Productivity of the plants for late field tomato production depending of the composition of seedling mixture

Transcription

1 Scientia Agriculturae E-ISSN: X / P-ISSN: DOI: /PSCP.SA Sci. Agri. 10 (2), 2015: PSCI Publications Productivity of the plants for late field tomato production depending of the composition of Nikolina G. Shopova, Dimka I. Haytova Agricultural University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria Corresponding Author nina_sm@abv.bg Paper Information Received: 8 Marh, 2015 Accepted: 1 May, 2015 Published: 20 May, 2015 Citation Shopova NG, Haytova DI Productivity Of The Plants For Late Field Tomato Production Depending Of The Composition Of Seedling Mixture. Scientia Agriculturae, 10 (2), Retrieved from (DOI: /PSCP.SA ) Key words: tomato,, containers,,. A B S T R A C T The main aim of this study was to be established productivity of tomato plants, grown in conditions of late field production, depending of the composition of. The experiments were carried out during the period on experimental field, Department of Horticulture at the Agricultural University Plovdiv with cultivar Opal F 1. The variants with additives of different components of organic and organo-mineral origin to the peat-pearlitic and peat-pearlitic with absorbent were tested. The of fruits was highest in the variant peat-pearlitic with absorbent and addition of organic fertilizer Boneprot 2% PSCI Publisher All rights reserved. Abbreviations: PPM - peat-pearlitic ; PPMA - peat-pearlitic with adsorbent Fiba sorb; PPM+L - peatpearlitic with Lumbrikal; PPMA+L - peat-pearlitic with adsorbent Fiba sorb with Lumbrikal; PPM+SS - peat-pearlitic with sea sapropels; PPMA+SS - peat-pearlitic with adsorbent Fiba sorb with sea sapropels; PPM+B - peat-pearlitic with adsorbent Fiba sorb with Boneprot; PPMA+B - peat-pearlitic with adsorbent Fiba sorb with Boneprot. Introduction The late field production of tomatoes provides a real opportunity for extending the marketing of fresh fruits, which have significantly higher biological value and better taste than processed at the same time in greenhouses (Murtazov, 1984). A significant part of the harvested product direction in this production is produced by postharvest ripening of the preserved green fruits harvested before the fall of the first autumn frosts (Ignatov, 1976; Cholakov, 1987). With good organization and proper conditions the postharvest ripening may continue to December (Dimitrov, 1968). This was associated with significantly longer period of consumption of fresh tomatoes from field production and increasing its efficiency. The use of high quality s is essential for realizing the biological potential of plants in the field production of tomatoes and receiving good economic results (Markovic et al., 1997). Cultivation of high quality s requires compliance with several main technological elements, one of which is the composition of the culture (Murtazov, 1980). In Bulgaria research related to the composition of the in container growing of tomato s are made (Panayotov et al., 2004; Dintcheva and Tringovska, 2011), but information for late field production of tomatoes absence. The favorable influence of different organic products on plant productivity (cucumber, cabbage, pepper) during growing season is established (Dimov et al., 2007; Vlahova and Popov, 2014), but there is no scientific information on the productivity of late tomato plants, during the growing season, depending on the composition of s, used for growing s in containers. Unclear are a number of important issues relating to optimizing the composition of the in accordance with the requirements of the young plants through the use of substrates and supplements and their effects on productivity of tomato plants during the growing season. The aim of the investigation was to establish the influence of the components of the culture in late field tomato production, with a container growing of s on of fruits. Material And Methods

