GAS MONETIZATION PIPELINES

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1 T&T sistemi GAS MONETIZATION PIPELINES

2 MONETIZING STRANDED GAS Natural gas is of little value unless it can be brought from the wellhead to the customer, who may be several thousand kilometers from the source. Because natural gas is relatively low in energy content per unit volume, it is expensive to transport. The cost to transport energy in the form of gas is significantly greater than for oil. This is one of the key hurdles to the increased use of gas. The most popular way to move gas from the source to the consumer is through pipelines.

3 FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL GAS ENERGY The four primary ways of bringing the energy potential of gas to the market: Transportation as gas Transportation as solid, Transportation as liquid Transmission as electric power

4 SCREENING GAS TRANSPORTATION OPTIONS There are several options for transporting gas to the market. The distance of the stranded gas from the market plays a key role in selection of the gas utilization option. Of the gas that is traded, approximately 74% is moved through PIPELINES. Pipelines are generally considered the cheapest option up to 2500 km, except in cases of smaller volumes in which power generation and transmission could be a viable alternative. For distances greater than 2500 km, pipelines could still be an option; however, depending on the size of the gas field, LNG and GTL could be more attractive options. For more than 4000 km, pipelines are generally not suitable. LNG, GTL, and chemicals are more viable options. Direct GTL and NGH routes are not considered viable at this time and are not discussed further. DME is also not considered practical because of infrastructurerelated issues. Fraction of gas traded in the last years

5 FOCUS ON GAS TO GAS [GTG] There are three gas-to-gas (GTG) options to bring gas to market as gas: PIPELINES (GAS_PIPELINES) Compressed natural gas (CNG) Liquefied Natural Gas

6 FOCUS ON GAS TO GAS [GTG]: PIPELINES PIPELINES (GAS_PIPELINES) In pipelines, the gas is treated to meet pipeline quality requirements and compressed for transport and distribution through a network of pipelines.

7 FOCUS ON GAS TO GAS [GTG]: PIPELINES For an optimal gas transportation process with pipeline is important consider these aspects: Analysis and design of Fiber Optic backbones and point-to-point microwave links along the pipeline routes, Radio coverage (wells) with Radio Systems (PMR Analog HF / VHF / UHF Digital and DMR / TETRA) and VSAT Access Control & Intrusion Detection Systems PIIDS), Control Systems for Active and Passive Defense of the Pipeline and Perimeter areas. Leak Detection Systems, with Field Instrumentation and FOC Sensor. SDH/PDH Systems for data transmission.

8 FOCUS ON PIPELINES: TIPICAL SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE OVERALL SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE LEAK DETECTION - INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS

9 FOCUS ON PIPELINES : WHY MONITOR PIPELINES If pipelines leak the consequences are tragic for PEOPLE, the ENVIROMENTAL and REPUTATIONS, hence operators have to use a range of technologies and tools to ensure pipeline integrity. Fiber optic distributed sensing uses an external fiber optic cable, often included during pipeline installation for communications, to detect leaks, ground movement and third party intrusion. Including a system transforms a fiber optic cable into a continuous, real time monitoring system at minimal extra cost. This valuable technique helps operators detect the earliest stages of threats to the pipeline, giving them time and information to respond before disaster strikes

10 FOCUS ON PIPELINES : WHY MONITOR PIPELINES An optimal fiber optic distributed sensing system is fundamental to detect, locate and profile small temperature, strain or vibration changes along the entire length of a fiber optic sensing cable continuously in real time. These changes denote a leak, ground movement or intrusion. A performance monitoring software ensures that detected events are intelligently analyzed so that alerts are efficiently communicated and false alarms minimized.

11 FOCUS ON PIPELINES : WHY MONITOR PIPELINES A Monitor System forms one element of the operator s integrated security system. It provides continuous high sensitivity monitoring with no 'dead' zones to detect and locate: very small, developing (incipient) leaks early signs of ground movement, such as landslide, subsidence and the effects of other geohazards. seasonal changes impacting surrounding soil, (e.g.: flooding, freezing, thawing) early signs of soil erosion Right-of-way (ROW) third party intrusion (authorized and non-authorized) position of pipeline smart pigs.

12 FOCUS ON PIPELINES : WHY CHOOSE A GOOD MONITOR SYSTEM So a good choice of the Enviromental Protection Systems Software is extremely important to : Model Gas Pipeline structure Analyze Enviromental condition Flow-in Calculation (according to delivery table, actual cumulate flow and configured pressure) Prevent leak Locate possible Leak trunk over the map Real-Time Module (RTM) PIG Tracking Simulation Module Instrument Check Module Batch Tracking Module Leak Location Module Software Maintenance & Utilities Forecasting Modelling Data Logger Tuning Module Real-Time Graphs System Configuration

13 FOCUS ON PIPELINES : WHY CHOOSE A GOOD MONITOR SYSTEM Locate possible Leak trunk over the map

14 FOCUS ON PIPELINES : WHY CHOOSE A GOOD MONITOR SYSTEM Example : Real time Graphs

15 FOCUS ON PIPELINES : HOW YOU REDUCE RISKS TO PIPELINE High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems are used to reduce risks to pipelines or industrial installations. The design of these systems meets the standards IEC and IEC Functional Safety standards. HIPPS is an instrumented safety system, protect the enviroment avoiding relief system (venting), decrease the pressure rating of the pipeline. These systems enables to select the adequate sizing of the pipes optimizing the costs. HIPPS provides a solution to protect equipment in cases where: high-pressures and / or flow rates are processed the environment is to be protected the economic viability of a development needs improvement the risk profile of the plant must be reduced

16 FOCUS ON PIPELINES : HOW YOU REDUCE RISKS TO PIPELINE HIPPS Systems is a complete functional loop composed consisting of: sensors, (or initiators) that detect the high pressure a logic solver, which processes the input from the sensors to an output to the final element final elements, that actually perform the corrective action in the field by bringing the process to a safe state. In case of a HIPPS this means shutting off the source of overpressure. The final element consists of a valve, actuator and solenoids. The international standards IEC and refer to safety functions and Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) when discussing a device to protect equipment, personnel and environment. Safety Instrumented Systems

17 FOCUS ON PIPELINES : HOW YOU REDUCE RISKS TO PIPELINE Safety Analysis On the IEC standard four SILs are defined, with SIL 4 the most dependable and SIL 1 the least. A SIL is determined based on a number of quantitative factors in combination with qualitative factors such as development process and safety life cycle management. Product Lifecycle is followed by TUV FSEngineer : SIL3 Safety Application Solid State SIL4 Software Design Hardware Design Service TUV Certification Engineering Proposal

18 GAS MONETIZATION: PIPELINES An investment through Pipelines to be effective and efficient (in a long time) must consider the following criteria : Environmental risk Regulations applicable Return to local economy People Health & Safety risk Realization cost Safety Analysis & Design High Level Technologies to modelling monitoring and ensure the pipeline Integrity So If you protect your investments, your Turnover will increase over time