Tropical-Subtropical Fruit Trees for the Home Landscape

Transcription

1 Tropical-Subtropical Fruit Trees for the Home Landscape Jonathan H. Crane, Tropical Fruit Crop Specialist University of Florida, IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center Homestead

2 Environmental factors to consider Site selection Temperature Soil type, depth, and texture Rainfall and access to water Plant selection and cultivars Planting in the home landscape

3 Site selection - temperature The minimum temperature experienced in a local area is the main deciding environmental factor impacting the selection of which tropical or subtropical fruit crop is suitable for the home landscape. Tropical and subtropical fruit crops vary in their tolerance to freezing temperatures. The effect of freezing temperatures on plants depends upon their inherent cold tolerance, the growth stage of the plant (i.e., actively growing vs dormant), the duration of freezing temperatures, how much below freezing (32 o F) temperatures decline, and how often the area experiences freezing temperatures.

4 Site selection - temperature There are a number of sources of local temperature information that can be used to help select in selecting which fruit crops are suitable for your location. These include: historical climate information available from the National Weather Service, observation of the location and types of trees growing in your local area at present, and experience from long-time residents of a local area. These types of climate information along with published accounts and documentation of the cold tolerance of various tropical and subtropical fruit crops can be used in deciding which fruit crops are suitable for your particular location.

5 Information sources Observations of the types of trees and plants growing in your area (and where they are growing locally) can help you determine if that particular fruit crop survives in your location. For example: if you see coconut trees in your area or neighborhood, you can probably safely grow mango and avocado trees; if you see mango trees growing in your area you can probably grow, avocado, macadamia, canistel lychee, and longan trees. Caution: slight differences in distance from large bodies of water (i.e., lakes, rivers) and elevation can greatly influence the minimum temperatures experienced in a particular local area.

6 Information sources Weather data National Climate Data Center ( National Weather Service ( The US National Arboretum ( Univ. of Florida, Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN) (

7 Example of estimated temperatures ( o F) for freeze damage or death of non-protected selected tropical fruit crops Crop Young trees Mature trees Avocado Carambola Lime Longan Lychee Pummelo <32

8 Example of estimated temperatures ( o F) for freeze damage or death of non-protected selected tropical fruit crops Crop Young trees Mature trees Jackfruit <32 Banana 28 injury, <28 death Guava Key lime <32 Papaya <31 White sapote 24 26

9 Key West historical daily and monthly mean temperatures ( )* Record lows Month * Data source, US Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Asheville, NC

10 Homestead historical monthly mean temperatures ( )* Record lows Month * Data source, S.E. Regional Data Center, NWS, Columbia, SC

11 Ft. Lauderdale REC historical mean monthly temperatures ( )* Record lows Month * Data source, S.E. Regional Data Center, NWS, Columbia, SC

12 Vero Beach historical monthly mean temperatures )* Record lows Months * Data source, US Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Asheville, NC

13 West Palm Beach historical monthly mean temperatures )* Record lows Months * Data source, US Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Asheville, NC

14 Orlando historical monthly mean temperatures )* Record lows * Data source, US Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Asheville, NC

15 Tampa historical monthly mean temperatures )* Record lows Months * Data source, US Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Asheville, NC

16 RECOMMENDATION Site selection - temperature The best time of year to plant and establish tropical fruit trees in the home landscape is during the spring and summer - air and soil temperatures are warm and it s the rainy season. Trees will establish quickly and easily during this time of year. During the fall and winter, cool air and soil temperatures slow establishment (i.e., new root and shoot growth) of newly planted trees. In addition, our fall and winter is the driest time of the year and during the fall and winter young trees are more susceptible to freezing temperature damage.

17 RECOMMENDATION Site selection - temperature The warmest to coolest sides adjacent to your home are generally the south, west, east, and north. The warmest and coolest locations in the landscape are similar. In general, the tops of slopes are warmer than the lower areas in your landscape. Note, even a few inches can make a difference. Note, areas adjacent to large bodies of water are warmer than inland areas.

