREMENT SURFACE PROFILE ANGLE φ SLAT SPACING s=20mm SLAT ANGLE θ r = 40 mm INCIDENT RADIANT FLUX FROM OUTSIDE FOR REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENT SURFACE INCIDENT RADIANT FLUX FROM INSIDE FOR REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENT SURFACE INCIDENT RADIANT FLUX FROM INSIDE FOR TRANSMITTANCE MEASUREMENT SURFACE DIRECT NORMAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE

Blind Functionτ(φ,θ) TRANSMITTANCE 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 SLAT ANGLE (DEGREES) SLAT+75 SLAT+60 SLAT+45 SLAT+30 SLAT+15 SLAT 0 SLAT-15 SLAT-30 SLAT-45 SLAT-60 0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 PROFILE ANGLE (DEGREES) SLAT-75 26

Transmittance vs. Incident Angle TRANSMITTANCE 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 102030405060708090 INCIDENT ANGLE (DEGREES) TRANSMITTANCE 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 102030405060708090 PROFILE ANGLE (DEGREES) SLAT ANGLE (DEGREES) SLAT+75 SLAT+60 SLAT+45 SLAT+30 SLAT+15 SLAT 0 SLAT-15 SLAT-30 SLAT-45 SLAT-60 SLAT-75 (a) Single Sheet of 3-mm Clear Glass (b) Venetian Blinds

Overall Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 1 1, 1 1, where = transmittance = reflectance = absorbance = firm coefficient, W K-1 m-2 = inward-flowing fraction of absorbed radiation = thermal resistance,m2 K W-1 Subscripts, 1,2=Overall,Glass,Blind,,, =outside, airspace, inside, convection

Operating Model for Blinds BLDCNTL SLAT ANGLE THAT AVOID DIRECT SUNLIGHT TRANCEMITTANCE SLAT ANGLE (DEGREES) REFRECTANCE 60 40 20 0-20 -40-60 -80-100 0 30 60 90 PROFILE ANGLE (DEGREES) 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 TRANCEMITTANCE REFRECTANCE

What is LCEM? 1. LCEM (Life Cycle Energy Management): an energy simulation tool developed by MLIT (Japan s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport). 2. The LCEM tool can predict the annual energy usage of an air-conditioning system under various conditions. 3. This tool can be used to evaluate the energy performance of an air-conditioning system at the design stage.

VRF Heat Pump Modeling on Excel Spreadsheet INPUT CELL BLOCK VRF SYSTEM OUTDOOR UNIT CELL BLOCK INDOOR UNIT CELL BLOCK REFRIGERANT PIPES CELL BLOCK

INPUT Excel Spreadsheet Month date and time Outside air Condition DB/WB Room Air Condition DB/WB Outdoor Unit Status Indoor Unit G1 Sensible heat load Latent heat load Indoor Unit G2 Sensible heat load Latent heat load

OUTPUT Excel Spreadsheet Month date and time Outdoor Unit Power Usage, Part Load Ratio, Outdoor Unit Load, COP, Status, Fan Power Usage Indoor Unit G1 Power Usage Indoor Unit G2 Power Usage

Meta-simulation Model (Actual Building) G1 G2 G3 G4 The Second Floor G5 ILLUMINANCE SENSOUR ZONE OF DIMMING LED DOWNLIGHT LED LUMINAIRE 36

Four Simulations 1. Conventional Blinds are raised when solar heat gain is below 200W/m 2. The U-value of glass and blinds varies. Electric lighting is not dimmed. 2. Slat 45 Blinds are lowered, keeping the slat angle 45. The U-value of glass and blinds is constant. Electric lighting is dimmed. 37

Four Simulations 3. Slat 0 Blinds are lowered, keeping the slat angle at 0. The U-value of glass and blinds is constant. Electric lighting is dimmed. 4. Slat Cutoff Blinds are lowered and operated to avoid direct sunlight. The U-value of glass and blinds is constant. Electric lighting is dimmed. 38

Radiance Simulation Results: Dimming Levels(Slat 45, G1) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 DIMMING LEVELS 1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601 1801 2001 2201 2401 2601 2801 3001 3201 3401 3601 3801 4001 ELECTRIC LIGHTING ELAPSED TIME (HOURS)

Radiance Simulation Results: Dimming Levels(Slat 0, G1) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 DIMMING LEVELS 1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601 1801 2001 2201 2401 2601 2801 3001 3201 3401 3601 3801 4001 ELECTRIC LIGHTING ELAPSED TIME (HOURS)

Radiance Simulation Results: Dimming Levels(Slat Cut-off, G1) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601 1801 2001 2201 2401 2601 2801 3001 3201 3401 3601 3801 4001 DIMMING LEVELS ELECTRIC LIGHTING ELAPSED TIME (HOURS)

Results for the Maximum Cooling Load(Aug. 10) 15.0 Slat 45 Slat 0 Slat Cut-Off Conventional ENERGY USAGE (kwh) 10.0 5.0 0.0 7 8 9 10111213141516171819 HOUR

Results for the Maximum Heating Load(Jan. 23) ENERGY USAGE (kwh) 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Slat 45 Slat 0 Slat Cut-Off Conventional 7 8 9 10111213141516171819 HOUR

Monthly&Annual Energy Usage (VRF HEAT PUMP + ELECTRIC LIGHTING) ENERGY USAGE [MWh] 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Slat 45 Slat 0 Slat CutOff Conventional Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ENERGY USAGE [MWh] 25 20 15 10 5 0 Annual

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