List of Contexts and Dating Material from the House of Diana Adam Rabinowitz

Transcription

1 List of Contexts and Dating Material from the House of Diana Adam Rabinowitz US Identification Phase Date of coins Date of latest 0 topsoil BC; AD 13 1 abandonment in forum trench 2 pavement of Roman forum portico 3? 3 Severan walling across forum façade of house 6 late use surface of forum 6-? later archaeological trench following line of forum 8 gutter 6 resurfacing of beaten-earth floor of forum 3? abandonment BC; AD disturbed pisé collapse in atrium, rm E 9 material on floor of rm E 1 st -2 nd c. AD 10 collapse of walls of sunken-floor building in collapse of shop D BC 11 signinum floor of rm E 12 wall between atrium and rm E; one of two doors 1 blocked 13 signinum floor of atrium 1 plaster fall on atrium floor 1 articulated pots (on floor of atrium) 16 signinum pavement of shop D 1 or 3 1 cut for sunken-floor building in collapse of shop D 18 stony packing around sunken-floor building in collapse of shop D 19 last beaten-earth floor of shop D BC Augustan (ceramic) 20 posthole cut for modern fence in area of shop D 8 21 posthole cut for modern fence in area of shop D 8 22 disturbed collapse in N half of rm F 23 SE external wall of house, shared with AB VI 1 2 wall between rm E and rear of shop C 1 2 wall between shop C and fauces 1 26 wall between shop D and fauces 1 2 impluvium molded in signinum pavement of atrium, bonding with main cistern drawshaft

2 28 crude wall, now removed, in plastered earth and stones, originally enclosing impluvium but later destroyed on two sides by later intrusion; sat directly on surface of pavement of atrium 29 L-shaped cut stone set into atrium floor at corner of shop C and fauces; probably meant to prevent runoff into foundations 32 wall of Severan granary, built in slit-trench cutting 6 through walls and destruction layers of house 33 NW external wall of house, dividing house space 1 from forum entrance to NW 3 wall between shop D and rm F 1 3 signinum floor of rm F 1? 36 wall between rms F and G 1 3 crude dividing wall built against earlier walls and over floor of rm F 38 roughly circular cut in floor of rm E - planting pit?? 39 fill of modern postholes in area of rm D 8 0 collapse in area of rm C, disturbed by agricultural activity blocked doorway in wall 12 to earlier cubiculum in area of rm E 8 mosaic pavement of shop C 9 wall between atrium and rms F, G 1 1 posthole cut 8 2 fill of cut temporary hearth or campfire 8 spoil tip 8 spoil tip 8 6 spoil tip 8 posthole cut in fill of 8 9 earlier archeological sondage 8 60 backfill for loose earth filtered down between hollows in pile of stones covering cistern 62 midden tip filling cut 6 and part of cistern AD AD (undocumented early medieval) 63 lower layer of midden fill 6 pilaster or roof pier, fallen face-down in collapse of wall 9 6 late cut through collapse of G and atrium, probably intended to open cistern for ag. activity or as ditch to drain water into cistern

3 66 upper fill or sediment in main cistern - 6 upper fill or sediment in main cistern - 68 upper fill or sediment in main cistern - 69 upper fill or sediment in main cistern - 0 cistern of Roman house 1 2 sediment deposited in last phase of cistern use - 3 skeleton of murder victim collapse of Roman pisé walls in rm G collapse of Roman pisé walls in rm H, disturbed BC by ag. activity 9 6 collapse of Roman roof over W half of house BC intact wall plaster collapse from one of walls of rm H 8 pisé of atrium & rm E, disturbed by later agricultural activity (plowing etc.) 9 backfill for Brown's wall sondage, S corner of 9 trench 8 AD pisé fall covering large collection of articulated AD sherds just over atrium floor 81 soil corresponding to 80 but contaminated by 8 Brown's sondage 82 beaten-earth floor of service rm I illegible BC Republican 83 cocciopesto pavement of service rm O 8 doorway w/worked stone sill in wall spoil tip or cement-making leftovers 8 86 stone sill, contemporary with resurfacing of atrium, dividing atrial space from ala service space 8 original Repub. wall of cubicula on SE side (later 1 rm E) 88 original Repub. wall between first 2/3 of house 1 and tablinum, service, oecus space 89 possible second phase wall, setting service rms O and L off from access corridor M 90 original Repub. wall setting rm G off from ala H 1 91 original Repub wall, corresponding to 88; sets 1 back 1/3 of house off from rest 92 layer of fill/sediment in main cistern - AD layer of fill/sediment in main cistern - 9 Neronian mosaic paving for tablinum 9 secondary phase decorated paving of ala H 96 primary phase pavement of cubiculum G 1 9 disturbance of pisé collapse by later agricultural activity

