Table of Contents EPA (Radon).1 CPSC (Safety) 43 Business.48

Transcription

1 Table of Contents EPA (Radon).1 CPSC (Safety) 43 Business.48

2 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon EPA RECOMMENDS: Q Q Q Q Q If you are buying or selling a home, have it tested for radon. For a new home, ask if radon-resistant construction features were used and if the home has been tested. Fix the home if the radon level is 4 picocuries per liter (pci/l) or higher. Radon levels less than 4 pci/l still pose a risk and, in many cases, may be reduced. Take steps to prevent device interference when conducting a radon test ,000 Deaths Per Year EPA estimates that radon causes thousands of cancer deaths in the U.S. each year. 20,000 15,000 10,000 21,000 17,400 8,000 5,000 3,900 2,800 0 RADON* Drunk Driving Falls in the Home Drownings Home Fires *Radon is estimated to cause about 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year, according to EPA s 2003 Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R ). The numbers of deaths from other causes are taken from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Report and 2002 National Safety Council Reports. U.S. EPA 402-K , November 2006 DLT

3 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW Why Should I Test for Radon?... 3 a. Radon Has Been Found In Homes All Over the United States... 3 b. EPA and the Surgeon eneral Recommend That You Test Your Home I m Selling a Home. What Should I Do?... 5 a. If Your Home Has Already Been Tested for Radon... 5 b. If Your Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon I m Buying a Home. What Should I Do?... 7 a. If the Home Has Already Been Tested for Radon... 7 b. If the Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon I m Buying or Building A New Home. How Can I Protect My Family?... 9 a. Why Should I Buy a Radon-Resistant Home?... 9 b. What Are Radon-Resistant Features? How Can I et Reliable Radon Test Results? a. Types of Radon Devices b. eneral Information for All Devices c. Preventing or Detecting Test Interference d. Length of Time to Test e. Doing a Short-Term Test f. Using Testing Devices Properly for Reliable Results g. Interpreting Radon Test Results Radon and Smoking Radon Testing Checklist What Should I Do If the Radon Level Is High? a. High Radon Levels Can Be Reduced b. How to Lower the Radon Level In Your Home c. Selecting a Radon-Reduction (Mitigation) Contractor d. What Can a Qualified Radon-Reduction Contractor Do for You e. Radon In Water Radon Myths and Facts U.S. EPA 402-K , November 2006 DLT

4 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 8 Need More Information About Radon? a. World Wide Web Sites (EPA) b. Radon Hotlines (Toll-Free) c. Printed Documents Radon Risk and Testing Reducing Radon Levels In a Home Building a New Home to Be Radon-Resistant Radon Technical uidance State Radon Offices EPA Regional Offices Index U.S. EPA 402-K , November 2006 DLT

5 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon OVERVIEW This uide answers important questions about radon and lung cancer risk. It also answers questions about testing and fixing for anyone buying or selling a home. Radon Is a Cancer-Causing, Radioactive as You cannot see, smell, or taste radon. But it still may be a problem in your home. When you breathe air containing radon, you increase your risk of getting lung cancer. In fact, the Surgeon eneral of the United States has warned that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States today. If you smoke and your home has high radon levels, your risk of lung cancer is especially high EPA Risk Assessment for Radon in Indoor Air EPA has updated its estimate of the lung cancer risks from exposure to radon in indoor air. The Agency s updated risk assessment, EPA Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R , June 2003), is available as a downloadable Adobe Acrobat PDF file at EPA s reassessment was based on the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report on the Health Effects of Exposure to Radon (BEIR VI, 1999). The Agency now estimates that there are about 21,000 annual radon-related lung cancer deaths, an estimate consistent with the NAS Report s findings. You Should Test for Radon Testing is the only way to find out your home s radon levels. EPA and the Surgeon eneral recommend testing all homes below the third floor for radon. You Can Fix a Radon Problem If you find that you have high radon levels, there are ways to fix a radon problem. Even very high levels can be reduced to acceptable levels. If You Are Selling a Home... EPA recommends that you test your home before putting it on the market and, if necessary, lower your radon levels. Save the test results and all information you have about steps that were taken to fix any problems. This could be a positive selling point. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

6 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon If You Are Buying a Home... EPA recommends that you know what the indoor radon level is in any home you consider buying. Ask the seller for their radon test results. If the home has a radon-reduction system, ask the seller for any information they have about the system. If the home has not yet been tested, you should have the house tested. If you are having a new home built, there are features that can be incorporated into your home during construction to reduce radon levels. 6 9 The radon testing guidelines in this uide have been developed specifically to deal with the time-sensitive nature of home purchases and sales, and the potential for radon device interference. These guidelines are slightly different from the guidelines in other EPA publications which provide radon testing and reduction information for non-real estate situations. This uide recommends three short-term testing options for real estate transactions. EPA also recommends testing a home in the lowest level which is currently suitable for occupancy, since a buyer may choose to live in a lower area of the home than that used by the seller. 15 U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

7 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 1. WHY SHOULD I TEST FOR RADON? a. Radon Has Been Found In Homes All Over the United States Radon is a radioactive gas that has been found in homes all over the United States. It comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, and water and gets into the air you breathe. Radon typically moves up through the ground to the air above and into your home through cracks and other holes in the foundation. Radon can also enter 25 your home through well water. Your home can trap radon inside. Any home can have a radon problem. This means new and old homes, well-sealed and drafty homes, and homes with or without basements. In fact, you and your family are most likely to get your greatest radiation exposure at home. That is where you spend most of your time. Nearly one out of every 15 homes in the United States is estimated to have an elevated radon level (4 pci/l or more). Elevated levels of radon gas have been found in homes in your state. Contact your state radon office for information about radon in your area U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

8 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon b. EPA and the Surgeon eneral Recommend That You Test Your Home Testing is the only way to know if you and your family are at risk from radon. EPA and the Surgeon eneral recommend testing all homes below the third floor for radon. U.S. SUREON ENERAL HEALTH ADVISORY Indoor radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United States and breathing it over prolonged periods can present a significant health risk to families all over the country. It s important to know that this threat is completely preventable. Radon can be detected with a simple test and fixed through wellestablished venting techniques. January 2005 You cannot predict radon levels based on state, local, and neighborhood radon measurements. Do not rely on radon test results taken in other homes in the neighborhood to estimate the radon level in your home. Homes which are next to each other can have different indoor radon levels. Testing is the only way to find out what your home s radon level is. In some areas, companies may offer different types of radon service agreements. Some agreements let you pay a one-time fee that covers both testing and radon mitigation, if needed. Contact your state radon office to find out if these are available in your state. 34 U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

9 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 2. I M SELLIN A HOME. WHAT SHOULD I DO? a. If Your Home Has Already Been Tested for Radon... If you are thinking of selling your home and you have already tested your home for radon, review the Radon Testing Checklist to make sure that the test was done correctly. If so, provide your test results to the buyer. 20 No matter what kind of test was done, a potential buyer may ask for a new test, especially if: The Radon Testing Checklist items were not met; The last test is not recent, e.g., within two years; You have renovated or altered your home since you tested; or The buyer plans to live in a lower level of the house than was tested, such as a basement suitable for occupancy but not currently lived in. A buyer may also ask for a new test if your state or local government requires disclosure of radon information to buyers. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

10 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon b. If Your Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon... Have a test taken as soon as possible. If you can, test your home before putting it on the market. You should test in the lowest level of the home which is suitable for occupancy. This means testing in the lowest level that you currently live in or a lower level not currently used, but which a buyer could use for living space without renovations. The radon test result is important information about your home s radon level. Some states require radon measurement testers to follow a specific testing protocol. If you do the test yourself, you should carefully follow the testing protocol for your area or EPA s Radon Testing Checklist. If you hire a contractor to test your residence, protect yourself by hiring a qualified* individual or company You can determine a service provider s qualifications to perform radon measurements or to mitigate your home in several ways. Check with your state radon office. Many states require radon professionals to be licensed, certified, or registered. Most states can provide you with a list of knowledgeable radon service providers doing business in the state. In states that don t regulate radon services, ask the contractor if they hold a professional proficiency or certification credential. Such programs usually provide members with a photo-id card, which indicates their qualification(s) and its expiration date. If in doubt, you should check with their credentialing organization. Alternatively, ask the contractor if they ve successfully completed formal training appropriate for testing or mitigation, e.g., a course in radon measurement or radon mitigation. * You should first call your state radon office for information on qualified radon service providers and state-specific radon measurement or mitigation requirements. See Section 9 (p. 34) for information on which states have certification, licensing, or registration programs. For up-to-date information on state radon program offices, visit EPA s detailed and technical guidance on radon measurement and mitigation is included in Section 8 (p. 29); however, state requirements or guidance may be more stringent. Visit for information on private sector radon credentialing programs. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

