Breeding Apple Rootstocks for Modulation of Mineral Nutrients in Scions G. Fazio, L. Cheng, P. Francescatto, J. Lordan, M. Grusak and T. Robinson The Geneva Apple Rootstock Breeding Program Sarah Bauer James Cummins Terence Robinson Herb Aldwinckle Charlie Todd Holleran 1
Cornell Biotech Imaging Facility INTERACTIONS EXPERIENCED BY ROOTSTOCKS 2
Objective 1.1 Apple Rootstock Breeding and Selection Protocols Stage 1 Years 1-2 Stage 2 Years 3-4 Stage 3 Years 5-6 Stage 4 Years 7-12 Stage 5 Years 10-15 Stage 6 Years 16-18 Stage 7 Years 19-21 Stage 8 Years 22-24 Stage 9 Years 25-27 Stage 10 Years 27-30 1. Select elite parents 2. Generate F1 populations 3. Stratify and plant populations 4. MAS for dwarfing, precocity, disease resistance, etc. 5. Disease screening 6. Plant selected stools 7. Stool selection 8. Propagation and grafting 9. First test orchard 10. First test evaluation and selection 11. Elite stoolbed establishment 12. Stress tolerance tests - drought, cold hardiness, graft union strength 13. Elite liner and tree production 14. Elite stoolbed selection and distribution to nurseries 15. Intermediate replicated orchard 16. Intermediate orchard evaluation 17. Commercial stoolbed evaluation 18. NC-140 and cooperator trials (national and international) 19. Commercial production ramp up Patent and UPOV protection Feedback from Horticultural Traits evaluations, disease resistance evaluations, stress tolerance evaluationswill be combined with molecular data and used in subsequent cycles of selection. Elite material from these evaluations are used as parents in subsequent cycles. Critical Juncture: Molecular information about allelic constitution at disease resistance loci and about other important traits can be used to bypass first test orchard. Repeated inoculations with Fireblight, Wooly Apply Aphid, Phytophtora, Powdery Mildew and comparison to known standards These Stress Tolerance Tests willl have to be highly replicated at each location - therefore only a few selections at a time will be tested. Grower cooperators in cold or drought prone areas in the US will be selected for cold hardiness and drought stress. For graft union compatibility and strength a set of rootstocks will be grafted with multiple scions and graft unions tested after 3 years. 20. Comercial sale Contingent on goodness of MAS Highly replicated first test orchard at multiple sites Test orchard Evaluation and Selection Elite stoolbed establishment Stress tolerance tests - drought, cold hardiness, graft union strength Elite stoolbed selection and distribution to nurseries Commercial stoolbed evaluation and distribution of trees to trial sites NC140 and cooperator trials (national and internationa) Commercial production ramp up Commercial sale Rootstock Trait Evaluation and Selection at Geneva: In the greenhouse Fire blight Phytophthora Wooly apple aphid In the nursery Spines Rooting In the orchard Survival Tree size Yield efficiency size Suckering Tolerance to fire blight Tolerance to replant disease Graft union strength 3
Matching requires knowledge of both Scion and Rootstock What WEAKNESSES might the scion have that could be mitigated by rootstocks? What STRENGTHS might the rootstock have that might be imparted on the scion? Simple Matches Weak growing scions with strong rootstocks Weak rootstocks with strong scions Beyond Simple Matches Nutrient efficient rootstocks with nutrient challenged scions Disease susceptible scions on resistant rootstocks Architecture transforming rootstocks with architecture challenged scions Chilling hours and biennal bearing decreasing rootstocks with high chilling, biennial bearing scions 4
2012 Size Data, Auvil Farm Vantage, WA 5