2 The experimental work was done during the period with tomato cultivar Opal F 1. The sowing of seeds were done in the period June 2-3 in Styrofoam containers with 66 cells, providing nutritional area per plant of 28cm². For growing s was used peat-pearlitic in ratio 3:1 by volume, and the same peat-pearlitic with adsorbent Fiba sorb, with the inclusion of additives with organic and organo-mineral origin. Peat substrate is enriched with 250 mg/l nitrogen, 250 mg/l phosphorus, 270 mg/l potassium and 1,2 mg/l of trace elements Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, B and Zn. The salt concentration of the is measured in microsiemens 1.2 and ph - 6,5-7,0. Examined the following variants:- peat-pearlitic (PPM), peat-pearlitic with adsorbent Fiba sorb (PPMA), PPM +10% Lumbrikal, PPMA +10% Lumbrikal, PPM +3% sea sapropels, PPMA +3% sea sapropels, PPM +2% Boneprot, PPMA +2% Boneprot. Lumbrikal (Kostievo, Bulgaria) is a product from the processing of manure and other organic waste from California red worm (Lubricus rubellus and Eisenia foetida) and consists of their excrement. The commercial product has a moisture content of 45-55% and the organic content of 45-50% with a content of humic acid to 14% and that of fulvic acids 7%; ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 N) ppm; nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -N) ppm; P 2 O 5 and K 2 O - respectively 1410 ppm and 1910 ppm; MgO - 1.8%. It contains useful microflora 2х10 12 number/g. and a number of biologically active substances (vitamins, hormones, amino acids, antibiotics). The acidity is (ph in H 2 O). Boneprotat (Arkobaleno, Italy) is completely organic product based manure from chicken, beef, horse, rabbit origin. It has the following composition: organic nitrogen (N) - 45%; phosphoric anhydride (P 2 O 5 ) total 3.5%; potassium (K 2 O) - 3.5%; calcium (CaO) - 5-8%; magnesium (MgO) %; organic carbon (C) of biological origin - 30%; humification rate (HR) %; degree of humification (DM) %; humification index (HI) %; humidity %; in water ph The sea sapropels were formed over a period of time from dead organic matter and mineral residues of various marine organisms, sediment seabed in layered sediments with a thickness of 2 to 4 m. The sapropels besides calcium contain further useful for the development of the plant trace elements and organics in the form of humic acids and their salts. They contain the following micro- and macronutrients: calcium (CaO) %; magnesium (MgO) %; potassium (K 2 O) %; iron (FeO) %; Silica (SiO 2 ) %; Titanium (TiO 2 ) %; Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) %; Manganese (MnO) %; Sodium (Na 2 O) % (Nikolov, 2014) Setting up, the experiment was carrying out in the scheme of the block method in four replications. The plant was plant in a permanent place in early July, in high bed-furrow surface in two-roll band in a schema /30 cm. Growing them was done at the adopted technology for late field production with attachment on low wire construction with regular branches and one stem formation, with removal of vegetation peak after shaping fourth truss. It was definitely the of fruit by months and total for the harvest period by performing harvests twice a week, sorting the fruits of the and non- determinting their mass. Before the first autumn frost all green fruits were harvested. The storage of fruits for postharvest ripening was made in storage facilities, under unled conditions. Through 10 days was reported the quantity of postharvest ripening fruits. The of postharvest ripening fruits was included to the of fruits, harvested before the first autumn frost. By the sum of them was obtained the total. The mathematical processing of the data was done by using software SPSS Duncan s Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955) and BIOSTAT. Results Fruit is the main determinant and indicator of economic efficiency of production, and the effectiveness variants being investigated. The information on the distribution of by month is important in terms of the seasonal dynamics of purchase prices and in relation with rhythmic and balanced supply the market with fresh produce consumption. As seen from the results in Table 1. during September , the obtained is from % of the total s, and during 2013 the values of this index are significantly higher to 76.8%. In both years the September of the was statistically significantly lower compared to the tested variants, except the variant PPM + Lumbrikal in 2012 and the both variants with sea sapropels during There are no statistic significantly differences between the variants with additives Boneprot in 2012 and between the variants with additives sea sapropels in Average for the experimental period the ripe fruits during September represented by 59.3 to 66.1% of the total. Their quantity is greatest in variant PPMA + Boneprot, and the increases compared the is 11.1%. Only in the variant PPM + sea sapropels the obtained is lower by the of the - 3.3%. Table 1. Yield of fruits, /da, during September by years and average for the period 104

