Albert R. Jarrett. Annual and Individual-Storm Green Roof Stormwater Response Models
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1 Annual and Individual-Storm Green Roof Stormwater Response Models Albert R. Jarrett Professor of Agricultural Engineering Penn State University D. J. Beattie, R. D. Berghage, F. Rezaei
2 Green Roof Types xtensive large areas Intensive roof gardens
3 Typical Extensive Green Roof Vegetation Growth Medium Drainage Layer Waterproof Membrane and Root Barrier
4 Drainage Layer ½-inch plastic wire grid. Geotextile glued to grid. Porosity = 78% Field Capacity = 5%
5 Media 12.5% sphagnum peat moss 12.5% coir 15% perlite 60%hydrolite 6.23 lb/in-ft 2 Saturated Porosity = 55% Field Capacity = 34%
6 Green Roof Plants Crassulacae Acid Metabolism (CAM) Plants Arid Region (Desert) Plants Stomates open at night (to reduce water loss). Stomates close during day (to conserve water). Plants get smaller as water becomes limiting.
7 Benefits Attenuate stormwater Runoff volume reduction. Peak runoff rate reduction. Delay the runoff event. Delay the peak runoff rate.
8 Impact of Development Flow Rate (Cfs) Post-Development Runoff Pre-Development Runoff Time (Hrs)
9 Green Roof Stormwater Management To understand how a Green Roof can help us manage stormwater, we must look at stormwater in three different ways: Individual storms (actual data collected). Annual rainfall basis. Extreme storm effects.
10 Individual Storm (Measured Data) Green roofs compared to non-green (traditional) roofs Stormwater runoff volume and flow rates
11 October 25, 2002 Rain Event Depth (in) Retained = 0.18 in Rain Green Roof Runoff Time (hr)
12 October 2002 Days Green Since Roof Delay to Storm Last Rainfall Runoff Start of Date Rain Depth Depth Retention Retention Runoff (Days) (in) (in) (in) (%) (hr) 16-Oct Oct Average =
13 November 2002 November Average = Nov Nov Nov Nov (hr) (%) (in) (in) (in) (Days) Runoff Retention Retention Depth Depth Rain Date Start of Runoff Rainfall Last Storm Delay to Roof Since Green Days
14 May 2003 May Average = May May May (hr) (%) (in) (in) (in) (Days) Runoff Retention Retention Depth Depth Rain Date Start of Runoff Rainfall Last Storm Delay to Roof Since Green Days
15 June 2003 June Average = Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun (hr) (%) (in) (in) (in) (Days) Runoff Retention Retention Depth Depth Rain Date Start of Runoff Rainfall Last Storm Delay to Roof Since Green Days
16 July 2003 July Average = Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul (hr) (%) (in) (in) (in) (Days) Runoff Retention Retention Depth Depth Rain Date Start of Runoff Rainfall Last Storm Delay to Roof Since Green Days
17 Summary of Retention Results Retention (%) Oct Nov May June July
18 Modeling Annual Green Roof Impact Assumed Simple ET curve; f(month) = daily ET Drainage layer, roof media, and plants had maximum of inches of retention storage. For each daily rain amount Estimated water lost to atmosphere. Estimated water remaining in green roof. Added rain to green roof.
19 Schematic of Green Roof Rain Evaporation Transpiration Max. Retention = in (3.5 in)
20 1986, GR Max Retention = in Rain Runoff Depth (in) /1 3/2 5/1 6/30 8/29 10/28 12/27 Date
21 1993, GR Max Retention = in Rain Runoff Depth (in) /1 3/2 5/1 6/30 8/29 10/28 12/27 Date
22 Modeling Results Based on 28 years ( ) of rain data from State College, PA Roof maximum retention = inches Average annual rain = 40.3 inches inches if average annual rain was retained on Green Roof Average annual rain retained = 65%. This captured water is returned to the atmosphere by Evaporation Transpiration
23 Extending the Annual Model If we assume the roof in question has maximum retention capacities different from our green roof, Retention values from inches to 3.0 inches were evaluated.
24 70 Annual Rain Retained (%) Maximum Roof Retention (in)
25 Stormwater; ; Extreme Storm Response Stormwater Management is based on extreme hydrologic events. 2-year rainfall/runoff. 25-year rainfall/runoff. 100-year rainfall/runoff. How well can a Green Roof be expected to attenuate these large design storms?
26 Extreme Storm Response Modified Puls Routing Model Accounts for capillary & hygroscopic water stored in: drainage layer 3.5-in media CAM plants Accounts for 0.05 in interception. Blaney-Criddle ET Model applied on a daily basis to remove water from roof. Rain must fill all layers to field capacity before runoff starts.
27 Extreme Storm Response Model Validation. Inputted rainfall hyetographs for 16 storms measured at Rock Springs. 24-hour rains varied from: 0.14 in to 1.62 in Averaged 0.84 in Computed runoff from roof. Compared to measured runoff.
28 Green Roof Runoff, ver Predicted (in) R 2 = Observed (in)
29 Peak Runoff Rate, ver Predicted (in/hr) R 2 = Observed (in/hr)
30 Start of Runoff, ver 5 Predicted (hrs) R 2 = Observed (hrs)
31 Extreme Storm Response Applied synthetic rainfall to Green Roof. Type II Rainfall Distributions. Assumed State College, PA Assumed Green Roof had same characteristics as our research roofs. Simulated the Roof s runoff hydrographs for a 270- by 70-foot Roof: 1 day since last storm in February and July. 5 days since last storm in February and July. 2-Year Synthetic Rain. 100-Year Synthetic Rain.
32 2-Year Rain After 5 Dry July Days Flow Rate (cfs) yr Pre-Dev, CN = 79 Rain Roof Runoff Time, t (hrs)
33 Cumulative Green Roof 2-Y After 5 Dry July Days Cumulative In & Out Flow (In) Rain Roof Runoff Time (Hrs)
34 100-Year Rain After 5 Dry July Days Flow Rate (cfs) yr Pre-Dev, CN = Time, t (hrs) Rain Roof Runoff
35 Cumulative Green Roof 100-Y After 5 Dry July Days 6.0 Cumulative In & Out Flow (In) Time (Hrs) Rain Roof Runoff
36 100-Year Rain After 5 Dry Feb. Days Flow Rate (cfs) yr Pre-Dev, CN = Time, t (hrs) Rain Roof Runoff
37 Cumulative Green Roof 100-Y After 5 Dry Feb. Days 6.0 Cumulative In & Out Flow (In) Rain Roof Runoff Time (Hrs)
38 Summary of Extreme Storms 2-Year (2.6 inches in 24 hours)) July w/ 5 Dry Days = 85% reduction in peak. July w/ 5 Dry Days = 61% reduction in volume. 100-Year (5.3 inches in 24 hours) July w/ 5 Dry Days = 60% reduction in peak. July w/ 5 Dry Days = 30% reduction in volume. Rain water retained and detained Detained water released after storm
39 Thank You Questions?
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