How May be Affected by Rootstocks? Ca Changes in tree architecture cause different exposure to the sun. Changes in water availability Changes in nutrient availability Changes in phytohormone status And more. K P Fe Zn Na Mo Mn Mg Cu Measuring rootstock specific nutrient absorbance and transport SAME SCION grafted on: DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS SAME GROWTH MEDIA or MEDIA TREATMENTS Diverse panel: -Rootstock A -Rootstock B -Rootstock C -Rootstock D -Rootstock E -Rootstock F.. Structured population: -Rootstock A x B Progeny 1 Progeny 2 Progeny 3 Etc. Mineral nutrient concentrations measured in the scion represent each rootstock s potential to absorb and transport such nutrient to the scion. 6
Develop a baseline for understanding how apple rootstocks affect mineral nutrition of apple scions in New York State Selected six apple rootstock field trials planted throughout NY State Performed replicated soil analyses on each site Collected ten mid position leaves on new extension growth 80-90 days after bloom (2013-2016) Collected ten fruit randomly in canopy 80-90 days after bloom (2013-2016) Collected over 7,000 leaf and fruit samples Powdered, oven dried fruit and leaves sent to ICP facility. Bittner Organic Geneva NC140 Honeycrisp Geneva Delicious Side view Top View Forrence Honeycrisp VanAcker HC Geneva Gala Crist Fuji Dwarf and Semi-Dwarf trials Size Brix Firmn. B Ca Cu Fe K Mg Mn Na P S Zn 7
Breeding for nutrients Are the genotypic means consistent year over year? Are the QTLs (genetic factors) consistent? Are the genotypic means consistent with different varieties? Are the genotypic means consistent in different locations? Can we explain deviations due to interactions with environment (time, locations, scions)? One Soil Type (Cornell Mix) Eighty-Four Different Rootstocks Derived From Same Cross 3 REPLICATES GRAFTED WITH Golden Cornell Mix 8
9 3.0 5.8 7.4 8.8 17.4 18.9 19.2 24.8 34.7 35.1 37.8 43.9 47.3 55.0 Cu2-Zn Cu1 P1-K LG01 8.4 15.3 19.2 19.4 20.4 21.9 25.4 26.5 33.9 43.9 45.7 49.6 55.2 56.7 57.6 61.2 62.9 64.9 66.0 66.5 67.5 69.3 71.3 72.0 74.0 76.1 76.9 78.4 80.2 84.5 85.2 88.5 90.9 Zn2-Cu LG02 0.2 1.2 2.1 2.2 4.7 6.0 10.5 16.1 16.3 19.1 24.0 24.3 27.9 29.6 30.8 36.9 38.6 41.5 43.3 45.3 51.6 56.2 56.6 63.9 Ca1 LG03 10.1 14.5 17.9 20.9 23.1 27.3 29.8 30.5 32.6 32.8 33.5 34.2 35.2 35.9 36.8 38.4 38.6 38.7 41.9 42.9 44.8 46.8 47.6 49.9 54.2 55.4 58.3 61.1 62.2 70.5 LG04 1.7 7.2 11.1 13.1 13.6 14.4 15.3 20.7 23.2 24.0 32.6 34.9 39.2 40.4 49.1 50.3 54.6 55.9 58.9 61.2 62.0 62.6 63.0 64.5 65.7 66.9 67.8 69.6 7 72.0 74.5 91.2 K1 Mg6 LG05 9.9 11.8 15.8 16.9 18.5 20.9 22.0 26.1 27.8 29.3 30.8 32.8 34.0 34.4 38.4 42.4 43.8 45.9 53.6 57.3 61.3 62.3 62.5 63.9 67.1 73.3 74.4 80.2 86.0 LG06 3.2 3.3 7.3 7.5 12.7 13.9 14.8 15.9 16.7 20.3 21.5 23.6 29.3 31.6 38.3 45.3 46.2 51.6 64.9 71.1 Mg4 Mg2-P LG07 3.0 7.9 11.2 12.8 14.5 19.3 20.1 24.3 28.3 29.4 30.8 31.1 32.6 32.8 33.8 34.2 37.7 37.8 39.1 41.6 47.1 48.5 50.8 52.3 53.0 53.4 53.9 56.4 59.4 60.4 63.3 66.8 67.3 74.5 79.3 83.5 96.1 Fe2 P1-Mg Mg1-P LG08 5.4 8.8 9.5 11.2 12.5 12.9 13.6 14.0 15.1 17.6 18.1 18.4 19.2 19.8 26.7 28.4 40.5 42.9 44.7 49.6 50.6 53.1 56.6 S1-Mn Fe1 P1 LG09 3.1 8.6 13.2 16.0 17.9 19.4 21.5 23.8 25.4 26.9 29.3 31.8 33.4 34.0 36.2 38.8 39.3 42.1 53.1 57.6 61.8 63.8 71.8 73.6 80.3 80.4 80.6 82.3 84.3 84.7 85.0 85.1 85.5 86.4 86.9 87.3 89.1 91.0 92.1 96.9 P2-K Mg2 Ca2-Mg LG10 1.5 6.8 8.8 11.5 12.0 17.3 19.5 23.1 23.7 28.9 3 31.2 34.0 35.3 36.7 39.0 40.3 40.9 43.2 44.2 45.2 46.2 48.5 52.3 57.8 58.6 61.2 64.3 70.1 70.6 K2 Cu2 Mg3 Mg1-Ca LG11 5.8 8.0 8.6 9.1 11.0 13.9 16.1 16.8 17.8 18.1 19.2 19.9 20.2 21.0 21.5 23.6 24.2 24.7 25.4 25.6 27.5 28.0 29.8 31.4 32.1 33.5 35.3 36.5 37.4 37.9 40.1 40.7 43.8 45.9 47.1 54.3 55.6 61.6 62.9 Zn1 LG12 7.9 12.0 14.8 16.1 19.7 23.5 27.2 30.6 33.6 36.2 38.8 39.2 45.8 46.6 47.2 48.3 5 50.9 51.3 51.6 52.3 52.7 52.9 53.1 53.6 53.9 54.4 55.4 56.6 57.8 58.0 59.6 61.6 62.5 64.2 64.4 67.4 71.0 78.2 80.1 Mn1-S Mn1 Cu1-Zn P2 Mg5 LG13 3.7 5.1 6.7 9.2 12.6 17.6 19.0 21.0 23.4 23.6 25.9 27.9 29.7 30.4 32.8 33.6 35.7 38.1 42.9 45.0 47.5 49.2 57.3 57.5 57.6 65.5 Mo1 Mg1 