3 Variant Average for 2 years total total 1 PPM (K) 4022 b 100,0 55, ef 100,0 76,8 5019,0 100,0 66,1 2 PPMA 4190 a 97,5 50, cd 103,2 75,1 5199,0 103,6 62,8 3 PPM+L 3967bc 92,3 48, c 105,7 76,1 5163,5 102,9 62,5 4 PPMA+L 4218 a 90,1 47, b ,4 5359,0 106,8 59,3 5 PPM+SS 3869 c 98,2 52, f 97,2 73,9 4855,5 96,7 62,8 6 PPMA+SS 4177 a 97,2 49,6 6117def 101,7 73,4 5147,0 102,6 61,4 7 PPM+B 4243 a 98,8 51, bc 107,0 73,9 5341,5 106,4 62,8 8 PPMA+B 4296 a 93,6 46, a 114,0 74,2 5577,0 111,1 60,7 Gd 5% 149,5 186,6 Gd 1% 204,5 253,3 Gd 0,1% 277,5 344,7 total The ripe fruits during October of 2012 are from 31.0 to 39.8% of the total yiled, such as in 2013 this percentage is between 19.2 to 21.7%. Comparing the results of the two years shows that in 2013 the October is times lower. The reason for this is that because of unusually early fallen to near the first autumn frost, this month were conducted only three harvests. In both years, the lowest was recorded for the. Variant Table 2. Yield of fruits, /da, during October by years and average for the period Average for 2 years total total 1 PPM (K) 2405 f 100,0 31, e 100,0 19,2 1954,5 100,0 25,1 2 PPMA 2804 de 116,6 33, cd 111,5 20,3 2240,5 114,6 27,1 3 PPM+L 3247 b 135,0 39, d 106,9 19,2 2427,5 124,2 29,4 4 PPMA+L 3430 a 142,6 38, ab 122,3 20, ,6 5 PPM+SS 2680 e 111,4 33, bc 114,0 21,7 2197,0 112,4 27,4 6 PPMA+SS 3054 bc 127,0 36, ab 118,9 21,5 2421,0 123,9 28,9 7 PPM+B 2965 cd 123,3 35, ab 120,3 20,8 2387,5 122,2 28,1 8 PPMA+B 3221 b 133,9 37, a 124,4 20,2 2546,0 130,3 28,4 Gd 5% 179, Gd 1% 244, Gd 0,1% 333, total During October, average for the period, the harvested ripe fruits are from 25.1 to 30.6% of the total. Their quantity is greatest ,5 / da in variant PPMA + Lumbrikal, which exceeds the variant with 38.0%. A greater, compared to the, with 12.4 to 30.3 % is the of the other six variants. Differences on the productivity of the plants, between investigation variants are observed in of postharvest ripening under unled conditions green fruits (Table 3). Average for the two-year period, the of postharvest ripening fruits varies from 685,5-971,0 / da. The highest values were recorded for variants PPMA + Boneprot followed by variants PPMA + Lumbrikal. In these two variants, the increase relative to the is respectively 41.6% for the first and 30.0% for the second variants. A higher, compared to with % is the recorded of the other 5 variants. Variant Table 3. Yield of post-harvest ripening fruits, /da, by years and average for the period Postharvest ripening Average for 2 years fruits, Green fruits for postharvest ripening Postharvest ripening fruits, % to laid down 1 PPM (K) 1055 c 316 e 1224,9 100,0 685,5 100,0 56,0 8,8 2 PPMA 1193 b 381 cd 1361,5 111,2 787,0 114,8 57,8 9,6 3 PPM+L 1038 c 393cd 1357,6 110,8 715,5 104,4 52,7 8,6 4 PPMA+L 1269 b 513 a 1512,0 123,4 891,0 130,0 58,9 10,0 5 PPM+SS 1208 b 352 de 1395,4 113,9 780,0 113,8 55,9 9,7 6 PPMA+SS 1197 b 429 bc 1406,2 114,8 813,0 118,6 57,8 9,7 7 PPM+B 1087 c 466 ab 1384,3 113,0 776,5 113,3 56,1 9,1 8 PPMA+B 1431 а 511 a 1641,0 134,0 971,0 141,6 59,2 10,8 GD 5% 104,7 60,6 GD 1% 142,7 82,0 GD 0.1% 193,1 112,4 total The results from the table show that in the variants with the same additives, or without additives, the higher is 105

4 reported in the variants with absorbent. Depending of the additive the increases is from 4.8 to 28.3%. The lowest value is for the variants with sea sapropels, and the highest - with Boneprot. The average results of that table shows that over the reporting period, under the terms of the returnees in the two years field trials, from 52.7 to 59.2% of the set in storage under unled conditions, the green fruit matured and can be marketed as products. This quantity represents 8.6 to 10.8% of the total which is very small considering that normally, falling near the first autumn frosts in the second half of October, the of postharvest ripening fruit is moving between 20-30% of the total s, and in some years this percent can be a higher. The reason for the noted anomaly is a