OSPMadrid 21 patriomonio construido de Espane John Kunz Week 2: 18 January
Big Idea Buildings and their surroundings, which constitute the built environment, live in time: they evolve more or less easily with the changing desires and needs of their owners and users. Week 2: 18 enero 2
Agenda Week 2: 18 enero 3
Agenda Lunes: Intro to evolution theory of Brand Q1 presentations Assess +/ Miercoles: more Alexander Week 2: 18 enero 4
Built Environmental History Puerta del Sol Madrid's most famous and most central square Originally site of one of the city's East gate Significant; changing functional intent History: What, when, who, why, how Week 2: 18 enero 5
Brand framework: How Buildings Learn Building parts evolve at different rates Surroundings: [years] Site: [many decades] Structure: what holds up the building [many decades] Services: water, electricity, phone, network [many years] Skin: paint, windows, details [many years] Space plan: use and configuration of spaces and rooms [years] Stuff: [daily] Week 2: 18 enero 6
Vocabulary Vernacular architecture: traditional architecture of an area, typically for houses cottages and farm buildings, constructed of local materials. Prevalent until modern transportation made importing materials and styles economical. E.g., shed, cottage E.g., pre-colonial Spanish-America Week 2: 18 enero 7
Brand Argument: study architecture in terms of change over time Study built environmental history Question: what can we learn from vernacular traditions? What makes rooms (the built environment) really work? What factors drive (inhibit) change in each of the Ss? Week 2: 18 enero 8
Brand perspective Distinguish What buildings are: (designed d and built forms), ) vs. What they do (observable behaviors of how people use them, over time) Re-photograph Measure and record actual uses Very little data available today! Week 2: 18 enero 9
Building changes over time Zodocover - Toledo Central point to meet. Main streets town start here. Traditional markets ("Martes") still occur. Bullfights, fiestas, macabre executions have also taken place here. During Muslim era location of cattle market ("Tulaytula") -- built on top of ruins of Roman wall. Brand 7Ss Surroundings: [years] Site: [many decades] Structure: what holds up the building [many decades] Services: water, electricity, phone, network [many years] Skin: paint, windows, details [many years] Space plan: use and configuration of spaces and rooms [years] Stuff: [daily] Week 2: 18 enero 10
Building changes over time Zodocover - Toledo Brand 7Ss Surroundings: [years] Site: [many decades] Structure: what holds up the building [many decades] Services: water, electricity, phone, network [many years] Skin: paint, windows, details [many years] Space plan: use and configuration of spaces and rooms [years] Stuff: [daily] Week 2: 18 enero 11
Zodocover - Toledo Vocabulary Re-photo Photo of same thing at different times Ideally from same perspective Week 2: 18 enero 12
Assessment re Q1 + s s Photo Sketch FSM Guide Vignette Theory See what caught attention at time; exposes subconscious understanding; look later see meaningful details Did not know to do so; do not normally carry camera Noticed details not seen earlier; see big picture of scene; feel scene I m not a good sketcher; I did not know where to begin; felt frustrated; could not do what I wanted; Interesting to look @ 3 columns - opened eyes to look in different ways; helped me see a weakness in the building Difficult to separate (ruins) from surroundings; functions seemed ambiguous and I just wanted to make it look pretty; Behaviors hard to assess in short, single time Learn history of my building, details e.g., height; Did not add a lot for me; seemed like an extension to photo caption; Reaction really important feelings should be considered; found I was comparing w/fsm Good way to apply theory to what we saw; help understand function better; comparison questions helped understand better I wanted to just avoid missing patterns; patterns that were there often were not clear cut we had to talk about it. Need to see more patterns to be very useful Week 2: 18 enero 13
Plus - delta +: cool, new, clear liked constraint t that t we had to read structure as it appeared in moment; but using theoretical framework, inferred implicit reasons, e.g., functions I would never notice little things I can understand buildings more now. As a humanities person, appreciate new language: Alexander; looking at buildings in a non-humanities way I want to build a house now! Δ: annoying, boring, not clear If feel paranoid about tbi bringing i camera need to bring it. I did not bring a camera. Week 2: 18 enero 14
