Fight & Ex*nguish Fires Onboard a Coastal Vessel TDMMF5507A

Transcription

1 Fight & Ex*nguish Fires Onboard a Coastal Vessel TDMMF5507A

2 Purpose To provide the Knowledge Background for Unit TDMMF5507A

3 Administra*on Fire Exits Food and Water Toilets Special Needs

4 SHIPBOARD FIRE Has been around as long as there have been Ships Not a pleasant experience An Existen*al Threat OPen results in Fatali*es Burns Smoke Inhala*on Asphyxia*on Casual*es from loss of ship We prefer to Prevent and only then Manage Fire KNOW THY SHIP AND THYSELF

5 References Gandy Australian Boa*ng Manual 4 th Ed Chap 6 Fire Ex*nguishers & Pyrotechnics Chap 19.2 Fire Preven*on and Control Qld Gov t Small Ships 5 th Ed NSCV Part C, Part C 4 Fire Safety ATSB Report inves*ga*onreports.aspx?mode=marine MR KIOLOA SMS and SOP

6 Comple*on Requirements Pordolio Prac*cal Assessment (Fire ground) Wrigen/Oral Assessment on comple*on of this session Third Party Report on candidate Comple*on of Taskbook elements

7 Pordolio Requirements NCSV Part C Sec*on 4 Fire Safety As applicable to own vessel Copy Own Vessel SMS and SOP relevant to fire. Provide comment on ATSB Report 269 into Tug PETRA FRONTIER

8 The Rules NCSV Requirements Apply to ships in Australian Register Designed to prevent Fire and to provide for its effec*ve management Govern the following: Construc*on Firefigh*ng Equipment carried Opera*on and Shipboard Drills Maintenance Inspec*on

9 The Rules Loca*on The rules can be found in: NSCV Part C, Part C 4 Fire Safety

10 Basics of Fire Fuel Can be any combus*ble including metal Petrol, dieso, wood, paper, fibreglass plas*c, cooking fat, lube oil, magnesium, aluminium and even steel Combus*ble gases Heat Most fuels need a heat source to burn Threshold (Flash Point) varies Petrol about minus 40 deg C, Dieso about 38 deg C. Spontaneous combus*on of oily waste or other similar items caused by internal heat genera*on Oxygen In the air in which we all operate

11 The Fire Triangle FIRE FUEL Take any of these elements out and the Fire can be ex*nguished

12 Remember A ship is a steel, wood or fibreglass box that floats in an hos*le environment. It contains Flammables and pyrotechnics Pressure vessels including those of inflammable gases Fuels and Hydraulics under heat and pressure High Voltage Electricity Lots of heat and other possible igni*on sources It is a recipe for fire BE VIGILANT

13 Classes of Fire Class Materials A Ordinary Combus*bles (*mber, cloth, fibreglass) B Combus*ble Liquids (petrol, dis*llate (dieso), solvents) C Combus*ble Gases (LPG, hydrogen, acetylene) D Combus*ble Metals (magnesium, aluminium and alloys) E Fires with Electrical Hazard F Fires in Cooking Oils and Fats Each of these Classes requires a specific means of figh*ng it. We will discuss these means as we go through this session.

14 Par*cular Shipboard Nas*es Pressurised Fuel; eg Diesel Engine or Boiler fuel lines and Hydraulic Systems fuel can be hot as well as pressurised If breached releases a flammable or explosive vapour Bogled Gases Can explode like a bomb or release a stream of flammables through pressure relief devices Preferable to keep clean and dry on the upper deck Refrigera*on Plant and Gases Can form poisonous gases if heated; eg Phosgene

15 Par*cular Shipboard Nas*es 2 PAINT STORES Locate away from heat and collision risk Minimise stocks and keep *dy Provide sprinkler cooling Co Stowage of incompa*bles; eg Chlorine Powder and Lub Oil. There are many others Deep Fat Friers Keep oil clean Maintain extrac*on flue and shugers, and remote closing lids Outboard Fuel Keep in safe je*sonable stowage on the upper deck

