High-Pressure Jet Kerf Drilling Shows Significant Potential To Increase ROP

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1 High-Pressure Jet Kerf Drilling Shows Significant Potential To Increase ROP 2005 SPE ATCE Dallas, Texas October 9-12, 2005 By John H. Cohen Maurer Technology Inc. Greg Deskins Maurer Technology Inc. Dr. John Rogers U.S. Department of Energy (Morgantown, WV) SPE

drilling time 33% For wells >14,000 ft, drilling time 50% To

2 Drilling Time Study Drilling Consumes Majority of Rig Time Increased Depth = Increased Drilling Time For all wells, drilling time 33% For wells >14,000 ft, drilling time 50% To Reduce Costs, ROP Must Increase ROP Increase Must be Significant SPE

3 Drilling Time Breakdown Test & Log 7% BOP 3% Wait Time 3% Well Depths >14,000 ft Trouble 4% Running Casing 5% Drilling 49% Tripping 22% From Andersen (1990) Conditioning Mud 5% Reaming 3% SPE

Reduce Costs Rate Increases Must Be Large (2X or

4 Reducing Drilling Costs Drilling is Single Largest Cost Item Increased Drilling Efficiency Best Way to Reduce Costs Rate Increases Must Be Large (2X or Greater) Jet-Assisted Drilling Meets These Criteria SPE

5 Previous Jet Drilling R&D Exxon (1960s) Showed that jets alone could remove rock 15,000 psi at depths up to 12,000 ft Flow Drill (1980s) Ultra HP 30,000-40,000 psi Concentric drill pipe Shell (1970s) Gulf Erosion Jets (1970s) SPE

6 Jet Kerf Drilling High-Pressure Jets Erode Grooves in Rock Mechanical Cutters Break Rock Ledges Pressures Range from 5,000 15,000 psi Can Drill Many Formation at High ROPs Increases ROP 2X to 4X Conventional Rates SPE

7 Jet Kerf Drilling Bit PDC Cutters HP Jets Kerfs SPE

8 Jet Drilling Rate (ft/hr) High-Pressure Jet Kerf Rates Bit Weight = 2000 lb 10,000 psi 1,000 psi Texas Cream Limestone Leander Limestone Glacier Bluff Dolomite SPE Pecos Red Sandstone

9 Jet Kerf Drilling Video SPE

10 Original System Concept Coiled Tubing (CT) to Deploy Jet Kerfing BHA HP mud motor Kerfing bit CT Routinely Used with HP Fluids No Tool Joints (Fewer Leak Paths) Fast Trips SPE

11 Jet Kerfing with CT CT Reel Injector Head HP Pump Returns HP Flow Returns High-Strength Coiled Tubing HP Motor Jet Kerfing Bit SPE

12 Field Test I Catoosa CT-Deployed System Problems Making Up BHA Problems with CT Ballooning Due to HP Daily Equipment Cost High SPE

13 No Derrick on CT Rig SPE

14 CT Equipment On Site SPE

15 High-Pressure Pumps SPE

16 Catoosa Test Summary Time Lost Making Up BHA High Equipment Costs Severe CT Fatigue and Ballooning Problems Downhole Well Conditions Not Known Failed to Test Jet Kerfing Drilling Additional Field Tests Sought SPE

Field Test II RMOTC At DOE-operated Rocky

17 Field Test II RMOTC At DOE-operated Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (Casper, Wyoming) Rotary Drilling Option for Deeper Drilling Rig Upgrades Required for HP Service Jointed Drill Pipe with Double-Shoulder Tool Joints Variety of Formations Drilled SPE