4 98 pisé collapse disturbed by later agricultural activity in garden plot 9 99 pisé collapse disturbed by later agricultural activity, possible associated with 9/98, 6, 118 signinum pavement in corridor behind shop C 1 or 126 thin wall between shop C and rear corridor 130 disturbed pisé collapse from walls of corridor M; located in M BC 131 remains of roof and wall collapse in service rm O, BC-AD 0 disturbed by later ag. activity and then by later archeology 132 pavement of fauces, contemporary with second phase atrium floor 133 abandonment layer present in rm K, possibly the same as 13 later disturbance of pisé collapse in rm J 13 probable undisturbed pisé collapse in rm J BC 136 later disturbance of pisé collapse in rm J 13 also agricutural disturbance, maybe compounded by root disturbance 138 deep topsoil filling cut attempted olive planting pit? 10 probable undisturbed pisé collapse of walls of BC AD 0-10 corridor M 11 second-phase beaten-earth floor of corridor to 3- AD 6- service rms 12 pisé collapse of walls of rm K, disturbed by later 1 st -2 nd c. AD ag. activity 13 filling of cut 1 (natural or intentional?) at later date 1 wall and roof fall in rm K 1 disturbance of house collapse in fauces by later agricultural activity 16 remnants of undisturbed pisé collapse in fauces AD cut forming an irregular ditch through W part of atrium 18 attempt at olive planting pit at threshold of fauces 19 intentional backfill of cut 18 with very large stones 10 backfilling or pisé above tile floor in shop C - cesspit (1) 11 Neronian mosaic flooring of rm K 12 probably fill of 1, like piece of mortared brick column from garden peristyle of house reused in grave 21

5 1 pots left on floor or fallen from wall in rm F, post abandonment of house 1 residue of final-phase pisé collapse, fallen on top of pots left on floor in F 16 one of four posthole cuts for piece of furniture in rm G, slightly off alignment of mosaic "rug" AD 6- AD 1/ (or 3-?) 1 wall and roof collapse in S corner of house, BC churned up by agricultural activity? 18 plow-disturbed collapse in rm O 19 layer of abandonment in rm P 160 collapse of walls of shop D disturbed by later AD agricultural activity 161 possibly upper levels of battuto 19 in D 162 probably parts of battuto 19 left covered by 160 when 1 cut 163 pisé and roof collapse of Roman phase, more or less in situ in rm P 16 disturbed collapse of Roman house in service 0 BC AD 1 suite 16 (failed?) olive planting pit in rm P 166 fill of planting pit 16 AD pisé collapse in situ in shop D 168 remnants of pisé collapse in situ in rm F, N half 169 piles of ash representing dumped bucketfulls of 1 cinders in S corner of D 10 possible traces of burnt furniture in rm F 11 beaten-earth patching for deteriorated parts of pavement 3 in F 12 posthole, possibly for some sort of furniture 3- support 13 door pier or pilaster fallen face down on atrium pavement; corresponds to 6, but NE side of door in 9 1 part of beaten-earth floor of shop D 1 small, uninterpretable cut around middle of 1 3- in W corner of shop D 16 fill for cesspit for Repub. phase of shop C 1 18 cesspit for Repub. phase of shop D 1 19 final-phase beaten-earth floor of rm P 1st c. AD 180 posthole in corner of modern fill for possible olive planting pit in rm L, next to wall backfill of cut 182