16 Par*cular Shipboard Nas*es 3 Ship in Dockyard or Repairer s Hands Most dangerous period as management can become split between crew and repairer and vital safety informa*on lost Unknown people onboard Ensure good liaision with your repair agent If slipped or docked, the availability of water for cooling and fire management is reduced Welding and Burning opera*ons are a par*cular hazard Set up strict control regime Thoroughly inspect and clear sites of flammables and explosion risks Post fire sentries at sites Thorough and repeated post work rounds of all sites

17 Preven*on We prefer to PREVENT rather than have to FIGHT fire

18 Fire Preven*on Fires are prevented by Sound Design to well thought out Design Rules Effec*ve Ship Command and Management Trained, Competent and Mo*vated Crew Effec*ve management of poten*ally hazardous evolu*ons Fuelling Movement and stowage of Chemical, Flammable or Explosive stores Well prac*sed Emergency Drills Thorough Watchkeeping and Rounds Good Housekeeping Rigorous Maintenance to Defined Standards THOROUGH SHIP KNOWLEDGE

19 Fire Preven*on 2 Sound Design NSCV Part C, Part C 4 Fire Safety contains: Standards and Specifica*ons for vessel structure Scales and specifica*on of firefigh*ng equipment to be carried Requirements for drills and equipment tes*ng If maintaining or modifying a vessel or its equipment take good note of this Instruc*on

20 Fire Preven*on 3 Command Communica*ons and Control Chain of command Everybody knows their role and does it Report Defects Take Charge of situa*ons quickly and effec*vely Effec*ve Management Emergency rou*nes/drills promulgated and prac*sed Conscien*ous Watchkeeping Agen*on to detail during rounds of ship compartments Monitor opera*ng machinery

21 Fire Preven*on 4 Good Housekeeping Clean up spills Don t accumulate oily rags Keep clean and *dy Stow gear and stores properly Good Maintenance Prac*ce Avoid or fix leaks Manage igni*on sources especially Welding and Burning Keep lagging shielded and free of oil soakage Keep All Equipment and systems in working Order Observe Configura1on Control and Manufacturer s Instruc*ons KNOW THY SHIP AND THYSELF!!!!!!

22 Firefigh*ng Equipment Portable Handheld Ex*nguishers Fire Blankets Buckets Hoses Fixed Sprinklers Fixed Gas and or Powder Suppression Systems

23 Firefigh*ng Agents Water Hose Systems Water filled hand held ex*nguishers Foam and AFFF Used in hose systems Foam filled hand ex*nguishers Powder Smothering CO2 driven Hand Ex*nguishers Specialised aircrap ground firefigh*ng systems Gas Suppressants Carbon Dioxide Hand ex*nguisher Compartment drench/smothering Halon or other proprietary gases Compartment drench/smothering BEWARE that some of these will develop poisonous fumes when exposed to heat

24 Portable Ex*nguishers A first line of agack Must be checked annually by competent agent and these checks logged Keep in allocated, readily accessible stowages adjacent to where they are likely to be needed Not so close that you cannot get to them Best just outside the relevant compartment door Crew should make regular checks of seals, nozzles and general readiness for use When used, MUST be replaced asap NEVER put a used ex*nguisher back in its stowage NEVER use except for firefigh*ng

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26 Use of Ex*nguishers Always use with ex*nguisher upright Pull pin Aim low at the base of the fire Squeeze handle Sweep side to side

27 Use of Ex*nguishers Important Test briefly before going for the fire Stay upwind of fire and ensure you have a retreat path Dry chemical, CO2 and Vapour ex*nguishers have no residual effect You have to get the fire in one hit. Most ex*nguishers require you to get close to the fire especially if windy

28 Use of Ex*nguishers Important 2 Use of CO2 or Vapour in a confined space can lead to asphyxia*on if too much used for too long Dry chemical is more efficient in knocking down a fire you don t have to get as close as with CO2 With foam bounce it off an object and let it flow over the fire surface Direct aim at fire surface breaks the foam blanket and can lead to re igni*on