LG14 8.4 13.0 18.1 23.3 41.3 43.5 46.8 53.7 56.8 59.1 59.8 60.3 60.7 61.4 62.1 63.0 64.3 65.3 66.0 67.9 69.2 73.6 73.8 77.8 81.5 82.1 84.8 Mn2-S Cu3 LG15 3.4 8.9 14.1 16.3 17.2 18.8 2 23.6 25.3 26.3 32.0 33.5 4 47.2 49.5 55.7 57.2 60.3 63.3 63.8 65.6 67.3 67.8 69.1 70.1 70.6 74.8 76.8 81.7 82.6 86.3 88.4 LG16 1.7 9.5 11.2 23.9 27.9 30.6 33.4 34.8 35.9 46.1 48.2 51.6 53.3 53.7 57.4 61.2 63.9 66.0 66.9 71.0 73.4 75.9 78.3 79.8 82.6 85.1 87.2 89.4 96.4 99.5 106.0 Na1 Zn1-Cu LG17 Ca Cu Fe Mo Na P Zn K Mg Mn Leaf K 2013- K 2014 Ca 2014 BRIX Mg, Na 2014 P, S, 2014 Breakdown into Allelic Components Estimate Contributions Model Allelic Contributions
Consistency in Time (Correlations 2014-2015) Consistency in Scions Hudson=Fuji Champlain=Honeycrisp 10
Hudson=Fuji Champlain=Honeycrisp HONEYCRISP Nutrient Concentrations 11
FUJI Nutrient Concentrations GALA Nutrient Concentrations 12
Breeding population (2016) B K Ca Mg P If the goal was to breed rootstocks with high fruit P induction capacity there could be repercussions on Ca and other nutrients. Possible effects on maturity, fruit size, storage quality, etc. 13
Characteristics that could use improvement Rootstocks that have shown to improve Biennial Bearing FUJI GALA HONEYCRISP Too much vigor Biennial Color G.935, G.214, CG.5257, G.41, CG.4004, CG.4011 Size Productivity Color/Maturity Fire blight Weak vigor Biennial disorders G.935, B.10, G.814, G.41TC, G.202, CG.4003 Rootstocks that have shown to improve Calcium in fruit CG.5257, G.222, G.935, G.814, G.214 CG.4003, G.214, G.16, G.814, CG.6001, CG.6976 Rootstocks that have shown to influence Size CG.5257, G.222, G.935, CG.4004, CG.3001 G.814 Rootstocks with improved Productivity G.11, G.41, G.214, G.935, G.4011, G.814 G.41, G.214, G.814, G.935, G.11, G.4004 G.890, G.41, G.935, G.814, G.969 Apple root2fruit Project Leaders Project Director: Lailiang Cheng, Cornell University, Co-Project Directors: Gennaro Fazio, USDA-ARS Lee Kalcsits, Washington State University Mark Mazzola, USDA-ARS Terence Robinson, NYSAES Cornell University Bradley Rickard, Cornell University Stefano Musacchi, Washington State University, TFREC Essie Fallahi, University of Idaho, SIREC Teryl Roper, Utah State University Greg Lang, Michigan State Philip Schwallier, Michigan State University Co-Investigators: Grant Cardon, Utah State University Brent Black, Utah State University 14
Apple root2fruit Project Objectives Accelerate critical evaluations of new apple rootstock genotypes in the areas of: a) biotic soil adaptations b) abiotic soil adaptations c) nutrient uptake efficiency d) impact on fruit quality and disorders Accelerate the development of new improved apple rootstock genotypes with critical traits for advancing fruit production. Evaluate the economic and sociological impacts of adopting new apple rootstocks for fruit production. Initiate rapid and effective extension and outreach efforts to disseminate information about new apple rootstocks 15
Research work on apple rootstocks features many collaborations and institutions Cornell University: T. Robinson (Orchard Systems) P. Francescatto, J. Lordan (Physiology) Kenong Xu (Genomics) L. Chang (Horticulture Nutrition) Awais Khan (Plant Pathology) S. Brown (Scion Breeding) Michigan State University: G. Lang Washington State University: K. Evans, (Scion Breeding) Stefano Musacchi Lee Kalcits Cameron Peace B. Beers USDA ARS: Mike Grusak (Nutrition) T. Chao (Apple Collection) USDA ARS AFRS Kearneysville: J. Norelli (Fire Blight, Transgenics) C. Dardick (Architecture) Tom Tworkosky (Physiology) Michael Glenn (Physiology) USDA ARS Wenatchee: M. Mazzola (Plant Pathology) Y. Zhu (Genomics) PENN State University: T. McNellis Phil Jensen (Genomics) J. Schupp (Horticulture) Over 40 scientists as NC 140 collaborators Washington Tree Research Commission International Collaborators Thank You! 16
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