6 18 original wall of service rm L, or later wall built along same lines 18 earlier phase cocciopesto floor for service rm L secondary phase paving of service rm L 18 secondary phase wall of service rm P 188 dividing wall, possibly kneewall, setting puteus O off from rm L 189 possible base for mudbrick stove/oven in P 190 original phase wall of rm J, partially 1 reconstructed 191 secondary phase wall blocking J off from back of house 192 wall added in secondary phase, extending NW wall of M towards back of house 193 secondary phase wall enclosing, w/192, new rm behind J, leaving entrance to oecus K 19 primary phase wall between rms J and K 1 19 secondary phase floor in Q, K 196 preparation for worked stone sill of fauces (robbed after abandonment) 19 drain for excess water from atrium or impluvium, leading into forum 198 one of four posthole cuts for piece of furniture in rm G, slightly off alignment of mosaic "rug" 1 or 1 (or 3-?) 199 one of four posthole cuts for piece of furniture in rm G, slightly off alignment of mosaic "rug" 203 one of four posthole cuts for piece of furniture in rm G, slightly off alignment of mosaic "rug" 1 (or 3-?) 1 (or 3-?) 20 secondary phase sill between fauces and vestibulum, later robbed 20 blocking of doorway between rm H and rm K 206 base for secondary phase counter or stairs at back or shop D 20 doorway in 26, communicating between shop C and stairwell; cut into 118 and molded into disturbed pisé fall in shop D between 32 and early-phase beaten-earth floor for corridor M destruction of wall layer of abandonment (=) mid-2nd th - th c. AD 223 fill (?) related to late activity in area of the garden AD fragment of a female herm, probably associated with the decoration of the shrine - now subsumed i 20

7 in fill of robber trench along cut for robbing of worked stone from decorative elements from the garden found piled in aedicula 230 main structure of aedicula (cella, walls) 231 wall closing off rm K to garden and absorbing earlier colonnade 3b 232 fill of robber trench along 23 to the S robber cut taking worked stone from S part of wall between corridor R and rm N 23 wall between rm N and rm S first-phase cocciopesto pavement of rm S 1 23 first-phase wall of rear of house fill of robber cut taking blocks from robber cut to take blocks from collapse of shrine (230) - AD altar for shrine 22 undisturbed pisé collapse in garden, probably from destruction of 23 AD plaster floor of the shrine in the garden 2 colonnade/loggia between rms K, Q and garden; later absorbed by undisturbed pisé collapse in rm N AD 2 nd ½ of 2 nd c. AD 26 pisé in rm K disturbed by th c agricultural activity 2 preparation for beaten-earth floor in shop D BC (coin) 28 equals leveling for beaten-earth preparation in shop D 1 20 also leveling for beaten-earth preparation in shop 1 D 21 built grave (medieval?) in W corner of rm K 22 fill of grave 21 23b body in grave 21 2 hypothetical cut of agricultural disturbance of pisé in '96 part of rm K 2 more levelling for beaten-earth preparation of 1 shop D 29 fragment of architectural frieze in uppermost layer of cesspit fill in shop D 2a BC 2 nd c. BC 261 next layer down in shop D cesspit fill 2a 262 fill of robber cut mid 2 nd -mid 3 rd c.