29 Inspec*on Test & Recharge Recharge or replace an ex*nguisher immediately aper use NEVER put a part used ex*nguisher back in its stowage Regular crew check of seal, support, instruc*ons, contents indicator, nozzle condi*on All ex*nguishers inspected annually by authorised inspector and tagged Note this ac*on in the log is good prac*ce

30 Pumps, Hydrants and Hoses Main figh*ng agent for larger fires in larger vessels Excellent for Class A fires Cooling agent Scager fire core to facilitate ex*nguishing Used also to distribute foam onto Class B (liquid fuel) fires Has limited applica*on for Class F (cooking fat) fires

31 Pumps, Hydrants and Hoses 2 Can be used to protect firefighters from radiant heat using water wall technique Used to cool and protect gas bogle stowages from fire and radiant heat Used to boundary cool compartments adjacent to a fire. Also used for general upper deck cleaning par*cularly of anchor and cable When used for these du*es ensure gear is put away clean and dry

32 Pumps Will be more than one in a larger vessel Distributed through the ship each with own sea suc*on Should be self priming Func*onality should be tested at regular fire drills

33 Portable Pumps Larger ships may carry portable pumps in addi*on to fixed systems Typically electrically driven submersibles Used mainly for salvage of flooded compartments Can be used on fire depending on output pressure

34 Hydrants Distributed through the ship Clearly marked in Red and with signage Standard hose connec*on throughout the ship Opera*on to be checked regularly by engineering staff and during drills Ensure that hydrants are not obstructed in any manner and that valves are free to operate

35 Hoses Kept in designated and accessible stowages adjacent to Hydrant Two types Fold Flat (Canvas) type Reel type Inspect regularly Check func*onality regularly during drills Stow canvas types DRY

36 Foam Inlets Some older ships may have foam inlets to machinery spaces where foam can be introduced from the upper deck to fight a large fuel fire in the bilge.

37 Fixed Suppression Systems Generally used to smother a machinery or similar space Work by excluding Oxygen Media Used Carbon Dioxide Halons (Older systems) Proprietary Gas mixtures (Newer systems) Advantage is that they don t further damage machinery and electrics Disadvantages Will kill through asphyxia*on Don t cool the fire thus risk of re igni*on if re entry is too soon

38 Fixed Suppression Systems 2 Opera*on Shut down machinery if possible Evacuate space Shut hatches/doors Close ven*la*on flaps Ac*vate system (Alarm will sound as part of this process) Re Entry Wait *ll space has cooled below re igni*on point Ven*late thoroughly Use breathing apparatus un*l the atmosphere has been proven safe to breathe

39 Remote Shut offs Most vessels have remote shut off systems for fuel and ven*la*on Usually operated from Bridge/Wheelhouse; or Upper Deck or Main Deck at a suitable loca*on KNOW: WHERE they are and WHEN and HOW to use them

40 Breathing Apparatus Used for escape from compartments; e.g. Enginerooms Used to protect Firefighters from smoke and gas When firefigh*ng par*cularly in smoke When re entering smothered compartments Kept in accessible clearly marked stowages at strategic points in the ship Do Not obstruct access

41 Breathing Apparatus 2 Must be maintained annually by qualified agent. Cylinder pressures should be checked regularly by crew maintainers as part of a maintenance/inspec*on schedule Test func*onality during drills Where re charging facility is onboard ensure Qualified maintainer does the recharge connec*ons compa*ble and func*onal

42 Lifelines Used in figh*ng internal fires and searching in smoke Must be tended by qualified person Signals must be understood by user and tender

43 Protec*ve Clothing Hood, Gloves, Boots, Helmet, Goggles or other eye protec*on An* flash Gear Protec*ve Suit Essen*als are: Do Not leave flesh uncovered Protect face and eyes Use non flammable clothing (wool, heavy cogon) Ar*ficial fibres are OUT