high percentage of rotting and damaged during the period of ripening of green fruit, which in 2013 varies between 55.3% and 62.6%, resulting in average values of this index for the two-year period are also very high to 32.8%. For comparison, in 2012, in which the set of ripening green fruit were harvested before fall frost, at four variants this rate is a zero and for the remaining four is between 0.4 to 1.0%. Only 1.7 to 2.3% of fruit set to ripening remain green and wastage losses are between 8.6% and 11.7%. They are the greatest in variants with PPM + SS, and lowest in PPMA + SS. The total (Table 4) reflects the most accurate and most objectively the influence of investigated factors on the productivity of plants. Variant Table 4. Total, /da, by years and average for the period Average for 2 years 1 PPM (K) 7482 e 100, d 100,0 7659,0 100,0 2 PPMA 8187 c 109, c 105,5 8226,5 107,4 3 PPM+L 8252 bc 108, c 106,7 8306,5 108,4 4 PPMA+L 8917 a 119, b 113,0 8885,0 116,0 5 PPM+SS 7757 d 103, d 101,0 7836,0 102,3 6 PPMA+SS 8428 b 112, c 106,4 8381,0 109,4 7 PPM+B 8295 bc 110, b 111,2 8505,5 111,1 8 PPMA+B 8948 a 119, a 117,9 9094,0 118,7 GD 5% 229,2 278,4 GD 1% 312,5 378,8 GD 0,1% 422,3 513,3 In most variants the values of this index were higher in 2013, which is consistent with the better weather conditions during the growing period of the test plants, if not considered early fallen autumn frost. In both years, the total in all tested variants is higher compared to the. The average results for the two-year period show that the inclusion in the PPM of absorbent and tested additions increase the total with 2.3 to 18.7% and it is highest / da in the variants PPMA + Boneprot, follow by the variant PPMA + Lumbrikal, in which the increase relative to the is 16.0%. The effect of additives included in the is greater when it is with absorbent. Conclusions The inclusion of the absorbent composition of peat-pearlite and addition of the investigational products with an organic and organic-mineral origin, influence the total and distribution of the production by month. From 73.4 to 76.8% of the total is obtained in September and from 19.2 to 21.7% - in October as the ripe fruit of the plant. The productivity of plants is greatest when s grown in containers, loaded with PPMA + Boneprot. The obtained in this variant total of 9094 /da is 18.7% higher in comparison with the. The of postharvest ripening fruits, which are implemented at higher market prices, in this variant is greatest. References Cholakov D Results from postharvest ripening fruits of tomato varieties for late field production. Plant Science, year ХХХІVІV, 12, p (In Bulgarian) Dimitrov G Postharvest ripening of late tomatoes. Gardening, 9-10, page (In Bulgarian) Dimov IV, Antonova G, Arnaoudov B Results from the application of Humustim on some tomatoes, cucumbers and cabbage. Collection of scientific articles Humustim, Gift of nature, "Dimi 99", pp: (In Bulgarian) Dintcheva T, Tringovska I Growth response of tomato transplants to different amounts of vermicompost in the potting media. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 960: V Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes Duncan D Multiply range and multiple F-test, Biometrics, (11) 1-42 Ignatov B Yield and quality of late tomatoes. Bulgarian fruits, vegetables, preserves, issue 7, pp: (In Bulgarian) Markovic V, Djurovka M, Ilin Z The effect of quality on tomato, plant and fruit characteristics, Acta Hort. (ISHS) 1997, 462, pp: Murtazov T Vegetable s production, Plovdiv, Hr. Danov, pp: (In Bulgarian) Murtazov T Tomatoes, Zemizdat, Sofia. (In Bulgarian) Nikolov N Application of deep water black sea sediments (sapropels) for neutralization of soil acidity at different types of acidic soils. Journal of International Scientific Publications: Ecology and Safety Volume 8, ISSN (Online), Published at: pp:

5 Panayotov N, Sapundjieva K, Kartalska J Influence of organic fertilizer - compost by worms on the development of s of tomatoes and rhizosphere microflora, Scientific papers on Agricultural University, vol. ХLІХ, pp: (In Bulgarian) Vlahova V, Popov V Improvement of productivity and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) resulting from biofertilizer applications under organic farming. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR) ISSN: (Print) (Online) vol. 5, No. 5, pp: