Update on SFPE Design Fire Scenarios Standard. Charles Fleischmann University of Canterbury

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2 Update on SFPE Design Fire Scenarios Standard Charles Fleischmann University of Canterbury

3 Mission - To develop a standard on methods to create design fire scenarios for a performance-based fire protection design. Methods that are developed are to be defendable, transparent, and reproducible Apply the methods to develop recommended design fire scenarios

4 Who is on the committee? Name Employer Interest Represented Country Kees Both Promat Research Producer Netherlands Jason Butler Savannah River Nuclear Solutions Facilities Management USA Jason Floyd JENSON HUGHES Research and testing USA Craig Hofmeister The Fire Consultants Design Engineer USA M. C. Hui BCA Logic Pty Ltd Design Engineer Australia Martin Nillson AIG Insurance Sweden David Stroup US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Enforcement official USA Piotr Tofilo The Main School of Fire Service Specialist Poland Colleen Wade BRANZ Research and testing New Zealand Shawn Wrightson Koffel Associates Design Engineer USA Jason Smart American Wood Council Producer USA Alternates John Stauder The Fire Consultants Alternate to Craig Hofmeister USA Don Turno Savannah River Nuclear Solutions Alternate to Jason Butler USA

5 Where is the committee heading? Building-Occupant systems 1 Triplet Objective Criteria Scenario Characterising the hazards based on the occupancy using existing fire statistics Develop of short list of scenarios (general common to multiple buildings & occupancy specific) Quantify the design fires 1 Jutras, I., Meacham, B., Tubbs, B. and Hurley, M., A Proposed Approach for Developing and Presenting Fire Scenarios, Design Fires and Criteria for Regulation and Design, 10 th PBD conference, Brisbane, Australia

6 Short List of Scenarios ( ) NFPA Data non-residential-annually ~100,000 fire ~70 civilian deaths ~1500 civilian injuries ~$2.6 billion direct property loss

7 NFPA Data - Occupancies Mercantile/Stores Education/Schools Offices Industrial Hotels/Motels Warehouses Restaurants & Bars Religious & funeral Health Care Nursing homes Hospitals and hospices Mental Health Clinics and doctors office

8 Criteria Used to Develop List of Potential Scenarios Analysis based on area of origin data >5% of all fires in this class of building, or >2 fatalities/year and disproportionate number of fatalities, or >20 injuries/year and disproportionate number of injuries, or >$5x10 6 /year and disproportionate damage estimate All fires, confined fires, non-confined fires

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10 Proportionality Factor Proportionality Factor = #of ( fatalities) # fires in the space all ( fatalities) all fires Where the value in () is fatalities, injuries, damage in the space 2

11 Categories of Structure Fire All fires Confined fires - confined cooking fires, confined chimney or flue fires, confined trash fires, confined fuel burner or boiler fires, confined commercial compactor fires, and confined incinerator fires Non-confined fires

12 Exemplar NFPA Data Structure Fires in Store and Mercantile, by Area of Origin Annual Averages Proportionality Factor Direct Property Damage (in Fatalities /# fires Injuries /# fires Damage /# fires Area of Origin Fires Civilian Fatalities Civilian Injuries Millions) Kitchen or cooking area 2, % 0 0.0% % $28 4.7% Non-confined % 0 0.0% % $27 4.5% Confined % % $1 25.0% Laundry room or area % 0 0.0% % $11 1.8% Non-confined % 0 0.0% % $9 1.5% Confined % % $2 50.0% Unclassified outside area % 0 0.0% 2 0.7% $8 1.3% Non-confined % 0 0.0% 2 0.7% $8 1.3% Confined % % $0 0.0% Sales of showroom area % % % $ % Non-confined % % % $ % Confined % % $0 0.0% Unclassified equipment or % 0 0.0% % $22 3.7% Non-confined % 0 0.0% % $22 3.7% Confined % % $0 0.0% Trash or rubbish chute, area or % 0 0.0% 2 0.7% $1 0.2% Non-confined % 0 0.0% 1 0.4% $1 0.2% Confined % % $0 0.0%

13 Summary from NFPA Data Structure Fires in Store & Mercantile by Area of Origin Summary of Scenarios Proportionality Factor > 2 Non-Confined Kitchen or cooking area Laundry room or area Sales of showroom area Maintenance or paint shop area Other known area of origin Non-Vehicle Storage areas (combined) % Fires > 5% Fatalities Injuries Damage