8 263 robber trench between rm Q and the garden - 26 yellow-mortar pluteus separating space of rm Q from the back garden 26 bottom layer of pisé collapse in cesspit in shop C 2 nd c. 0 BC 266 upper layer of the intentional fill of the cesspit in shop D 2a Augustan 2 nd c. AD 26 tile pavement over filled-in cesspit in shop C 2a 268 possible drain for secondary, puteal use of filledin cesspit of shop C; may also be a natural feature 2a? 269 more highly organic level of single fill in cesspit of 2a BC D 20 collapse of staircase in W corner of garden 21 fill of cesspit of shop C 2a BC (single 1 st -3 rd AD probably contamination) 22 Augustan wall between rms N, S and garden 23 sediment from Republican-phase use of cesspit 2a in shop D 2 original act of cutting cesspit in shop D (18) 1 2 collapse of wall 231, falling back into the garden AD in situ collapse of pisé in rm Q 2 equals 21 2a 28 uppermost layer of latest garden surface (equals 2 nd ½ of 2 nd c. AD 39) 29 cut for fountain (later decorative nymphaeum) in 2a wall 23 in garden 280 wall in front of the nymphaeum or niche in the 2a rear wall 281 collapse of some part of the structure Sigillata italica represented by 29/ possible collapse of interior decorative elements AD of collapse disturbed by later plowing or pit-digging in rm P 28 lower layer of collapse disturbed by agricultural activity in rms P, M 28 portion of collapse of wall 23 in area of niche late 1 st to early 2 nd c. AC 286 sediment from Republican use of cesspit in shop 2a C 28 original act of cutting cesspit in C (1) collapse of 231 disturbed by large olive root along wall 33 AD 80/ architectural fragment found in 288 (subsumed in 288) AD

9 290 secondary cistern under rms R and N in rear of 1 house 291 top of midden fill of rear cistern 3 rd ¼ of 1 st c. BC 293 architectural fragment found in 301 (subsumed in 301) 29 fill of cut or depression in the bedrock between rm S and wall of garden AD 1-0 AD remnants of in situ pisé collapse in rm P and M (96 exc.) 296 yellow-mortared stairs to street in W corner of garden 29 third-phase gutter in worked stone along edge of pavement of rms K, Q 298 doorsill of entry to shrine, postholes on each side for screen or gate 299 front part of podium and stairs up to shrine (lighter const. than 230) 300 part of 20 disturbed by root action, like 2/288 1 st ½ of 2 nd th - th c. AD 301 layer of destruction of opus sectile decoration on floor/ walls of niche reused column base in garden in front of shrine 303 cocciopesto floor of corridor R with opening to rear cistern 1 (or?) 30 wall-stub with half-column at SE end of loggia 30 wall between corridor R and rm P 306 sill between M and R (possibly reused foundation of earlier wall) (or 1?) 30 doorsill of entry from M into rm P 308 NE wall of whatever structure is created by 1 bedrock cuts between S and cut or depression in bedrock between rm S and 1 wall of garden 311 collapse (?) filling cut for sunken-floor building at SW end of garden mid 2 nd mid 3 rd c. AD 312 foundation cut for sunken-floor building at SW end of garden 313 posthole cut for one of poles of sunken-floor building at SW end of garden 31 fill of posthole cut for pole of sunken-floor building at SW end of garden 316 fill of 31

10 31 makeup of 1st-phase cocciopesto pavement of rm P, thrown up when drain to cesspit dug and then becoming part of later beaten-earth surface for that rm BC 318 fill of cut (?) associated with sunken-floor building late th c. AD at SW end of garden 319 fill of posthole cut for pole of sunken-floor building at SW end of garden 321 intentional fill of drain or rough impluvium in rm P to create new floor level 322 spoil thrown up in creation of foundation for leanto, then packed in along edges to support lean-to walls 323 spoil thrown up in creation of foundation for leanto, then packed in along edges to support lean-to walls 32 cut associated with sunken-floor building at SW end of garden (?) end of 1 st beginning of 2 nd c. AD 32 possibly remnants of a preparation layer for the secondary pavement of rm L 326 collapse of roof, ceiling, and wall plaster of rm Q BC 32 earliest cocciopesto pavement in area of rms P, 1 R 328 makeshift impluvium or wastewater drain for 2a water from basin in rm L 329 filling in of early basin in rm L 100 BC AD lower level of packing for later doorsill of door in wall 23 at end of R 331 collapse of section of wall 23 with different AD makeup than rest of collapse 332 rough basin for washing or wastewater cut into 2a floor in area of rm L 333 backfill of late cut - Severan early th c. AD 33 late cut through destruction levels in E corner of - garden 33 part of pisé collapse subsided in area between bench and stone, slightly different composition than rest of collapse 336 earliest collapse of aedicula probably material eroded from stairs early 2 nd th - th c. AD 33 silt created by erosion of wall collapses along AD -10 edges of garden into depression in center 338 collapse of yellow-mortared curtain wall between rm Q and garden 339 preparation for 1st-phase pavement of rm L 1