Q2 For a project that you visited in the past week, 1. Photo from >= 50 years ago + contemporary re-photo (w/caption) 2. Sketch (w/caption) 3. Formal symbolic Function Form Behavior summary model 4. Tour guide description 5. Personal vignette 6. Theoretical Interpretation based on your interpretations of patterns 21, 30, 31, 92, 94, 95, 96 of Alexander ++ 7. Comment re theory: for a building or site you photographed, summarize the seven (Brand) Ss you see 8. Compare your project with one done in another country. 9. Compare your project with one done in another century. 10. Summarize your discussions about your project with two madrileños. Week 2: 18 enero 15
Patterns 21. Four story limit 61. Small public squares 30. Activity nodes 62. High places 31. Promenade 66. Holy Ground 92. Bus stop 67. Common land 94. Sleeping in public 69. Public outdoor room 95. Building complex 125. Stair seats 96. Number of stories 163. Outdoor room Week 2: 18 enero 16
Pattern 21: Four story limit There is abundant evidence to show that high buildings make people crazy. In any urban area, no matter how dense, keep the majority of buildings four stories high or less Certain buildings can exceed this limit, but they should never be for human habitation Week 2: 18 enero 17
Pattern 30: Activity nodes People like to be together. To concentrate people, group facilities must densely around small public squares that Have linking pedestrian paths Create small public squares (45 x 60 ) Facilities in a square should be symbiotic, to attract same kinds of people at same times of day Distribute nodes evenly throughout community, about 300 yards apart. Week 2: 18 enero 18
Pattern 31: Promenade Promenade: a place to go and be seen Needs High density of users Places that t attract t people, e.g., eating drinking places, shops goal a real or imaginary place to go Lots of people to live close by Catch Basin (~10 min walk) Promenade Week 2: 18 enero 19
Pattern 94: Sleeping in public It is a mark of success in a public space when people come there and fall asleep Benches Shelter Week 2: 18 enero 20
Pattern 95: Building complex To be human, a building needs a complex of smaller buildings or small parts that t have their own social facts. At high densities, tall, narrow buildings work best with shared walls, individual entrances, internal stairs Best built piecemeal, one at a time Week 2: 18 enero 21
Pattern 96: Number of stories Tension between human scale (low), land use and continuous fabric with surrounding buildings (2-4 stories). Rules: 1. Four-story height limit 2. Ground area < 50% of site area 3. Height ~ surroundings 4. Choose building height = floor area required / floor area [<= 2] Week 2: 18 enero 22
Generative planning as the basis for design Theoretical concerns: Pre-modern: pyramids through 17 th c: civic building Beaux arts movement (Paris) early 18 th : ingénierie civil ingénierie militaire Week 2: 18 enero 23
Fil Hearn: Generative Planning as the basis of design Concern (> 1800): generate plans Focus: dwellings; private people Viollet-le-Duc: plan must begin with the parlor: a space, Change focus from built things (e.g., walls) to (emergent) spaces Flow of spaces: public private most private Week 1: 11 January 24
Fil Hearn: Generative Planning as the basis of design Concern: economy of means Civil Engineering creates the worlds fixed physical wealth, economically Roman arch as a way to create opening Gothic arch as a way to reach up Baumann (20 th c - Chicago) Steel frame; ; non-loadbearing curtain walls Week 1: 11 January 25
Spaces, e.g., Roman temple 1. Podium (or base). 2. Engaged column. 3. Freestanding column. 4. Entrance steps. Week 2: 18 enero 26
Modern view of spaces Luis Kahn: working service Week 2: 18 enero 27
Modern view of spaces > 1960 Richard Rogers: grand Week 2: 18 enero 28
Modern view of spaces > 1960 Norman Foster: grand La Torre Caja Madrid, 250 m, 2009. Clark, Stanford Week 2: 18 enero 29
Comments on sketching Let loose your imagination try to suspend your (left brain) thinking Trace shapes in a photo notice that visual features such as planes & lines relate to architectural features such as facades & doors Draw every day Take time to look Give yourself space to draw Chuck it if you don t like it after you do another one Look for details add some Week 2: 18 enero 30