Screening of Mulberry Genotypes for Alkali Tolerance- An Integrated Approach
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1 Screening of Mulberry Genotypes for Alkali Tolerance- An Integrated Approach K. Sathyanarayana and T. Mogili Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
2 Need for the Study Growth in Silk production - Vertical or horizontal Vertical Growth Limitation Horizontal Growth- constraints due to pressure on arable land and also urbanization Utilising lands not suited for agricultural production - salt affected soils
3 Soil alkalinity and mulberry cultivation Soil alkalinity - osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and nutritional disturbance - reduction in growth, survival and economic yield Options to utilize alkali soils - reclamation or by growing alkali tolerant genotypes Integrated approach- adoption of reclamation at farmer s level is either slow or partial and maximum genetic potential of the genotypes can not be expressed due to the salt stress
4 Materials and Methods Location: CSB Farm, Kinakahalli, Karnataka (black cotton soil, ph: 9.5, Ec: mmhos/ cm, ESP: 42 and SAR: 30) Mulberry Genotypes (8): AR-12, AR-14, AR-10, AR-08, AR-29, two improved and one ruling check Treatments (3): -unreclaimed alkali soil [T1], -reclaimed with organic amendments [T2] 50 MT/ha.) and -reclaimed with inorganic amendments [T3] 8MT/ha. + 1MT/ha.)
5 Materials and Methods contd Design: RBD, 64 plants excluding border/replicn/ genotype Soil analysis: Periodically before and after reclamation Leaf yield and other data: For two years (five crops per year) Bio-assay: Five crops during second year
6 Soil properties before and after treatment Parameters T1 T2 T3 ph Electrical Conductivity (mmhos/cm) Exchangeable Sodium Percentage(%) Sodium Adsorption Ratio (%) Organic Carbon (%) Potassium (kg/ha.) Phosphorous (kg/ha.) Copper (ppm) Zinc (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Iron (ppm)
7 Soil properties before and after treatment contd.. Gypsum - increased solubility of soil calcium carbonate which replaces sodium salts in soil - decrease in the soil ph and ESP of the soil and increase in the availability of nutrients Improvement in macro and micronutrients status - due to synergistic effect of sulphur in the uptake of nutrients Press mud due to relatively more soluble calcium and its organic-acidic (ph 5.62) nature - accumulation and movement of micronutrients
8 Leaf yield (MT/ha./yr) of mulberry genotypes Genotype T1 T2 T3 Average AR AR AR AR AR V S Local Average CD at 0.05: Treatment (Reclamation) 0.28 Mulberry Genotype 0.45 Reclamation x Mulberry Genotype 0.78
9 Observations Under salt stress conditions, plants spend part of the energy for uptake and synthesis of solute resulting in growth reduction. Genetic potential of the genotype will be expressed because of better managerial practices due to improved soil properties in reclaimed soils. Expression of leaf yield of genotypes is dependent on both reclamation treatment and the mulberry genotypes with significant Treatment x Genotype interaction. Leaf yield varied significantly among mulberry genotypes in the same reclamation treatments, with increased gain in the reclamation treatments Bioassay results indicated superiority of the genotype AR-12 under reclaimed conditions over other genotypes
10 Integrated Package for alkali soils Characters T1 T3 Improvement (%) Leaf yield (MT/ha/yr) First year * Second year * Average of two years * Weight of larvae (g) * 6.59 ERR by number NS 2.50 ERR by weight (kg) * 5.69 Single cocoon weight (g) * 3.24 Single shell weight (g) * 7.06 Shell ratio (%) * 3.97
11 Morphological Characteristics of AR-12 Type of species Sexuality Plant type & Ploidy No. of shoots/plant Leaf size and shape Leaf surface Resistance to diseases Regeneration Morus indica Predominantly male Erect, Triploid 8-10 Large, entire, cordate Smooth, glossy, dark green Tolerant to leaf spot, moderately resistant to leaf rust days (winter) & 9-10 days after pruning during other seasons
12 AR-12
13 Recommendations/ Way ahead Application of amendments particularly pressmud, makes the intercultural operations easy and economical for a marginal farmer AR-12 is most suitable genotype in alkali soils before and after reclamation with pressmud Included in Transfer of Technology of CSR & TI, Mysore for utilization of alkali waste lands. Can be cultivated as tree in Sodic soils of Northern India To identify species-specific markers for alkalinity stress condition and empirical testing of tolerant mulberry germplasm accessions in hot spots for alkali soil.
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