11 30 pieces of decoration of the fountain, incl. most of a surface in opus sectile, either collapsed naturally or thrown down beside it 31 probably overexcavated, slightly more friable part of lower layer of collapse of wall between rm Q and garden 33 more-disturbed collapse of pisé walls of rm N Augustan early 2 nd c. AD 3 fill for small hole (3) cut in last garden surface 1 st early 2 nd c. AD 3 small hole cut in last garden surface 36 backfill for sample trench from earlier 8 archaeological campaign 3 sample trench dug during an earlier 8 archaeological campaign 38 final-phase cocciopesto paving of rm N 39 beaten-earth use surface of garden in phase of AD temple and stairs 30 bottommost layer of pisé collapse in rm N AD originally thought garden surface, but probably lowest layers of 28, left from previous season of mid 2 nd mid 3 rd c. AD excavation 32 cubilia from Augustan pavement used as AD 0-20 preparation for Julio-Claudian pavement and fill for earlier cistern drain 33 charcoal and tile fill of hole in floor of N (368) 3 organic decay filling hole (3) in last-phase garden surface 3 natural hole in last-phase garden surface, caused by root action? 36 backfill of planting pit or robber cut (3) in rm Q - 3 post-collapse cut for planting or robbing in rm Q - 38 fill of fill of fill of fill of cut in last garden surface, filled with burnt/organic material 363 cut in last garden surface, filled with burnt/organic material 36 cut in last garden surface, filled with burnt/organic material 36 cut in last garden surface, filled with burnt/organic material 366 fill of cut in last garden surface, filled with burnt/organic material

12 368 three contiguous circular cuts or holes in floor of rm N, probably natural 369 Augustan-phase garden soil in northern 2/3 of garden 30 Augustan beaten-earth surface along SE and SW walls of garden 31 mortar splashes from construction of wall 231, trampled into primary Augustan use surface of garden 32 last Repub. garden surface with planting trench/irrigation ditch 33 collapse of wall across the town road to the SW of the house 3 intentional fill or sedimentation of Republican irrigation ditch 3 planting or irrigation trench? linear feature cut into Repub. garden soil 36 backfill of large hole 19 dug into rm Q - 3 more rocky soil used to fill hole mortar preparation for opus sectile surface in later phase of niche fill of fountain basin to prepare for conversion to decorative niche BC Flavian 2 nd c. AD Augustan - Tiberian 3b 2a BC 10 BC AD 10 2a 2a BC Augustan - Neronian 380 midden material filling cesspit in back of house 1 st c. BC 381 fertilized planting soil for Repub.-phase plantings BC near fountain 382 rocks used during construction of fountain to fill 2a depression left by previous plantings in area 383 calcium precipitates from bedrock of fountain 2a drain 38 planting soil filling planting cut in garden lined with stone and tile 386 compost or fertilizer heap for Repub. phase 1 garden 38 planting cut for small plant/shrub in Repub. 1 garden phase 388 planting cut for small plant/shrub in Repub. 1 garden phase 389 bottom of planting hole for very small plant planting hole under corner of fountain for prefountain 1 Repub. phase (or perhaps connects to fountain drain as passive watering conduit) 391 planting cut for first-phase Repub. garden earliest deposit of garden soil 1 2nd c. BC

