Wild Rocks and Wildflowers: Personal Insights for the Local Garden
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1 Wild Rocks and Wildflowers: Personal Insights for the Local Garden Dr. Andy Fyon, Director, Ontario Geological Survey, MNDM Sudbury, Ontario, Canada (ontariowildflower.com) North Bay Heritage Gardeners, October 10, 2012 Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2012
2 Training: Geology Special geology = Badlands desert, Avonlea, Saskatchewan
3 Hobby: Wildflowers (Shrubs too) One-flowered cinquefoil (Potentilla uniflora), Yukon
4 Interest: Relationship Between Geology and Wild Plants Red samphire (Salicornia rubra). Takhini salt flat, Yukon
5 Not a biologist Not an horticulturist Not a Master Gardener Not a garden designer Am a geologist Wildflowers hobby Personal reflections Can't discuss medicinal or culinary plant uses If collect, collect ethically Lots of questions, don't have all the answers, let s try together.
6 Outline - Three Geological Habitats Suitable for Local Gardens Alvar Bog Shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), ON James Bay bog, ON Prairie Colorado rubberweed (Hymenoxys richardsonii), SK
7 Ontario Geological Survey (Sponsor) Ministry of Northern Development and Mines Baseline Health of Environment Habitat Natural Hazards Landforms Glacial deposits Rocks Energy: Geothermal Minerals, Aggregate,Groundwater Rock Energy
8 Old Precambrian Shield Ontario Rock Geology Young Ocean Rocks Young Precambrian Shield Youngest Precambrian Shield (Grenville) Economy Quality of Life (Environment, Health, Safety) Climate change Ontario Geological Survey
9 Different Habitats Landscape Geology Influences Location and Type of Wildflower Communities - Options for Local Garden? - Plant Communities Geological Processes + History
10 Alvar - Ontario s Wild Rock Garden Unique plants Adapted to extreme drought and heat conditions Xeriscaping
11 Alvar Habitat Limestone, dolomite Little or no soil Alkaline soil and water Low nutrient Harsh / inhospitable Open Sunlight Spring flooding, summer drought Temperature
12 Ontario Alvars Ontario alvars formed after glaciation on 450 million year old limestone / dolomite
13 Geology and Plants - Alvar Types Shore alvar: Bare limestone Open pavement alvar Bare limestone Open alvar grassland <25% tree and shrub cover and <50% herbaceous cover: grasses, sedges, rushes
14 Some Alvar Shrubs Shrubby Cinquefoil (Dasiphora floribunda) Creeping Juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) Prostrate Sand Cherry (Prunus pumila) Kalm`s St. John`s-wort (Hypericum kalmianum)
15 Some Alvar Plants Field Wormwood (Artemisia campestris L) Biennial or short lived perennial Wind pollinated Wind dispersal Shade intolerant Drought tolerant Weedy or invasive
16 Early Spring Alvar Plants Early Buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis) Early Saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis)
17 Spring Alvar Plants Field Chickweed (Cerastium arvense) Prairie Smoke (Geum triflorum)
18 Spring Alvar Plants Red Wild Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis) Self sows Good soil = fabulous bloom BUT short life Drought tolerant Manitoulin Gold (Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra) Classified as "Rare" Drought tolerant Open, cool, windy
19 Summer Alvar Plants Narrow-leaved Vervain (Verbena simplex) Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala senega)
20 Summer Alvar Plants Wild Calamint (Calamintha arkansana) Lance-leaved Coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata)
21 Fall Alvar Plants Upland White Goldenrod (Solidago ptamicoides) Ohio Goldenrod (Solidago ohioensis) Cylindric Blazing Star (Liatris cylindracea)
22 Alvar Garden Summary - Calciphiles Limestone / dolomite bicarbonate rocks Calcium- and magnesiumtolerant plants Open, sun, drought Poor soil Lakeside Daisy - Columbine Wild calamint
23 Possible Alvar Garden Algonquin College, Ottawa