11 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 3. I M BUYIN A HOME. WHAT SHOULD I DO? a. If the Home Has Already Been Tested for Radon... If you are thinking of buying a home, you may decide to accept an earlier test result from the seller or ask the seller for a new test to be conducted by a qualified radon tester. Before you accept the seller s test, you should determine: The results of previous testing; Who conducted the previous test: the homeowner, a radon professional, or some other person; Where in the home the previous test was taken, especially if you may plan to live in a lower level of the home. For example, the test may have been taken on the first floor. However, if you want to use the basement as living space, test there; and What, if any, structural changes, alterations, or changes in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system have been made to the house since the test was done. Such changes might affect radon levels. If you accept the seller s test, make sure that the test followed the Radon Testing Checklist. If you decide that a new test is needed, discuss it with the seller as soon as possible. If you decide to use a qualified radon tester, contact your state radon office to obtain a copy of their approved list of radon testing companies U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

12 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon b. If the Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon... Make sure that a radon test is done as soon as possible. Consider including provisions in the contract specifying: 12 Where the test will be located; Who should conduct the test; What type of test to do; When to do the test; 14 How the seller and the buyer will share the test results and test costs (if necessary); and When radon mitigation measures will be taken, and who will pay for them. Make sure that the test is done in the lowest level of the home suitable for occupancy. This means the lowest level that you are going to use as living space which is finished or does not require renovations prior to use. A state or local radon official or qualified radon tester can help you make some of these decisions. If you decide to finish or renovate an unfinished area of the home in the future, a radon test should be done before starting the project and after the project is finished. enerally, it is less expensive to install a radon-reduction system before (or during) renovations rather than afterwards. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

13 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 4. I M BUYIN OR BUILDIN A NEW HOME. HOW CAN I PROTECT MY FAMILY? a. Why Should I Buy a Radon-Resistant Home? Radon-resistant techniques work. When installed properly and completely, these simple and inexpensive passive techniques can help to reduce radon levels. In addition, installing them at the time of construction makes it easier to reduce radon levels further if the passive techniques don t reduce radon levels to below 4 pci/l. Radon-resistant techniques may also help to lower moisture levels and those of other soil gases. Radon-resistant techniques: Make Upgrading Easy: Even if built to be radon-resistant, every new home should be tested for radon after occupancy. If you have a test result of 4 pci/l or more, a vent fan can easily be added to the passive system to make it an active system and further reduce radon levels. Are Cost-Effective: Building radon-resistant features into the house during construction is easier and cheaper than fixing a radon problem from scratch later. Let your builder know that radon-resistant features are easy to install using common building materials. Save Money: When installed properly and completely, radon-resistant techniques can also make your home more energy efficient and help you save on your energy costs. In a new home, the cost to install passive radon-resistant features during construction is usually between $350 and $500. In some areas, the cost may be as low as $100. A qualified mitigator will charge about $300 to add a vent fan to a passive system, making it an active system and further reducing radon levels. In an existing home, it usually costs between $800 and $2,500 to install a radon mitigation system. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

14 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon b. What Are Radon-Resistant Features? Radon-resistant techniques (features) may vary for different foundations and site requirements. If you re having a house built, you can learn about EPA s Model Standards (and architectural drawings) and explain the techniques to your builder. If your new house was built (or will be built) to be radonresistant, it will include these basic elements: as-permeable Layer: This layer is placed beneath the slab or flooring system to allow the soil gas to move freely underneath the house. In many cases, the material used is a 4-inch layer of clean gravel. This gas-permeable layer is used only in homes with basement and slab-on-grade foundations; it is not used in homes with crawlspace foundations. 2. Plastic Sheeting: Plastic sheeting is placed on top of the gas-permeable layer and under the slab to help prevent the soil gas from entering the home. In crawl spaces, the sheeting (with seams sealed) is placed directly over the crawlspace floor. 3. Sealing and Caulking: All below-grade openings in the foundation and walls are sealed to reduce soil gas entry into the home. 4. Vent Pipe: A 3- or 4-inch PVC pipe (or other gas-tight pipe) runs from the gas-permeable layer through the house to the roof, to safely vent radon and other soil gases to the outside. 5. Junction Boxes: An electrical junction box is included in the attic to make the wiring and installation of a vent fan easier. For example, you decide to activate the passive system because your test result showed an elevated radon level (4 pci/l or more). A separate junction box is placed in the living space to power the vent fan alarm. An alarm is installed along with the vent fan to indicate when the vent fan is not operating properly. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

15 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 5. HOW CAN I ET RELIABLE RADON TEST RESULTS? Radon testing is easy and the only way to find out if you have a radon problem in your home. a. Types of Radon Devices Since you cannot see or smell radon, special equipment is needed to detect it. When you re ready to test your home, you can order a radon test kit by mail from a qualified radon measurement services provider or laboratory. You can also hire a qualified radon tester, very often a home inspector, who will use a radon device(s) suitable to your situation. The most common types of radon testing devices are listed below. As new testing devices are developed, you may want to check with your state radon office before you test to get the most up-to-date information Passive Devices Passive radon testing devices do not need power to function. These include charcoal canisters, alpha-track detectors, charcoal liquid scintillation devices, and electret ion chamber detectors, which are available in hardware, drug, and other stores; they can also be ordered by mail or phone. These devices are exposed to the air in the home for a specified period of time and then sent to a laboratory for analysis. Both short-term and long-term passive devices are generally inexpensive. Some of these devices may have features that offer more resistance to test interference or disturbance than other passive devices. Qualified radon testers may use any of these devices to measure the home s radon level. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

16 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon Active Devices Active radon testing devices require power to function. These include continuous radon monitors and continuous working level monitors. They continuously measure and record the amount of radon or its decay products in the air. Many of these devices provide a report of this information which can reveal any unusual or abnormal swings in the radon level during the test period. A qualified tester can explain this report to you. In addition, some of these devices are specifically designed to deter and detect test interference. Some technically advanced active devices offer anti-interference features. Although these tests may cost more, they may ensure a more reliable result. b. eneral Information for All Devices A state or local radon official can explain the differences between devices and recommend the ones which are most appropriate for your needs and expected testing conditions. Make sure to use a radon measurement device from a qualified laboratory. Certain precautions should be followed to avoid interference during the test period; see the Radon Testing Checklist for more information on how to get a reliable test result. 20 Radon Test Device Placement EPA recommends that the test device(s) be placed in the lowest level of the home that could be used regularly, whether it is finished or unfinished. Conduct the test in any space that could be used by the buyer as a bedroom, play area, family room, den, exercise room, or workshop. Based on their client s intended use of the space, the qualified testing professional should identify the appropriate test location and inform their client (buyer). Do not test in a closet, stairway, hallway, crawl space or in an enclosed area of high humidity or high air velocity. An enclosed area may include a kitchen, bathroom, laundry room or furnace room. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

17 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon c. Preventing or Detecting Test Interference There is a potential for test interference in real estate transactions. There are several ways to prevent or detect test interference: Use a test device that frequently records radon or decay product levels to detect unusual swings; Employ a motion detector to determine whether the test device has been moved or if testing conditions have changed; Use a proximity detector to reveal the presence of people in the room which may correlate to possible changes in radon levels during the test; Record the barometric pressure to identify weather conditions which may have affected the test; Record the temperature to help assess whether doors and windows have been opened; Apply tamper-proof seals to windows to ensure closed-house conditions; and Have the seller/occupant sign a non-interference agreement. 20 Home buyers and sellers should consult a qualified radon test provider about the use of these precautions. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

18 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon d. Length of Time to Test Because radon levels tend to vary from day to day and season to season, a short-term test is less likely than a long-term test to tell you your year-round average radon level. However, if you need results quickly, a short-term test may be used to decide whether to fix the home. There Are Two eneral Ways to Test Your Home for Radon: Short-Term Testing The quickest way to test is with short-term tests. Short-term tests remain in your home from two to 90 days, depending on the device. There are two groups of devices which are more commonly used for short-term testing. The passive device group includes alpha track detectors, charcoal canisters, charcoal liquid scintillation detectors, and electret ion chambers. The active device group consists of different types of continuous monitors. Whether you test for radon yourself or hire a qualified tester, all radon tests should be taken for a minimum of 48 hours. Some devices require a longer (minimum) length of time, e.g., a 7-day charcoal canister device. Long-Term Testing Long-term tests remain in your home for more than 90 days. Alpha track and electret ion chamber detectors are commonly used for this type of testing. A long-term test result is more likely to tell you your home s year-round average radon level than a short-term test. If time permits (more than 90 days), long-term tests can be used to confirm initial short-term results. When long-term test results are 4 pci/l or higher, EPA recommends fixing the home. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

19 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon e. Doing a Short-Term Test... If you are testing in a real estate transaction and you need results quickly, any of the following three options for short-term tests are acceptable in determining whether the home should be fixed. Any real estate test for radon should include steps to prevent or detect interference with the test device. 13 When Choosing a Short-Term Testing Option... There are trade-offs among the short-term testing options. Two tests taken at the same time (simultaneous) would improve the precision of this radon test. One test followed by another test (sequential) would most likely give a better representation of the seasonal average. Both active and passive devices may have features which help to prevent test interference. Your state radon office can help you decide which option is best. Short-Term Testing Options Passive: Take two short-term tests at the same time in the same location for at least 48 hours. What to Do Next Fix the home if the average of the two tests is 4 pci/l or more. or Take an initial short-term test for at least 48 hours. Immediately upon completing the first test, do a second test using an identical device in the same location as the first test. Active: Test the home with a continuous monitor for at least 48 hours. Fix the home if the average of the two tests is 4 pci/l or more. Fix the home if the average radon level is 4 pci/l or more. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

20 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon f. Using Testing Devices Properly for Reliable Results If You Do the Test Yourself When you are taking a short-term test, close windows and doors to the outside and keep them closed, except for normal entry and exit. If you are taking a short-term test lasting less than four days, be sure to: Close your windows and outside doors at least 12 hours before beginning the test; Do not conduct short-term tests lasting less than four days during severe storms or periods of high winds; Follow the testing instructions and record the start time and date; Place the test device at least 20 inches above the floor in a location where it will not be disturbed and where it will be away from drafts, high heat, high humidity, and exterior walls; Leave the test kit in place for as long as the test instructions say; and Once the test is finished, record the stop time and date, reseal the package, and return it immediately to the lab specified on the package for analysis. You should receive your test results within a few days or weeks. If you need results quickly, you should find out how long results will take and, if necessary, request expedited service. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

21 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon If You Hire a Qualified Radon Tester In many cases, home buyers and sellers may decide to have the radon test done by a qualified radon tester who knows the proper conditions, test devices, and guidelines for obtaining a reliable radon test result. They can also: 34 Evaluate the home and recommend a testing approach designed to make sure you get reliable results; Explain how proper conditions can be maintained during the radon test; Emphasize to a home s occupants that a reliable test result depends upon their cooperation. Interference with, or disturbance of, the test or closed-house conditions will invalidate the test result; Analyze the data and report the measurement results; and Provide an independent test result. Your state radon office may also have information about qualified radon testers and certification requirements. g. Interpreting Radon Test Results The average indoor radon level is estimated to be about 1.3 pci/l; roughly 0.4 pci/l of radon is normally found in the outside air. The U.S. Congress has set a long-term goal that indoor radon levels be no more than outdoor levels. While this goal is not yet technologically achievable for all homes, radon levels in many homes can be reduced to 2 pci/l or less. Radon Test Results Reported in Two Ways Your radon test results may be reported in either picocuries per liter of air (pci/l) or working levels (WL). If your test result is in pci/l, EPA recommends you fix your home if the radon level is 4 pci/l or higher. If the test result is in WL, EPA recommends you fix the home if the working level is WL or higher. Some states require WL results to be converted to pci/l to minimize confusion. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

22 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon Radon and Smoking RADON RISK IF YOU SMOKE Note: If you are a former smoker, your risk may be lower. RADON RISK IF YOU HAVE NEVER SMOKED Note: If you are a former smoker, your risk may be higher. *Lifetime risk of lung cancer deaths from EPA Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R ). **Comparison data calculated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Reports. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

23 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon Sometimes short-term tests are less definitive about whether the radon level in the home is at or above 4 pci/l; particularly when the results are close to 4 pci/l. For example, if the average of two short-term tests is 4.1 pci/l, there is about a 50 percent chance that the year-round average is somewhat below, or above, 4 pci/l. However, EPA believes that any radon exposure carries some risk; no level of radon is safe. Even radon levels below 4 pci/l pose some risk. You can reduce your risk of lung cancer by lowering your radon level. As with other environmental pollutants, there is some uncertainty about the magnitude of radon health risks. However, we know more about radon risks than risks from most other cancer-causing substances. This is because estimates of radon risks are based on data from human studies (underground miners). Additional studies on more typical populations are under way. Your radon measurement will give you an idea of your risk of getting lung cancer. Your chances of getting lung cancer from radon depend mostly on: Your home s radon level; The amount of time you spend in your home; and Whether you are a smoker or have ever smoked. Smoking combined with radon is an especially serious health risk. If you smoke or are a former smoker, the presence of radon greatly increases your risk of lung cancer. If you stop smoking now and lower the radon level in your house, you will reduce your lung cancer risk. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

24 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon RADON TESTIN CHECKLIST For reliable test results, follow this Radon Testing Checklist carefully. Testing for radon is not complicated. Improper testing may yield inaccurate results and require another test. Disturbing or interfering with the test device, or with closed-house conditions*, may invalidate the test results and is illegal in some states. If the seller or qualified tester cannot confirm that all items have been completed, take another test. Before Conducting a Radon Test: Notify the occupants of the importance of proper testing conditions. ive the occupants written instructions or a copy of this uide and explain the directions carefully. Conduct the radon test for a minimum of 48 hours; some test devices have a minimum exposure time greater than 48 hours. When doing a short-term test ranging from 2-4 days, it is important to maintain closed-house conditions for at least 12 hours before the beginning of the test and during the entire test period. When doing a short-term test ranging from 4-7 days, EPA recommends that closed-house conditions be maintained. If you conduct the test yourself, use a qualified radon measurement device and follow the laboratory s instructions. Your state may be able to provide you with a list of do-it-yourself test devices available from qualified laboratories. If you hire someone to do the test, hire only a qualified individual. Some states issue photo identification (ID) cards; ask to see it. The tester s ID number, if available, should be included or noted in the test report. *Closed-house conditions means keeping all windows closed, keeping doors closed except for normal entry and exit, and not operating fans or other machines which bring in air from outside. Fans that are part of a radon-reduction system or small exhaust fans operating for only short periods of time may run during the test. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

25 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon RADON TESTIN CHECKLIST The test should include method(s) to prevent or detect interference with testing conditions or with the testing device itself. If the house has an active radon-reduction system, make sure the vent fan is operating properly. If the fan is not operating properly, have it (or ask to have it) repaired and then test. During a Radon Test: Maintain closed-house conditions during the entire duration of a short-term test, especially for tests shorter than one week in length. Operate the home s heating and cooling systems normally during the test. For tests lasting less than one week, operate only air-conditioning units which recirculate interior air. Do not disturb the test device at any time during the test. If a radon-reduction system is in place, make sure the system is working properly and will be in operation during the entire radon test. After a Radon Test: If you conduct the test yourself, be sure to promptly return the test device to the laboratory. Be sure to complete the required information, including start and stop times, test location, etc. If an elevated radon level is found, fix the home. Contact a qualified radonreduction contractor about lowering the radon level. EPA recommends that you fix the home when the radon level is 4 pci/l or more. Be sure that you or the radon tester can demonstrate or provide information to ensure that the testing conditions were not violated during the testing period. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

26 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 6. WHAT SHOULD I DO IF THE RADON LEVEL IS HIH? a. High Radon Levels Can Be Reduced EPA recommends that you take action to reduce your home s indoor radon levels if your radon test result is 4 pci/l or higher. It is better to correct a radon problem before placing your home on the market because then you have more time to address a radon problem. If elevated levels are found during the real estate transaction, the buyer and seller should discuss the timing and costs of radon reduction. The cost of making repairs to reduce radon levels depends on how your home was built and other factors. Most homes can be fixed for about the same cost as other common home repairs, like painting or having a new hot water heater installed. The average cost for a contractor to lower radon levels in a home can range from $800 to $2,500. b. How to Lower the Radon Level In Your Home A variety of methods can be used to reduce radon in homes. Sealing cracks and other openings in the foundation is a basic part of most approaches to radon reduction. EPA does not recommend the use of sealing alone to limit radon entry. Sealing alone has not been shown to lower radon levels significantly or consistently. In most cases, a system with a vent pipe(s) and fan(s) is used to reduce radon. These sub-slab depressurization systems do not require major changes to your home. Similar systems can also be installed in homes with crawl spaces. These systems prevent radon gas from entering the home from below the concrete floor and from outside the foundation. Radon mitigation contractors may use other methods that may also work in your home. The right system depends on the design of your home and other factors. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

27 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon Techniques for reducing radon are discussed in EPA s Consumer s uide to Radon Reduction. As with any other household appliance, there are costs associated with the operation of a radon-reduction system. 32 Radon and Home Renovations If you are planning any major renovations, such as converting an unfinished basement area into living space, it is especially important to test the area before you begin. If your test results indicate an elevated radon level, radon-resistant techniques can be inexpensively included as part of the renovation. Major renovations can change the level of radon in any home. Test again after the work is completed. You should also test your home again after it is fixed to be sure that radon levels have been reduced. If your living patterns change and you begin occupying a lower level of your home (such as a basement), you should retest your home on that level. In addition, it is a good idea to retest your home sometime in the future to be sure radon levels remain low. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

28 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon c. Selecting a Radon-Reduction (Mitigation) Contractor Select a qualified radon-reduction contractor to reduce the radon level in your home. Any mitigation measures taken or system installed in your home must conform to your state s regulations. In states without regulations covering mitigation, the system should conform to EPA s Radon Mitigation Standards EPA recommends that the mitigation contractor review the radon measurement results before beginning any radon-reduction work. Test again after the radon mitigation work has been completed to confirm that previous elevated levels have been reduced. EPA recommends that the test be conducted by an independent, qualified radon tester. d. What Can a Qualified Radon-Reduction Contractor Do for You? A qualified radon-reduction (mitigation) contractor should be able to: Review testing guidelines and measurement results, and determine if additional measurements are needed; Evaluate the radon problem and provide you with a detailed, written proposal on how radon levels will be lowered; Design a radon-reduction system; Install the system according to EPA standards, or state and local codes; and Make sure the finished system effectively reduces radon levels to acceptable levels. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

29 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon Choose a radon mitigation contractor to fix your radon problem just as you would for any other home repair. You may want to get more than one estimate, and ask for and check their references. Make sure the person you hire is qualified to install a mitigation system. Some states regulate or certify radon mitigation services providers. Be aware that a potential conflict of interest exists if the same person or firm performs the testing and installs the mitigation system. Some states may require the homeowner to sign a waiver in such cases. If the same person or firm does the testing and mitigation, make sure the testing is done in accordance with the Radon Testing Checklist. Contact your state radon office for more information. e. Radon In Water The radon in your home s indoor air can come from two sources, the soil or your water supply. Compared to radon entering your home through the water, radon entering your home through the soil is a much larger risk. If you ve tested for radon in air and have elevated radon levels and your water comes from a private well, have your water tested. The devices and procedures for testing your home s water supply are different from those used for measuring radon in air. The radon in your water supply poses an inhalation risk and an ingestion risk. Research has shown that your risk of lung cancer from breathing radon in air is much larger than your risk of stomach cancer from swallowing water with radon in it. Most of your risk from radon in water comes from radon released into the air when water is used for showering and other household purposes. Radon in your home s water is not usually a problem when its source is surface water. A radon in water problem is more likely when its source is ground water, e.g., a private well or a public water supply system that uses ground water. Some public water systems treat their water to reduce radon levels before it is delivered to your home. If you are concerned that radon may be entering your home through the water and your water comes from a public water supply, contact your water supplier. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

30 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon If you ve tested your private well and have a radon in water problem, it can be fixed. Your home s water supply can be treated in one of two ways. Point-ofentry treatment can effectively remove radon from the water before it enters your home. Point-of-entry treatment usually employs either granular activated carbon (AC) filters or aeration devices. While AC filters usually cost less than aeration devices, filters can collect radioactivity and may require a special method of disposal. Point-of-use treatment devices remove radon from your water at the tap, but only treat a small portion of the water you use, e.g., the water you drink. Point-of-use devices are not effective in reducing the risk from breathing radon released into the air from all water used in the home. For information on radon in water, testing and treatment, and existing or planned radon in drinking water standards, or for general help, call EPA s Drinking Water Hotline at (800) or visit an EPA web site. If your water comes from a private well, you can also contact your state radon office. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

31 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 7. RADON MYTHS AND FACTS MYTH #1: Scientists are not sure that radon really is a problem. FACT: Although some scientists dispute the precise number of deaths due to radon, all the major health organizations (like the Centers for Disease Control, the American Lung Association, and the American Medical Association) agree with estimates that radon causes thousands of preventable lung cancer deaths every year. This is especially true among smokers, since the risk to smokers is much greater than to non-smokers. MYTH #2: Radon testing devices are not reliable and are difficult to find. FACT: Reliable radon tests are available from qualified radon testers and companies. Active radon devices can continuously gather and periodically record radon levels to reveal any unusual swings in the radon level during the test. Reliable testing devices are also available by phone or mail-order, and can be purchased in hardware stores and other retail outlets. Call your state radon office for a list of qualified radon test companies. 34 MYTH #3: Radon testing is difficult and time-consuming FACT: Radon testing is easy. You can test your home yourself or hire a qualified radon test company. Either approach takes only a small amount of time and effort. MYTH #4: Homes with radon problems cannot be fixed. 6 FACT: There are solutions to radon problems in homes. Thousands of home owners have already lowered their radon levels. Radon levels can be readily lowered for between $800 and $2,500. Call your state radon office for a list of qualified mitigation contractors. MYTH #5: Radon only affects certain types of homes. FACT: Radon can be a problem in all types of homes, including old homes, new homes, drafty homes, insulated homes, homes with basements, and homes without basements. Local geology, construction materials, and how the home was built are among the factors that can affect radon levels in homes. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

32 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon MYTH #6: Radon is only a problem in certain parts of the country. FACT: High radon levels have been found in every state. Radon problems do vary from area to area, but the only way to know a home s radon level is to test. MYTH #7: A neighbor s test result is a good indication of whether your home has a radon problem. FACT: It is not. Radon levels vary from home to home. The only way to know if your home has a radon problem is to test it. MYTH #8: Everyone should test their water for radon. FACT: While radon gets into some homes through the water, it is important to first test the air in the home for radon. If your water comes from a public water system that uses ground water, call your water supplier. If high radon levels are found and the home has a private well, call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) for information on testing your water. Also, call your state radon office for more 25 information about radon in air. MYTH #9: It is difficult to sell a home where radon problems have been discovered. FACT: Where radon problems have been fixed, home sales have not been blocked. The added protection will be a good selling point. MYTH #10: I have lived in my home for so long, it does not make sense to take action now. FACT: You will reduce your risk of lung cancer when you reduce radon levels, even if you have lived with an elevated radon level for a long time. MYTH #11: Short-term tests cannot be used for making a decision about whether to reduce the home s high radon levels. FACT: Short-term tests can be used to decide whether to reduce the home s high radon levels. However, the closer the short-term testing result is to 4 pci/l, the less certainty there is about whether the home s year-round average is above or below that level. Keep in mind that radon levels below 4 pci/l still pose some risk and that radon levels can be reduced to 2 pci/l or below in most homes. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

33 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 8. NEED MORE INFORMATION ABOUT RADON? If you have a radon-related question, you should contact your state radon office. In addition to the help your state provides, the following web sites, hotlines, and publications are your best sources of information. You can also find indoor air quality information and publications on EPA s many web sites. a. World Wide Web Sites (EPA) These are EPA s most important web sites for information on radon and indoor air quality in homes. All the EPA publications listed in this section are available on EPA s web sites. EPA s main radon page. Includes links to the NAS radon report, radon-resistant new construction, the map of radon zones, radon publications, hotlines, and more. Provides detailed information on contacting your state s radon office, including links to some state web sites. State indoor air quality contacts are also included. Offers the full text version of EPA s most popular radon publications, including the Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon, the Consumer s uide to Radon Reduction, and the Model Standards and Techniques for Control of Radon in New Residential Buildings, and others. EPA s main page on indoor air quality. Includes information on indoor risk factors, e.g., asthma, secondhand smoke, carbon monoxide, duct cleaning, ozone generating devices, indoor air cleaners, flood cleanup, etc. EPA s main page on radon in water. Includes information on statutory requirements and links to the drinking water standards program. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

34 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon b. Radon Hotlines (Toll-Free) EPA supports the following hotlines to best serve consumers with radon-related questions and concerns SOS-RADON ( ). Radon Hotline, operated by the National Safety Council (NSC) in partnership with EPA. Order radon test kits by phone RADON ( ). For live help with your radon questions. Operated by the National Safety Council (NSC) in partnership with EPA Radon Fix-it Hotline, operated by the National Safety Council (NSC) in partnership with EPA. For help with your radon mitigation questions The Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Information Clearinghouse is privately operated under contract to EPA. You can order copies of EPA consumer-oriented radon publications and get general information on radon and indoor air quality issues Safe Drinking Water Hotline, privately operated under contract to EPA. For general information on drinking water, radon in water, testing and treatment, and radon drinking water standards. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

35 c. Printed Documents Radon Risk and Testing Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon (EPA 402-K , November 2006). Everything you need to know about effectively dealing with radon during a residential real estate transaction. This publication can be viewed at and is available as a portable document format (pdf) file. The publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced or reprinted in its entirety and without changes. A franking/ imprint space for organizations and businesses is available on the lower half of the back cover. This publication was prepared by EPA s Indoor Environments Division (IED), Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (6609-J), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C Single copies are available free from the following sources (multiple copies may be available in some instances; ask for details): State radon offices; see EPA s National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) at and via the web at Any one of EPA s ten Regional offices. Single or multiple copies are available for a fee from the following sources (ask for details): 36 The Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) at (502) (multiple copy orders only). U.S. overnment Printing Office (PO) at (202) The American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (AARST) at (800) ; code 5130 (multiple copy orders only). The National Radon Safety Board (NRSB) at (866) (multiple copy orders only). The National Environmental Health Association (NEHA) at (800) U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

36 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon A Citizen s uide to Radon: The uide to Protecting Yourself and Your Family From Radon (EPA 402-K , September 2005). Provides basic information on radon, sources of radon, radon health risks, and how to test when you re not in a real estate transaction. A Radon uide For Tenants (EPA 402-K98-004, August 1998). Provides tenants with basic information about radon, testing, and fixing. It also contains information directed to building owners and landlords. Reducing Radon Levels In a Home Consumer s uide to Radon Reduction (EPA 402-K , December 2006). The consumer s basic source of information on how to reduce radon levels in a home s indoor air. It includes information about the key mitigation system components, installation and operating costs, radon health risks, and testing (when not in a real estate transaction). Building a New Home to Be Radon-Resistant Appendix F: Radon Control Methods (IRC, 2003). Published in the International Residential Code by the International Code Council (ICC) as a guide to building radon-resistant homes. Available from the ICC, 5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 600, Falls Church, VA Contact information: ICC-SAFE, or via the Internet at Radon Control Methods (Section ) Published in the National Fire Protection Association s (NFPA, 2003) Building Construction and Safety Code: NFPA NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts Contact information: , or via the Internet at Model Standards and Techniques for Control of Radon in New Residential Buildings (EPA 402-R , March 1994). These model standards were developed by EPA in conjunction with the home building industry. They provide technical details on how to make radon-resistant features an integral part of a new home during construction. A must for builders or anyone building a new or custom home. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

37 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon Radon Technical uidance Standard Practice for Installing Radon Mitigation Systems in Existing Low-Rise Residential Buildings (EPA 402-K ). Published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International (ASTMI) as Standard Practice E , (February 10, 2003). A single copy per request is available only as a hard (printed) copy through the EPA radon website; Protocols for Radon and Radon Decay Product Measurements in Homes (EPA 402-R , June 1993). This document is intended for use by qualified radon measurement technicians and testers, and laboratories that analyze radon devices and prepare radon test results reports. These protocols were written to guide routine radon measurements (Citizen s uide) and those made in conjunction with real estate transactions (Home Buyer s and Seller s uide). Indoor Radon and Radon Decay Product Measurement Device Protocols (EPA 402-R , July 1992). This document is intended for use by qualified radon measurement technicians and testers. It contains detailed technical information on the types of radon measurement devices, their proper use and maintenance, and quality assurance procedures. These protocols were written to guide routine radon measurements (Citizen s uide) and those made in conjunction with real estate transactions (Home Buyer s and Seller s uide). U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

38 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 9. STATE RADON OFFICES ( Call your state radon office or EPA Regional office for additional help with any of your radon questions. Up-to-date information on how to contact your state radon office is also available on the web (above). You will also find a list of state hotlines, state indoor air coordinators, and state web sites (if available). Some states can also provide you with a list of qualified radon services providers. Native Americans living on Tribal Lands should contact their Tribal Health Department or Housing Authority for assistance. STATE 1 LOCAL-TOLL TOLL-FREE 2 AL-Alabama AK-Alaska AZ-Arizona x244 None AR-Arkansas CA-California CO-Colorado CT-Connecticut None DE-Delaware DC-Dist. of Columbia None FL-Florida A-eorgia uam None HI-Hawaii None ID-Idaho IL-Illinois IN-Indiana IA-Iowa KS-Kansas KY-Kentucky None LA-Louisiana ME-Maine MD-Maryland x2086 MA-Massachusetts RADON95 MI-Michigan MN-Minnesota MS-Mississippi MO-Missouri MT-Montana Some states regulate or qualify providers of radon measurement and mitigation services by requiring registration, certification, or licensing; some issue identification cards. Your state can provide you with more information. 2 The toll-free numbers shown are for in-state callers and are subject to change. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

39 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon STATE RADON OFFICES ( Call your state radon office or EPA Regional office for additional help with any of your radon questions. Up-to-date information on how to contact your state radon office is also available on the web (above). You will also find a list of state hotlines, state indoor air coordinators, and state web sites (if available). Some states can also provide you with a list of qualified radon services providers. Native Americans living on Tribal Lands should contact their Tribal Health Department or Housing Authority for assistance. STATE 1 LOCAL-TOLL TOLL-FREE 2 NE-Nebraska 1 NV-Nevada x None NH-New Hampshire x4674 NJ-New Jersey NM-New Mexico None NY-New York NC-North Carolina None ND-North Dakota OH-Ohio OK-Oklahoma None OR-Oregon None PA-Pennsylvania PR-Puerto Rico None RI-Rhode Island None SC-South Carolina SD-South Dakota TN-Tennessee TX-Texas UT-Utah VT-Vermont VA-Virginia WA-Washington None WV-West Virginia WI-Wisconsin WY-Wyoming Some states regulate or qualify providers of radon measurement and mitigation services by requiring registration, certification, or licensing; some issue identification cards. Your state can provide you with more information. 2 The toll-free numbers shown are for in-state callers and are subject to change. U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

40 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 10. EPA REIONAL OFFICES ( U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

41 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon 11. INDEX 4 pci/l (picocuries per liter): inside front cover, 3, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 28 Active (radon) devices: 12, 14, 27 Alterations: 7 BEIR VI: 1 Buying a home: inside front cover, 1, 2, 7, 9 Closed-house conditions: 13, 17, 20, 21 Contract: 8 Cost(s): 8, 9, 12, 22, 23, 26, 32 Crawl spaces: 10, 22 Device interference: inside front cover, 2, 12 Disclosure: 5 Drinking water: 26, 28, 29, 30 Elevated (radon levels): 3, 4, 10, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, back cover Energy efficiency/efficient: 9 EPA Regional Offices: 31, 34, 35 uidance/uide: 1, 2, 6, 20, 23, 29, 31, 32, 33, back cover High (radon) levels: 1, 14, 17, 22, 28 Hotline(s): 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35 Long-term test(s): 11, 14 Lowest level: 2, 6, 8, 12, 23 Lung cancer/risk: inside front cover, 1, 19, 25, 27, 28 (Minimum of) 48 hours: 14, 15, 21 Mitigation/radon-reduction techniques: 21, 23 National Academy of Sciences: 1, 18 Native Americans/tribal: 34, 35 Passive devices: 11, 14, 15 Picocuries per liter (pci/l): inside front cover, 3, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 28 Private well: 25, 26, 28 Protocols: 6, 33 Qualified: 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 33, 34 U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

42 Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon Radon devices: 11, 27, 33 Radon proficiency: 6 Radon-reduction system: 2, 8, 20, 21, 23, 24 Radon-resistant construction/features/ home/techniques: inside front cover, 9, 10, 23, 32, 33 Radon Testing Checklist: 5, 6, 7, 12, 20, 21, 25 Renovate(d)/renovation(s): 5, 6, 8, 12, 23 Seller s test: 7 Tenants: 32 Testing device(s): 11, 12, 16, 20, 27 Test interference: 11, 12, 13, 15, 17 Test kit(s): 11, 16, 30 Test results: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 28, 33 Toll-free: 30, 34, 35 Web site(s): 26, 29, 34, 35 Well water: 3, 25, 26, 28 Who will pay: 8 Selling a home: inside front cover, 1, 5 Service agreement(s): 4 Short-term test(s): 2, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 28 Smokers/smoking: 1, 18, 19, 27, 29 Standards: 10, 24, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33 State radon office: 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 15, 17, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35 Sub-slab depressurization: 22 Suitable for occupancy: 2, 5, 6, 8, 12 Surgeon eneral: 1, 4, back cover U.S. EPA 402-K , November DLT

43 U.S. SUREON ENERAL HEALTH ADVISORY Indoor radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United States and breathing it over prolonged periods can present a significant health risk to families all over the country. It s important to know that this threat is completely preventable. Radon can be detected with a simple test and fixed through well-established venting techniques. January 2005 Consumers need to know about the health of a house they are considering purchasing, including whether there is a radon problem, and if so, how to fix it. The Home Buyer s and Seller s uide to Radon provides practical consumer information that every home buyer needs to know. Consumer Federation of America American Society of Home Inspectors Recycled/Recyclable Printed on paper that contains at least 50% recycled fiber For sale by the U.S. overnment Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC ISBN DLT

44 Smoke Alarms Smoke alarms save lives. They can detect a fire early, and alert consumers, giving them valuable time to escape. Despite that well-known fact, about two-thirds of fire deaths take place in homes with no smoke alarms or no working smoke alarms, e.g., smoke alarms with no batteries or dead batteries. Every year, there are more than 300,000 residential fires. Many are preventable by following a few simple steps. Smoke alarms on every level, in each sleeping room, and outside the sleeping area Replace batteries every year Replace smoke alarms every 10 years Install smoke alarms in your home. CPSC recommends smoke alarms on every level of the home, outside sleeping areas, and inside bedrooms. Replace batteries annually. Never leave cooking equipment unattended. Have a professional inspect your heating, cooling, and water appliances annually. Inspect electrical cords for signs of wear, cracks, or age, and keep lighting away from combustibles. Use caution with candles, lighters, matches, and smoking materials near upholstered furniture, mattresses, and bedding. Keep matches and lighters out of reach of young children. Have a fire escape plan and practice it so family members know what to do and where to meet if there s a fire in your home. When shopping for smoke alarms, consumers should consider the different types of smoke alarms. Both types are effective smoke sensors. Ionization type detectors respond quickly to flaming fires. Photoelectric type detectors respond sooner to smoldering fires. Because both ionization and photoelectric smoke alarms are better at detecting distinctly different yet potentially fatal fires, and because homeowners cannot predict what type of fire might start in a home, CPSC staff recommends consumers install both ionization and photoelectric type smoke alarms in their homes. There are smoke alarms that combine both detection technologies into one unit called dual sensor smoke alarms. In addition, consider interconnected smoke alarms. Interconnected smoke alarms allow all smoke alarms in the home to sound if one has detected smoke, and they may provide improved protection and offer more time to escape a fire.

45 Every Family Should Have a Working Smoke Alarm and a Fire Escape Plan The CPSC staff recommends that if you don t have a working smoke alarm in your home, ET ONE AND INSTALL IT. To provide BETTER warning of a fire, and more escape time, the CPSC staff recommends installing more than one working smoke alarm in your home. More smoke alarms provide better coverage and earlier warning of a fire. Consider interconnecting all the smoke alarms in your home. If one smoke alarm detects a fire, all the smoke alarms will sound. Consider smoke alarms that use 10 year sealed batteries. These smoke alarms don t require annual battery replacement and provide protection for 10 years. To provide the BEST protection with smoke alarms, the CPSC staff recommends installing both ionization and photoelectric type smoke alarms. Both types of fires, smoldering or flaming, can occur in a home and having both types provides the best coverage. Install smoke alarms on every level, outside the sleeping areas, and inside the bedrooms to detect and alert you of a fire and provide enough escape time. Interconnect all the smoke alarms in your home to alert you and your family when a fire occurs anywhere in your home. Use smoke alarms that are powered by house wiring with battery back-up. Installing working smoke alarms is an essential, but they don t save lives unless everyone knows how to get out Smoke Alarm of the home safely. Make sure everyone knows how to escape when the smoke alarm sounds, whether awake or sleeping at the time. In your fire escape plan, have two ways out of each room, a pre-arranged meeting place outside and, most importantly, ONCE OUT - STAY OUT! Primary exit Alternative exit Meeting place A working smoke alarm is the most important step in protecting your family in a fire. It could mean the difference between life and death when a fire occurs. For more information on smoke alarms and preventing a fire, visit the CPSC website, and CPSC Document #559, Smoke Alarms Why, Where, and Which Pub. 559a

46 Overheated Clothes Dryers Can Cause Fires Fires can occur when lint builds up in the dryer or in the exhaust duct. Lint can block the flow of air, cause excessive heat build-up, and result in a fire in some dryers. To help prevent fires: Clean the lint screen/filter before or after drying each load of clothes. If clothing is still damp at the end of a typical drying cycle or drying requires longer times than normal, this may be a sign that the lint screen or the exhaust duct is blocked. Clean the dryer vent and exhaust duct periodically. Check the outside dryer vent while the dryer is operating to make sure exhaust air is escaping. If it is not, the vent or the exhaust duct may be blocked. To remove a blockage in the exhaust path, it may be necessary to disconnect the exhaust duct from the dryer. Remember to reconnect the ducting to the dryer and outside vent before using the dryer again. Clean behind the dryer, where lint can build up. Have a qualified service person clean the interior of the dryer chassis periodically to minimize the amount of lint accumulation. Keep the area around the dryer clean and free of clutter. Replace plastic or foil, accordion-type ducting material with rigid or corrugated semi-rigid metal duct. Most manufacturers specify the use of a rigid or corrugated semi-rigid metal duct, which provides maximum airflow. The flexible plastic or foil type duct can more easily trap lint and is more susceptible to kinks or crushing, which can greatly reduce the airflow. Take special care when drying clothes that have been soiled with volatile chemicals such as gasoline, cooking oils, cleaning agents, or finishing oils and stains. If possible, wash the clothing more than once to minimize the amount of volatile chemicals on the clothes and, preferably, hang the clothes to dry. If using a dryer, use the lowest heat setting and a drying cycle that has a cool-down period at the end of the cycle. To prevent clothes from igniting after drying, do not leave the dried clothes in the dryer or piled in a laundry basket. Publication U.S. CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION (800)

47 Household Extension Cords Can Cause Fires Choose the right extension cord for the job, and use it as specified. Extension cords can overheat and cause fires when used improperly. Overheating is usually caused by overloading or connecting appliances that consume more watts than the cord can handle. Damaged extension cords can also cause fires. Extension cords should only be used temporarily. Protect young children by keeping them away from extension cords and unplugging the cords when not in use. Overheating or Damage Overheating can occur at the plug, at the socket, or over the entire length of the cord. Hot plugs and sockets are often caused by deteriorated connections to the cord s wires. Look for visible signs of excessive wear or damage to the plug, sockets or insulation. Replace damaged extension cords. Prevent Overloading If any part of the extension cord is hot while in use, it is a warning sign that it may be overloaded. Check if the extension cord is properly rated for the products that are plugged into it. Also, inspect the cord along its entire length to ensure it has not been damaged. Do not overload your extension cord by using it to power appliances beyond its capacity. You can check its capacity, or rating, by looking at the tag on the cord or its packaging. Protect Extension Cords from Damage Do not run extension cords under carpets, through doorways or under furniture. Only use an extension cord outdoors if it is marked for outdoor use. Never alter a cord to change its length or perform inadequate repairs such as taping up damaged insulation. Do not trim, cut or alter the plug blades in any way. Unplug an extension cord when it is not in use. The cord is energized when it is plugged in and can overheat if shorted. Discard Older Extension Cords Discard cords that are old and/or are missing important safety features, including safety closures, polarized blades and a large plug face that covers the outlet s slots and is easy to grasp to unplug. Extension cords should be at least 16 AW, unless they are 18 AW with fuse protection. AW refers to the size of the wires in the cord. The wire size is imprinted on the cord s surface. Check cords to make sure they have been listed by a recognized national testing laboratory, such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Intertek (ETL) or CSA-International (CSA). Publication U.S. CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION (800)

48 Home Inspector Marketing 101 American Home Inspectors Training Institute Rev 12/2015 so 48

49 A Successful Day is What do you absolutely want to make sure you know about marketing your business? DO vs. TRY To DO something means you are ready to work towards your goal. To TRY means I m still thinking about it and not ready to give my full attention. Rev 12/

50 How is a Home Inspector defined in the business? Buyer Seller Realtor Our goal is to alleviate these concerns by arming you with the necessary tools to work with the people involved in the transaction. We will show you how to help them by: Using effective communication Using a comprehensive report Having an unshakeable belief in your abilities Having an unshakeable belief in the need for home inspections Deals don t die, somebody kills them. DON T BE SOMEBODY! Rev 12/

51 Independent vs. Franchise vs. AHIT Largest group of Inspectors Personal Independence Systems for liability reduction AHIT Initial training class On-going training/support Reporting format/software INDEPENDENT You get it going No system to get started It is completely on your shoulders No external support FRANCHISE Initial start up fee & indefinite royalties Their system little flexibility The material requirements You must fit into their system Rev 12/

52 Steps to Success The American Home Inspectors Training Institute (AHIT) understands that owning your Home Inspection business takes careful planning. It is our goal to be there for you every step of the way. Helping you avoid pitfalls and assisting you to build a profitable business. Every step you take starts turning your dream into reality. Starting a successful home inspection business takes: A comprehensive Business and Marketing plan Dedication and willingness, including sacrifice to reach your goals Solid technical skills and on-going training Risk Management (Report, Agreement, Support, E & O Insurance) Basic knowledge of time and self management Legal Structure, record keeping and finance Contact an Attorney and Small Business Accountant Support of your family/friends Knowledge of your local market Understand the Fundamentals to: Develop a solid referral business Know and understand Realtors How to market to potential customers Handle phone calls and Book the Inspection Rev 12/