13 393 linear trace of burning or organic decay on last 2b Repub. garden surface, possibly burnt beam from destruction of 0 BC 39 linear trace of burning or organic decay on last Repub. garden surface, possibly burnt beam from destruction of 0 BC 2b 39 early-phase garden soil cut into earliest soil (392) 2a 200 BC AD leveling fill of shallow foundation trench for construction of gutter foundation trench for construction of gutter 398 planting soil at corner of fountain, possibly later 2a filled in with rocks to support edge of structure; fill of 399 and planting pit at corner of fountain, later filled with 1 rocks to enable construction of fountain (280) 00 BEDROCK 01 planting cut at corner of fountain, associated with 1 larger cut fill of 08 - hard soil, little evidence of organic 2a decay 03 heavier rear cesspit waste from use pd., forming 2a sediment left in settling pit 0 fertilized planting soil filling planting cut fill of hole 20 in rm Q - Sigillata italica 06 area of gutter construction-trench fill containing jug, most rocks 0 wider part of foundation cut for gutter, intact jug inserted for levelling 08 cut for post or stake in 39 2a 09 fill of 10 - hard soil, little evidence of organic 2a decay 10 cut for post or stake in 39 2a 11 fill of midden pit 13 in early phase of garden 2a 0-30 BC 12 either leveling soil for preparation of garden, or 1 charcoal remnants from the firecracking of the bedrock during the initial construction of the garden 13 pre-existing cut in 39 filled with refuse, or pit 2a dug for purpose of disposing of organic and ceramic waste 1 fill of BC 1 Repub. planting pit (?) 1 16 fertilized planting soil from early Repub. garden 1 plantings filling 1 and 18 1 planting cut from early Repub. garden 1

14 18 early Repub. planting pit, cut by later Repub. phase addition of planting soil regular, circular robbing cut or planting pit through destruction and floor of rm Q 20 regular, circular robbing cut or planting pit through destruction and floor of rm Q 21 original cut in bedrock for cesspit or waste-water drain serving bath rms in back of house 22 pit for compost cut into garden soil 392 in Repub. 1 phase 23 fertilized planting soil for planting pit 2 in early Repub. garden BC 2 planting cut associated with 1st-phase Repub. 1 use of garden 2 intentional fill of early drain of gutter in E corner of garden? 1? BC 26 levelling for Aug. construction surface in E corner of garden? 2 possibly a lower level of fill in one of the round cuts in 19, in rm Q - but no documentation -? 28 Repub. cocciopesto pavement for rm N, connecting to drain 29 massive doorsill for door between rm N and garden, cut through wall roughly-built step up from garden to rm N doorsill 31 preparation for Aug. phase opus spicatum doorsill between house and service court (former AB VI) 32 depression under burnt beam (?) 39 - may just 2b be overexcavation 33 secondary Repub. cut to lay down better garden 2a soil, probably for kitchen garden rather than trees - filled with 39, 32 3 organic decay or burning associated with 2b compost heap - destruction material? 3 bench or shelf built against garden side of wall early drain for gutter, robbed out and filled in in 1? later garden phase? 3 Augustan-phase doorsill for door between rms R and Q; visible only in tile preparation; probably originally a worked stone block, robbed in antiquity 38 robbing of doorsill 3 in antiquity, before the collapse of the house 39 large worked block set in garden surface parallel to 22/bench in S corner of garden

15 0 doorsill for rm L in Augustan reconstruction 1 cut to create drain pit for latrine or bath, 1 connected to and draining into rear cesspit 2 1st-phase Repub wall for bath or latrine; its 1 construction includes the partial capping of the latrine pit, and the terracotta channel into that pit 3 last phase doorsill between corridor M and rm N, set higher than other sills to accommodate higher level of final-phase pavement of N - or door blocking? preparation for a later-robbed sidewalk between? house and street behind it (to SW) cubilia pavement of rm N, respecting line of 2 and continuing to use drain for water disposal; in late phase torn up and use as fill and preparation for 38 (as fill, designated 32) 2a(?) 6 fill of Augustan-phase planting pit for small plant, cut into 369? 8 fill of 9 9 Augustan-phase planting pit for small plant, cut into 369? 0 original wall between bath/latrine complex and 1 garden, on line of 22 1 other end of irrigation trench in 32 (noncontiguous 2a with 3) 2 fill of 1 2a