44 Checking Firefigh*ng Equipment Mandated annual checks of Ex*nguishers by competent authority Crew walk around checks that gear is there and ready for use Func*onal checks during drills Run out hoses Prove couplings fit and work Prove pumps, firemains and hydrants work Don breathing gear and prove it

45 Firefigh*ng Small fires expand very quickly Smoke spreads quickly in a ship in confined spaces Asphyxia*ng Poisonous some*mes Cannot see Even small fires can disable a ship

46 Have a Fire Response Plan Aim Quick & correct ini*al response Rapid accoun*ng for all people onboard Effec*ve designated emergency sta*on list Safety gear and firefigh*ng gear readily available Quick accurate communica*ons Safe follow up ac*on post fire Heightened preven*on awareness

47 First Response to Fire Raise Alarm Take first aid ac*on if possible If not successful, close off space and get bigger help quickly On Alarm Crew will Muster at Emergency Muster Sta*ons

48 Fire Alarm and Muster Alarm con*nuous ringing of bell or ship s alarm system Crew to emergency muster sta*ons Person i/c Account for crew (and passengers) Put passengers in a safe place Manage the firefigh*ng DELEGATE TASKS. KEEP CONTROL MANAGE COMMUNICATIONS

49 Management Factors in Shipboard Fire Quick No*fica*on of Fire First Aid Firefigh*ng Measures Firefigh*ng Control of Spread Manage Ven*la*on Manage Smoke Spread Boundary Cooling cool combus*ble gases or pressurised vessels prevent spread to adjacent compartments Ship Stability Management Management of Crew and Passengers Evacua*on

50 Emergency Muster Sta*ons Purpose Get people to known posi*ons from which their efforts can be directed Get Passengers and surplus people to safe areas Maintain control of the ship and the fire

51 Factors in Shipboard Fire Fire itself Spread of Fire to other compartments and fuel etc Smoke spread in confined spaces Loss of visibility Management of ship stability through controlling amount and drainage of firefigh*ng water

52 Firefigh*ng Fire can be fought by removing any one or more of the elements of: FUEL HEAT or OXYGEN

53 Firefigh*ng Remove FUEL SHUT fuel or gas supply valve using Emergency shut off where provided Cylinder Valve Suitable line valve outside of fire area May have to use water spray to drive off smoke or flame while person operates the valve KNOW YOUR SHIP SYSTEMS

54 Firefigh*ng Remove HEAT Water is very useful for cooling and there is a lot of it. Will ex*nguish solid combus*bles by taking away heat and by dispersing the fire material. Can be used to keep gas cylinders and fuel tanks cool by spraying to reduce radient heat on them. Used to boundary cool adjacent spaces. Can be used to protect firefighters from radiant heat. BEWARE. Too much water in the wrong place is a stability hazard. More on this Later

55 Firefigh*ng Exclude OXYGEN Smother the fire Fire blanket for small ones; eg cooking pot Wrap burning vic*m in blanket to ex*nguish clothing Foam par*cularly for liquid fuels Ex*nguishing gas or vapour in fixed installa*ons Steam or water fog in some applica*ons Powder and CO2 from hand held ex*nguishers

56 Firefigh*ng Exclude OXYGEN 2 Once smothering agent is in place KEEP IT THERE un*l the space cools below re igni*on temperature Blanket stays in place Foam layer kept intact and topped up Gas in confined compartment maintained. KEEP HATCHES, DOORS etc CLOSED When using foam, spray onto ver*cal object/wall at the rear of the fire and let the foam spread across the fire surface If you point it into the surface, it can break the seal and lead to re igni*on

57 Firefigh*ng Exclude OXYGEN 3 When smothering a space Sound Drenching Alarm (KLAXON or similar) Ensure people are OUT Shut down machinery and fuel Vvs etc Shut all access including ven*la*on trunks Ac*vate drench Do not allow re entry When thoroughly cool, ven*late space before re entering