53 Become a reat Home Inspector Inspectors then vs. now The home inspector has evolved from a part time contractor or tradesperson into a professional career that is an integral part of a real estate transaction. Being a Home Inspector involves being an effective communicator. It is a highly skilled and professional vocation. You should be excited that you ve chosen a career that provides for unlimited income. In order to be successful you need to have an unshakeable belief in home inspections. Unshakeable belief in homeownership for your clients. Unshakeable belief in your strategic partners such as Realtors, Mortgage Loan Officers, Attorneys, Title Reps and Appraisers. Unshakeable belief in the job and service you perform. If any of these begin to waiver, or if you are lacking in any of these areas, you will find resistance from your clients and prospects. The ultimate edge over your competition is the firm belief that you are the to get the job done. Once you believe this to your core... you will be unstoppable! You need to have the mental strength to persevere. Successful Home Inspectors need to be able to take the bad with the good. Too often we seek the easy road. The truth is, the easy road never leads to. If that was the case, the road would be well traveled and worn, but the road to success is hardly traveled at all. The true road to success takes persistence and patience. Most Inspectors avoid rejection and tend to take the easy way. Success is never easy, but it is worth the price. With ordinary talent and extraordinary perseverance, all things are possible! Rev 12/

54 Basic Steps to Professionalism Start with Attitude The art of being a highly successful Home Inspector can be summed up in six (6) words: and convincing others. Personal appearance (You are on stage Look the part) Business appearance Hygiene Hair, nails, clean shaven After-Shave or Cologne use sparingly Vehicle Attire/Uniform Communication skills Talk like a pro, but keep it non-technical Speak with authority, but not arrogance Stay in touch - see the people Develop a database Create a route to maintain contact Respect your competition Positive responses Comparisons How you differ and how your services are better than the competitor they currently use Know your competition inside and out Proper balance between family and business Keep an even keel Integrity and quality keep you in the game A good Home Inspector always their clients/customers! or Rev 12/

55 Developing a Strong Referral Business Referrers vs. Payers In your inspection business, you will be in contact with a variety of individuals. There are two primary groups of people you will work with: Payers and Referrers. The payers can be considered your immediate client; the one who pays for the inspection. Along with them you will meet the referrers. These are individuals that will help promote your business through word of mouth. The key is to develop a positive relationship during the inspection, at the Realtors offices, etc. This business is built on relationships and referrals. More than 90% of your business is a direct result of someone referring you. Why? They already know, trust and like you! The initial groups of people you want to work with are the ones you already know. This is your sphere of influence. In the early stages of your career you will rely on your previous contacts to get you started. These people represent the easiest way to begin spreading the word. They already know you. To begin, develop a list to be used for in-person contact, telephone contact and mailing (both USPS and ). Your list should start with at least 100 names and should continue to grow as your business grows. To start the list, think of the people that you know: Family Friends Working relationships Attorneys Contractors Realtors you already know Bankers / Mortgage officers Insurance Agents Wedding lists Holiday lists Rev 12/

56 List of professions: Insurance Agents Dentists Doctors Financial Advisors Dry Cleaners Car Detailers/Mechanics Landscapers Aunts/Uncles randparents Cousins Travel Agents Coffee Shop Employees Restaurant Owners Spouses Work Realtors Accountants Attorneys Mortgage Lenders It s a Referral Business Begin to Develop a Database As you build this list, put helpful information together such as: Name Address / City / State / Zip Phone Number / Cell / Fax Special dates: Birthdays Specific information: Children, pets, how you met, who referred them The database should be comprised of your sphere of influence, past clients, Realtors and any other individuals you come in contact. This information will be helpful when sending out mailings and keeping in contact with them. Keep in mind that you will develop specific mailings for the different categories of people on the list. When setting up the database, be sure the system will allow you to separate your contacts into the specific category you need. The database is your primary tool to keep in contact with your referral base. Be sure you add information from time to time to keep current with changes especially with the Realtors The AHIT Software InspectIt ( A solid platform for your database and appointment scheduling is the new AHIT software. Rev 12/

57 How Do We Want to be Referred? As a professional Home Inspector, more than 90% of your business will come to you as a referral from someone you know or someone who has heard how great you are. What do you want them to say about you? vs. Have an impact on what people say when they refer you Why would people want to work with you? Rev 12/

58 Understanding Realtors Successful Inspectors, depending upon their market, want to work with as many Realtors as possible. In a Metropolitan market that may be 300 or more; whereas in a more Rural market the number may be less. In the beginning of your career you need as many Realtors as you can meet. The number of offices you should work with will depend on the number of agents in each. Realtor is properly pronounced REAL-TOR. To help you remember, it is like the word. In today s market, most of the Professional Home Inspector s business comes from area Realtors. They refer us to local Buyers and Sellers. Tip: The majority of Realtors across the country are female. B roker vs. Agent Seller vs. Buyer Agency ABR CRS RI Sales Meetings / Caravan / Tour Agent Floor Duty Open Houses What is the annual net income of a Million Dollar Producing Agent? Examples of successful Realtors Examples of future successful Realtors Where can I find Realtors? Rev 12/

59 Realtor Associations: Join an Association: MLS (Multiple Listing Service) Realtor.com or other local websites What are the majority of Realtors motivated by? Misconceptions about Home Inspectors Rev 12/

60 Real Estate Office Profiling In order to have a comprehensive and successful marketing plan, it is important to obtain as much information as possible on each Real Estate office that you intend to cover. Complete this form for each office. You can fill this out for each Office and file it or enter it once in AHIT s InspectIt Company Name Address City State Zip Office Phone FAX Website www. Number of Agents Broker / Owner Office Manager Assistant Manager Administrative Assistant or Head Secretary Notes: Other Support Staff Day of Sales Meeting Property Tour or Caravan (Day and Time) Agent Phone Duty (Opportunity Time) Office Ranking? Top Sales Associates Time Last two (2) years Rookie of the Year Agents I already know in the office Other Rev 12/

61 Pricing Your Home Inspection Services Due to the nature of this business, Realtors know whose prices are too high and whose prices are too low. Because of the referral basis, it is important that the Realtors know your method of pricing a house. Before you price your Inspection Services, you will need to understand the need for inspectors and inspections in your area. Every area in the country is in need of good, trained inspectors. Begin by asking Realtors that you already know in your area which inspectors they currently use. Most Realtors have a list of Home Inspectors. Try to get a copy of that list from a local Realtor or several Realtors. In addition, ask them for copies of Brochures from area Inspectors. Check your local Yellow Pages listing for Home Inspectors. Ask friends and family about Inspectors they may have used. Each area is a little unique, so use resources available to you to research your specific communities. Research the market in your area. You will be able to gather this information from your local Board of Realtors. When you join your local Board, you will have access to local information. Use this information to help you obtain a better understanding of the opportunities available to you in your local market place. Area Sales of Single families, 2-Families (2 Units), 3-Families (3-Units), 4- Families (4-Unit), Condos and others. Complete the following information. ather the number of (1) Single Families sold, (2) 2-Family Town Homes, Duplexes, (3) 3-Family, Tri-Plex Properties, (4) 4-Families and Condos in your area. Once you have gathered the number sold in the previous year, you need to determine the percent of those SOLD properties that had a professional inspection (approximately 75 to 90% nationwide). Now you will be able to divide that number to get the net units that were inspected. In many areas, the percent inspected is not currently recorded or tracked. In that case, talk to local professionals to determine a good guesstimate. Number of Units Sold Percent Inspected Net Units Inspected 1) Est. % Inspected: = 2) Est. % Inspected: = 3) Est. % Inspected: = 4) Est. % Inspected: = (Condo) Est. % Inspected: = Rev 12/

62 In your area, where do you see the greatest opportunity for growth (geographically)? Is there a niche marketing opportunity for you (new construction, well & septic, pools, etc.)? Have there been changes in the Real Estate Industry in your area recently (plant closing or new industry start-up)? Evaluate your competition (Tip: Evaluate at least 10 local Inspectors) 1. Who are they? Are they referred by area Realtors? 2. What do they offer? 3. Are they independent? 4. Are they a multi-inspector firm? 5. Area they will inspect? 6. Are they professional in your opinion? Why? 7. Who answers their phones? 8. Were they helpful? 9. How are their sales abilities? 10. Did they try to up-sell services? 11. Is this someone you would hire yourself? Why? 12. Is this someone you would not hire? Why? Reference the Inspector Profile Sheet page to assist you in evaluating the Inspection Industry in your local area. This exercise is best achieved with the help of another person. Choose two (2) homes in your area. We recommend that you select two (2) properties actively for sale. It is best to select one that represents your core home area. This will represent the type of home that you will likely inspect the most often. Secondly, select a move-up type home for your second property comparison. Each person should select one of the homes above. Both persons should call all Inspectors that you have selected for your pricing evaluation, asking about fees and other helpful questions that will help you evaluate the other Inspectors in your area. You may want to use different phones or block your number when making the calls. You do not want a callback and get busted for shopping your competition. Rev 12/

63 How Do You Set Your Price Structure? There are a number of ways to determine how you will price your inspections. Square footage, property value (asking price), and base price are the most common methods. Some Inspectors will use a combination of these systems to determine their fees. Typically an inspection price based on square footage will have a set structure and an additional charge per square foot above this level. Example: 2,000 sq. ft. = $ per sq ft. above 2,700 sq. ft. = $ $70.00 (700 x.10) = $ An inspection based on the sale price works on a percentage of the price Example: $275,000 price x.1% = $ The method that we recommend is a base price plus add-ons. For each area, establish a single family house that will be the average property: (2000 sq. ft. 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom, single furnace) From that you can add or subtract as needed. These add-ons may include: Houses more than 40 years old Historic homes Outside geographic inspection area Other Bath(s) full half Furnaces and A/C (typically unknown) Crawl space (Is it accessible?) arage over 3-car Heated garage Radon Outbuildings Mechanicals in outbuilding Miscellaneous $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Pitfalls of Pricing to Low Rev 12/

64 A SAMPLE PRICIN SHEET Buyer, Seller Inspections BASE PRICE ADD-ONS Single Family Bathrooms, 1 extra +$10 3 Bedrooms 2 Bathrooms, 1 Furnace 2 extra +$15 BASE PRICE is $295 Furnaces, each extra +$15 Dirt Crawl Space +$10 Multiple Family Large arage, 4-car +$10 2-Family with 2 furnaces, Electric, no heat +$25 and 1 bathroom each Electric and heat +$40 Up/Down Base +$35 Side/Side Base +$40 3-Story Victorian 3-Family $370 Finished 3 rd Story +$35 4-Family $400 6-Family $450 Selling Price 8-Family $500 Over $400,000 +$40 10-Family $550 Over $1,000,000 +$75 12-Family $600 For each 1 Bathroom / Outbuildings 1 Furnace unit Depends on size ADD-ON for extras. Structure only +$25 Electric and water +$40 Radon Services with 2 Detectors $100 With an inspection $140 Without an inspection Rev 12/

65 Home Inspection Pricing Analysis and Home Inspector Analysis Research Script In order to effectively set your pricing structure you must have a good understanding of the market. As part of this activity, you will need to call inspectors. Begin by reviewing the Home Inspector Pricing Analysis form. Using the script below, contact various Inspectors to determine their pricing. Sample Script Hello, I am calling about a Home Inspection, I am wondering what you charge. (Let the inspector respond ) We don t have an accepted offer yet, we have a house in mind. We are set to see the home and write the offer tomorrow. The house is (decide on 2 houses to use get information sheets on them) (Let the inspector respond The inspector may ask square footage, bedrooms, baths, etc.) They will usually ask where the house is located. The house is located in the area. (Let the inspector respond ) The inspector should ask you how soon you need the inspection performed. Indicate that you want to schedule the inspection as soon as possible. Ask What kind of information or report do you give me, and when do I get it? (Let the inspector respond ) Ask How long will the inspection take? (Let the inspector respond ) Thank the inspector and tell them that you have a couple of other inspectors to call before making a decision. (Let the inspector respond ) Did they ask for the inspection? How? Rev 12/

66 Home Inspection Pricing Profile *Use this form to help you evaluate Inspectors in your area. Copy as needed. Property Date _/ / Time of call a.m./p.m. Return call time a.m./p.m. Inspector Name and Company Phone number Other Did Inspector answer call? Y or N Other How did they answer the call? Was it answered professionally? Was there an answering machine? Other? Explain What questions, if any, were asked to help them determine the price for an inspection? Were they friendly and helpful? How? Did they offer other services? What were they? What were the fees associated? What was their availability to perform the inspection? What price did they quote for an inspection? $ Did you like them? If you were not an inspector, would you hire them? Why? Other How did you find this inspector? Yellow Pages? Realtor? Rev 12/

67 Stick to a Plan to et in Front of the People Marketing and the Home Inspection Business are a lot like Fishing. What about Bait? Marketing and the Home Inspection Business are a lot like Farming. Rev 12/

68 MARKETIN Consistency is the Key to a Successful Plan The Home Inspection Business is not exempt from pitfalls. How you respond to them will enable you to keep your plan on track to creating and maintaining a successful Home Inspection Business. et in front of people on weekly basis In order to be a successful Inspector, you need to get in front of people each and every week! When Inspectors begin to get busy, usually the first thing they cut is the time they spend in the Realtors offices; the very thing that made them successful in the first place. Remember, the law of the harvest: In order to reap consistent inspections, you must sow the right activities on a weekly basis to achieve your goals. You need to always have seeds that you are planting and crops that you are picking! As your business increases, KEEP MARKETIN The contact with Realtors is crucial. Remember talking with people doesn t cost a thing. Cutting off promotional activities, will set you up for failure. As hard as it seems at the time, you must keep up activities that will bring in clients. Success is consistent, committed work! Diversify your plan in every area Whether it s choosing Realtors and Real Estate offices, or advertising media, it is important that you diversify. Don t rely on one medium such as a Yellow Pages Ad to bring in all the business. Additionally, don t rely on a couple of Realtors or a few offices to support you. Be careful not to spend your time or your dollars on one method of promoting your business. Diversifying your efforts always has bigger rewards. Consider your options carefully You have formulated a plan developed with a budget. This will help you avoid those pressured purchases and rush decisions. Try to figure out the true value of your expense, the number of inspections that item should produce, and why you are doing it? What are the short term effects and long term effects? Measure results Keeping good records allows you to know what is working and what should be scaled back or eliminated. et in the habit of asking how they got your name and recording that information. Rev 12/

69 Advertising and Public Relations Advertising Public Relations Objectives, strategies, create a theme, presence, target audience *Promote you and your company as much as possible! Media Relations Realtors Press Releases Attorneys Internet Real Estate Trade Shows Wills and Probate Sponsorships Divorce Clubs / Network roups Title Family and Friends Hardware Stores and more Building Inspectors Rev 12/

70 etting a Name for Yourself Who you associate with tells a lot about you and your business. When building your business, it will help if you align yourself with an organization that already has built credibility in your market. Realtors realize the importance of credibility. That is why they typically start their careers with large companies. These companies have already established the name recognition within the market. Realtors who work with these companies gain an advantage from their alignment. As an inspector, we strive for the same advantage. The American Home Inspectors Training Institute (AHIT) has an ongoing commitment toward that end. We work for you to continue to strengthen the recognition of AHIT within the Industry. This relationship will continue to provide you not only with exceptional support but a stronger position in the Real Estate industry. As you venture out into your market keep in mind that you are selling yourself as the home inspector. The name of your company is not the key to the success of your business. DO NOT spend a lot of time working on the logo, company name or identity. These can be implemented as your company grows. The key factor is YOU. The agents will not recommend a company, they will recommend the inspector. et out and talk with, meet and generally interact with as many Realtors as possible. The more Realtors you come in contact with the more your name will be recognized. Rev 12/

71 Passive vs. Aggressive Marketing Passive Passive marketing is behind the scenes marketing. (Postcards, Thank You notes, letters, congratulations, notes, advertising) Aggressive Aggressive marketing is face to face prospecting. This is a more active approach to obtaining business (Realtor Office visits, Realtor meeting presentations, Open Houses.) TIP: Every day, try to develop new and creative ways to get yourself in front of Realtors and the Real Estate community. IMPORTANT: The long range success of your business is in direct proportion to how frequently and how much marketing you do on a weekly basis! Rev 12/

72 PASSIVE MARKETIN Passive marketing will take up about of your marketing time. As a behind the scenes process this will consist mainly of support material and correspondence to potential customers as well as past customers. Passive marketing will include: (things like) Post cards Thank you notes Letters of congratulations Signage Newsletters A broader category under passive marketing is the advertising of your business. Advertising will encompass any aspect of delivering information about you and your company to potential customers. Create an Announcement First: I vs. WE perspective Use good words / phrases Second: Determine type of mailing Rev 12/

73 Business Cards Visit: Business cards remain the number one promotional item that your clients will use to make a buying decision on whether or not to hire you. Business cards are easily passed from friends and families as well as professionals to potential clients. Phone Numbers Begin by placing a call to your local phone company. The first number on your business cards should be The second number should be The third number should be What about an 800 number? What about areas with multiple area codes? Insert your address or website Establish a method for communicating to customers about you and your company 24/7 (i.e., website). Avoid using an, people s perceptions of your geographic area could be limited. Rev 12/

74 Brochures Visit: Brochures are a necessary tool for the home inspector, but they are not the end-all for the marketing of your company. Use the brochures to support your company: They help build credibility Use them as a prop to get into Realtors offices and to maintain a presence Maintain your theme in the brochure Include geographic information Add Industry experience Flexible scheduling Flyers Flyers are typically one sided 8½ x 11 sheets of paper. These are quick turn around tools that keep you in the forefront of the Realtors minds. Flyers should be: Educational o Tell who you are, and what specific services you provide o Talk about pertinent topics in the industry o ive the Realtors new tools to assist their clients Promotional o Seasonal reminders o What you can do for them o Any product discounts you offer Rev 12/

75 Picture (Optional) reasons to work with Company / Contact Information Rev 9/22/2005 so 29

76 What p People are saying about Picture (Optional) Four to five testimonial comments from past clients and Realtors Company / Contact Information Rev 9/22/2005 so 30