18 RMOTC Rig Cooper 550 Rig Rated to 275 kip 7000 depth Pulls doubles SPE

19 Cost to Upgrade Rig Upgrade for High-Pressure (HP) Service HP Kelly Hose (10,000 psi) HP 150-ton Drilling Swivel HP Swivel Joints (Chicksans) Stand Pipe Master Valve 3-1/16" (15,000 psi) Stand Pipe Fill Up Valve 2-1/16" (15,000 psi) Gooseneck, unions, hardline, tees, and misc. Welding and X-ray Labor New HP Pump TOTAL: Cost $16,200 $33,500 $10,600 $11,800 $5,300 $16,700 $1,650 $10,000 $500,000 $605,750 SPE

20 Upgraded HP Swivel SPE

21 High-Pressure Pump SPE

22 Double-Shoulder Tool Joint SPE

23 RMOTC Bit Runs Formation Jet Kerf ROP (ft/hr) Conv. Rate (ft/hr) Ratio JKD to Conv. Bit 1 Run 1 Bit 2 Run 1 Bit 2 Run 1 Bit 2 Run 1 Bit 2 Run 2 Bit 1 Run 2 Bit 3 Run 1 Bit 3 Run 2 Bit 3 Run 2 Conv. Bit (Cleaning out sand from well) Crow Mountain Sand Crow Mountain Sand / Alcova Limestone Red Peaks Shale Red Peaks Shale Red Peaks Shale Red Peaks Shale Red Peaks Shale Goose Egg Goose Egg SPE

24 Jet Kerf Drilling Rates SPE

25 Increase in ROP SPE

26 High-Pressure Kerf Bit (6½ ) SPE

27 Rapid Erosion of Nozzles SPE

28 Washout in Side of Bit 3 SPE

29 Sectioned Bit Eroded Nozzle Port SPE

30 Solution Extended Nozzle High-velocity fluid SPE US Patent No. 6,142,248

31 Summary of RMOTC Tests Drilled Multiple Formations at High ROP (>5X) Used Conventional Rotary Drilling No Equipment Problems Nozzle Erosion Only Major Issue SPE

32 Economic Model Conditions & Assumptions Defined Base-Case Well 28 total days on site 24 drilling days Value based on rig rate of $10,000/day Hole Sizes for Kerf Drilling 6½ 1/3 of Drilling Days for Kerf Drilling SPE

33 Base-Case Well Daily rig cost Total days per well Drilling days per well Small hole drilling days ( 6½ ) Cost per well Wells per year $10, $280, SPE

34 Cost per Well ($1000) Well Cost with Jet Kerfing $245 $240 $240 Daily Rig Rate = $10,000 $235 $232 $230 $225 $220 $215 $227 $220 $210 2X ROP 2.5X ROP 3X ROP 4X ROP Drilling Rate SPE

35 Cost Per Well ($1000) Well Cost including Payback $290 $280 $270 $260 $250 $282 $262 $273 $254 1 Year Payback 2 Year Payback $266 $259 $248 $240 $240 $230 $220 $210 2X ROP 2.5X ROP 3X ROP 4X ROP Drilling Rate SPE

36 Days Per Well Wells Per Year Faster ROP = More Wells Per Year Base Case 2X ROP 2.5X ROP 3X ROP 4X ROP Drilling Rate SPE

37 Conclusions Increased ROP is Key Factor in Reducing Total Well Costs. JKD Can Significantly Increase ROP. In Field Tests, System Drilled 1.3 6X Faster than Conventional. JKD Successful in Variety of Formation Types. SPE

38 Conclusions (cont d.) JKD Can Be Accomplished Using off-the- Shelf Equipment to Upgrade Rotary Rigs for HP Operation. HP Kerfing Bits will Require Anti-Erosion Nozzles to Increase Bit Life. Safety Issues for Handling HP Fluids Successfully Addressed on Field Tests. SPE

39 SPE

Weatherford Drilling with Casing

Weatherford Drilling with Casing Claas Wilken DRILLING WITH CASING Weatherford DwC Technologies Retrievable System (June 2016) Retrievable Bits and BHA s Non-retrievable System Drillable Casing Bit DRILLING