58 Hazards Electricity Electricity is a major hazard on a ship Typically re*culated at 440V, 240V or 115V in larger vessels and can kill Smaller vessels re*culate at 32V, 24V or 12V which is more manageable HOWEVER Some electrical and electronic equipment has very high internal voltages and large capacitors all of which can kill. Wherever possible isolate electricity from the fire zone. KNOW YOUR SYSTEMS On electrical equipment or wiring fires use only approved ex*nguishers

59 Hazards Smoke Chokes and asphyxiates Irritates eyes Blocks light and vision Use breathing Apparatus Can use water spray to disperse some smoke Escape without protec*on Get low where visibility and breathability is beger Keep calm, breathe slowly through mouth Get to clear air asap

60 Firefigh*ng Ven*la*on Fires generate Smoke and Fumes Smoke and fumes spread through passageways, doors and other openings the Ven*la*on System Air (Oxygen) reaches a fire through the same avenues

61 Firefigh*ng Ven*la*on 2 Affected Space Close access Doors and Hatches Isolate ven*la*on to the space Fans and Flaps Surrounding Spaces Run exhaust to clear smoke to aid firefigh*ng access Affected Space aper Cool Down Ven*late thoroughly Be wary of re igni*on

62 Hazard Refrigerant Gases Usually heavier than air A rupture can provide an invisible flood in the compartment which will kill by asphyxia*on Use breathing apparatus Can form poisonous fumes/gases when exposed to heat and fire Use breathing apparatus Ven*late space thoroughly aper any incident and before normal re entry is allowed

63 Ship Stability Issues The use of large amounts of water can affect ship stability Top weight Free Surface Try to keep overboard drainage via scuppers etc open If needed, drain water to a lower compartment or tank Pump out COMMAND MUST MANAGE THIS ASPECT

64 Hazards Helicopter Fire If an aircrap crashes onboard there can be a big fire Lots of Fuel and Flammable Metals (Mag alloy) Shut all openings facing the fire Cool and smother with foam or powder if appliance is provided Boundary cool adjacent compartments Agempt to rescue crew Wash spilled fuel over the side Watch that it does not enter aper decks or compartments You may have to ditch a burning helo over the side if it presents too big a hazard

65 Tug PETRA FRONTIER Lessons Learned Poor Rela*ons among Officers and Crew led to Lack of Teamwork Lack of Communica*ons Lack of Situa*on Control Lack of Drills and Ship Knowledge Poor Housekeeping Inadequate Watchkeeping Prac*ces Lack of Regular Maintenance A Ligle Fire disabled a ship Long Causa*on Chain

66 KIOLOA 20 Emergency Procedures Fire Agack asap; eg by smothering or with fire ex*nguisher If too big MAY DAY ABANDON SHIP as directed by Skipper Stay near you might be able to re board Take portable radio, EPIRB & Flares if you can

67 KIOLOA 20 Fire Probability Probability of fire is low due to the high standard of Construc*on to 2C Fuel Tank and lines very well protected and isolated from the rest of the vessel. No internal joints in lines Filling point outboard Flexible connec*ons and strainers outboard All wiring properly terminated and secured

68 KIOLOA 20 Fire Consequence Consequence of fire is catastrophic Lots of fuel plus pyrotechnics Fibreglass and fabric construc*on Foam buoyancy If ignited vessel would burn end to end to the waterline Most likely cause on the water would be through collision

69 KIOLOA 20 Fire Management Kioloa Manages in order to PREVENT fire in the boat NO SMOKING Comprehensive SOP for fuelling and preven*on of igni*on sources Regular Inspec*on of boat and systems Regular maintenance of systems Crew aware of symptoms of spillage etc

70 Conclusion We have covered: The NSCV Regula*ons The Basics and Types of Fire & Shipboard Nas*es Fire Preven*on Firefigh*ng Equipment Management of Fire Firefigh*ng Hazards (Electricity, Smoke, Refrigerant Gases, Stability) Helicopter on deck Case Study PETRA FRONTIER KIOLOA 20 Assessment & Procedures

71 Now that you know all about it ANY QUESTIONS?