14 Fire Scenario Non-Confined Fires Hotels and Motels Stores and Mercantile Warehouses Attic or ceiling/roof assembly of concealed space % % % Bedrooms %,F %,F,I %,F,I % % Confined chimney or flue Dining room, bar or beverage area, or cafeteria Exterior roof surface % % % % % Exterior wall surface % % % % Garage or vehicle storage area Heating equipment room $ Kitchen or cooking area % % % % % % % % % Large assembly area with fixed seats $ Laundry room or area % % % % % % Lavatory, bathroom, locker room or check room % % % % % % % Machinery room or area or elevator machinery room % % Maintenance or paint area I,$ Non-Vehicle Storage areas (combined) $ % % Office % % Other known area of origin % % % %,$ % % % % % % % % % Processing or manufacturing area, or workroom % Sales or showroom area %,$ Shipping and receiving or loading area % Small assembly area, less than 100 person capacity % % Storage of supplies or tools or dead storage % Storage room, area, tank, or bin % Trash or rubbish chute, area or container Unclassified equipment or service area % Unclassified outside area Unclassified storage area %,$ % Vacant structural area Office Industrial and Manufacturing Educational Properties Eating and Drinking Establishments Religious and funeral properties Health Care Facilities Nursing Homes Hospital and Hospices Mental Health Facilities Clinics or Doctors' Offices

15 First Item Ignited Store and Mercantile Annual Average Direct Property Damage Fires Civilian Injuries (in Millions) Cooking materials, including food 2,000 12% 19-8% $12-2% Non-confined fire 270 2% 10-4% $11-2% Confined fire 1,730 32% 9-4% $1 0% Electrical wire or cable insulation 1,660 10% 12-5% $62-10% Non-confined fire 1,490 14% 10-4% $62-10% Confined fire 170 3% 1-1% $0 0% Flammable and combustible liquids and gases, piping and filter 1,400 9% % $84-13% Non-confined fire 850 8% % $84-13% Confined fire % 5-2% $0 0% Rubbish, trash, or waste 1,400 9% 5-2% $23-4% Non-confined fire 380 3% 3-1% $23-4% Confined fire 1,020 19% 2-1% $0 0% Unclassified item first ignited 1,370 8% 10-4% $45-7% Non-confined fire 910 8% 10-4% $45-7% Confined fire 460 9% 0 0% $0 0% Structural member or framing 830 5% 5-2% $68-10% Non-confined fire 830 8% 5-2% $68-10% Confined fire 10 0% 0 0% $0 0%

16 Limitations (Scenarios) Data Outside the USA? Prescriptive Codes are preventing potential scenario that does not show up in statistics Ensure flexibility May need to subgroup scenarios (i.e. bulk retail, storage) Process hazards difficult to define Are damage assessments adequate?

17 Establishing Fire Growth Rates Nilsson, Johansson, & Van Hees, Statistical and Empirical Data Applied to Determine the Effect of Arson. Incident data Currently have from NFPA Incident data - need from NFPA Expert judgement from committee Q=α 1 t 2 Q=α 2 t 2 Probability Density Function Q=α 3 t 2 Q=α 4 t 2 Q=α 5 t 2 Q=α 6 t 2 Cumulative Density Function Q=α 7 t 2

18 Quantifying Design Fires - Kitchen Scenario Example Common Kitchen Single cooktops, oven, large appliances, small appliances, cabinets, food storage Commercial Kitchens - Multiple cooktops, a number of large appliances and multiple occupants involved in the cooking activities. In addition, a large extraction systems & suppression system

19 Common Kitchen Scenarios 1. Cooking oil fires 2. Appliances 3. Counter top fire spreading to other combustibles 4. Ignition of stored kitchen/cooking items

20 Single Pan Domestic Kitchen Heat Release Rate (kw) Time (s) B-1 B-2 B-3 Chow - Experimental Evaluation on Performance of Open Kitchen Fire Suppression Systems

21 Multiple Pan Commercial Kitchen 1400 Heat Release Rate (kw) pans (A1) 6 pans (B-1) Time (s)

22 Appliances Heat Release Rate (kw) AP1 AP2 AP3 AP Time (s) Dishwasher Hietaniemi - Burning of Electrical Household Appliances - An Experimental Study

23 Fire Spreading to Cabinets Heat Release Rate (kw) CB-S1 CB-S2 Oak-S1 Oak-S2 PB-S Time (s) Cleary - Smoke Alarm Performance in Kitchen Fires and Nuisance Alarm Scenarios NIST Technical Note 1784

24 Storage Found in Commercial Kitchens Pre-flashover Post-flashover Heat Release Rate (kw) Q=0.1876(t)^2 Q=0.0469(t)^2 Q=0.0117(t)^ Time (s)

25 Design Fire Characteristics Appliance Refrigerator freezers (free burning) Refrigerator freezers (in a cupboard) Dishwasher (free burning) Dishwasher max. RHR (kw) 1970 (219) 1526 (534) 411 (91) 548 (in a cupboard) (247) Washing machine 333 (106) Average Effective Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 28.1 (0.1) 18.6 (0.1) 31.3 (2.8) 19.5 (0.7) 32.3 (2.0) Average Y smoke (kg/kg) 0.05 (0.018) (0.013) (0.0004) (0.002) (0.006) Average Y CO (kg/kg) (0.007) (0.014) (0.010) (0.009) (0.015) Average Y CO2 (kg/kg) (0.072) (0.039) (0.266) (0.016) (0.335)

26 Way Forward Finalize design fire methodology Apply methodology to common & occupancy specific scenarios Develop methodology for fires that don t fall into use/occupancy groups selected Work to define acceptance criteria

27 Committee Members Needed Outside USA Insurance Enforcement Facility Manager

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