24 Possible Alvar Garden Algonquin College, Ottawa
25 Bog - Ontario's Carbon Sink James Bay lowland Wetland Isolated pond Acidic water Nutrient poor Acidophiles: adapted low nutrients, waterlogged, acidic waters
26 Bog Habitat Hudson Bay Lowlands Low temperatures Short growing season Groundcover dominated by peat mosses Organic deposits Poorly decomposed peat mosses Rainfall and dustfall only nutrient sources Treed or open
27 Some Bog Shrubs Bog Laurel (Kalmia polifolia) Leather Leaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata)
28 Some Bog Shrubs Bog Rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos)
29 Bog Carnivorous Bladderwort Leaf traps
30 Bog - Carnivorous Plants Pitcher Plant
31 Bog - Carnivorous Plants Pitcher Plant Leaves - soup + hairs Drowned insects Digestive enzymes
32 Carnivorous Plants Sundew Secretions Trap insects Nutrients
33 Some Bog Plants Grass-Pink Orchid (Calopogon tuberosus) Rose Pogonia Orchid (Pogonia ophioglossoides)
34 Bog Garden Summary Closed drainage Waterlogged Acidic conditions Low nutrients Sun
35 Possible Bog Garden Nutrient-poor, acidic wet Sphagnum peat moss Sun Area should not collect water from lawn Minimum is cm deep No limestone!
36 Prairie - Ontario s Bouquet Grasslands National park, SK Dominated by grasses and forbs Trees absent or widely scattered Adapted to heat and extreme drought Windy, flat Sunlight Climate, grazing, and fire
37 Prairie - Canada and Ontario Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
38 Prairie - Recent Ecosystem 18,000 years ago: maximum glaciation
39 Prairie - Recent Ecosystem Tundra: Mountain aven leaves (Dryas integrifolia), 12,400 years old, Holland Marsh, ON 18,000 to 10,000 years ago: Glaciers melted --> tundra vegetation --> spruce forests
40 Prairie - Recent Ecosystem Grasslands National park, SK 10,000-8,000: Climate to cool and dry --> open pine forest and increasing oak 8, years ago: Climate warmer and drier, widespread forest die out --> prairies formed
41 Prairie - Recent Ecosystem <7500 years ago: mixed coniferousdeciduous forest: hemlock, birch, beech, elm and birch.
42 Prairie Plant Adaptation Fire, Grazing, Fire, Climate Growing points below ground level not injured by fires not harmed by browsing animals Extensive, deep root system - drought tolerant
43 Spring Prairie Plants Hood's phlox or Moss phlox (Phlox hoodii)
44 Spring Prairie Plants First to bloom Absolutely intolerant of shade Prairie Crocus (Anemone patens)
45 Early Summer Prairie Plants Beardtongue or smooth white Penstemon (Penstemon digitalis)
46 Summer Prairie Plants Blanket Flower (Gaillardia)
47 Summer Prairie Plants Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa) Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
48 Summer - Fall Prairie Plants Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana)
49 Summer - Fall Prairie Plants Cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum)
50 Fall Prairie Plants Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) New England aster (Aster novae-angliae)
51 Fall Prairie Plants Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)
52 Prairie Garden Summary Open, sunny Hot and extreme drought Dominated by grasses and forbs Trees absent or widely scattered Climate, grazing, and fire
53 Prairie Garden Purple coneflower Sunflower White penstemmon Fireweed Butterflyweed Sundrops Blue-eyed grass Cup plant July 15
54 Purple coneflower Sunflower White penstemmon Fireweed Butterflyweed Sundrops Blue-eyed grass Possible Prairie Garden
55 Why Natural Habitat + Wildflowers? Low maintenance Difficult spots No pesticides No fertilizer Natural habitat - insect + birds Water management Less lawn mowing
56 Different Habitats Landscape Geological Insights for Local Gardens Plant Communities Geological Processes + History
57 Dr. Andy Fyon (Geology Hat) Director, Ontario Geological Survey or (Wildflower Hat)
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