18 RECOMMENDATION Site selection - temperature N Warmest areas South West North Coldest area East Moderately warm area

19 RECOMMENDATION Site selection - temperature Canal West Warm Warm Warm area adjacent to canal North South Moderately warm area NE coldest area East N

20 Banana grown adjacent to a southwest wall protects the plants during cold weather. In contrast, the shade from the banana plants cool the southwest wall in summer.

21 Young mamey sapote tree sugar apple tree in northeast area of landscape adjacent to a canal (warm site). Mango tree in southeast area of the landscape adjacent to a royal palm tree.

22 Sweetheart lychee along northeast side of home. Star fruit tree with Alocasia odora border in eastern side of landscape.

23 Site selection - soil type, depth, and texture The soil type, depth, and texture in a particular local area and home landscape is another major deciding environmental factor impacting the selection of which tropical or subtropical fruit crop is suitable for the home landscape. Tropical and subtropical fruit crops vary in their tolerance to continuously wet or periodically flooded soils. The effect of excessively wet soils on plants depends upon their inherent flood tolerance, the growth stage of the plant (i.e., actively growing vs dormant), the duration of wet soil conditions, time of year (e.g., summer vs winter), and how often the area experiences excessively wet soil conditions.

24 Information sources Soils National Soil Survey ( and index.html) Natural Resource Conservation Service ( and Contact your local University of Florida County Cooperative Extension Service UF Extension publications at

25 Site selection - soil type, depth, and texture There are five main soil types in south Florida: Flatwood lowland soils which are usually poorly drained, sandy and of acid (low) ph. Sandy soils which may have a high or low soil ph and may be underlain by a hardpan that impedes water drainage. Highly organic muck soils which are high in nitrogen and moderately to poorly drained depending upon the water management in the area. Limestone-based soils which have a high ph and calcium carbonate content. Urban fill-based soils which may be composed of sand, silt, muck, and natural and manmade rock fragments of various types and sizes.

26 Sandy lowland flat-land type soils Soils mostly composed of sand. Very low organic matter content, low native fertility, low water holding capacity, poorly to well drained depending upon ground water levels, and rainfall intensity. Soil ph ranges from acid (ph 4) to neutral (ph 7). May require construction of mounds or beds for safely planting tropical and subtropical fruit trees in the home landscape due to the chance of flooding.

27 Sandy soils underlain by a hardpan These may be deep sandy soils or shallow soils with a high water table. Generally, the hardpan is from 6 to 36 inches below the soil surface. These soils are characterized by slow or poor drainage; subject to ponding and flooding. Generally, these soils have low organic matter content, native fertility, and low water holding capacity. These sandy soils may have a high or low soil ph. Shallow sandy soils with a hardpan may require construction of mounds or beds for safely planting tropical and subtropical fruit trees in the home landscape.

28 Muck soils Composed largely of organic matter with usually less than 35% mineral content. High water holding capacity and moderately to poorly drained depending upon the water management in the area. The muck layer depth ranges from <20 inches to over 50 inches in depth and is underlain by a limestone bedrock. Muck soils are high in nitrogen and require micronutrient applications (i.e., iron, zinc, manganese, copper) to avoid plant nutrient deficiencies. Muck soils are at low elevations and may require construction of mounds or beds for safely planting tropical and subtropical fruit trees in the home landscape.

29 Limestone based soils rockland Limestone based soils are primarily found in Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties and are composed mainly of oolitic limestone (calcium carbonate). In its native state it is a solid but water permeable rock. This soil is characterized by very high calcium content, high soil ph ( ), low native fertility, and low organic matter content. In general, rockland soils are well drained however some areas of the County are subject to flooding depending upon the depth to the water table. Rockland soils require micronutrient applications (i.e., iron, zinc, manganese, copper) to avoid plant nutrient deficiencies.

30 Limestone based soils marl Marl-limestone based soils are primarily found in Miami-Dade County and are composed mainly of oolitic limestone (calcium carbonate). In its native state marl soil has a very powdery and clay-like texture. This soil is also characterized by very high calcium content, high soil ph ( ), low native fertility, and low organic matter content. Marl soils are usually found in low lying areas and in contrast to the rockland soil, marl soil is not well drained and are subject to flooding depending upon the depth to the water table. Marl soils require micronutrient applications (i.e., iron, zinc, manganese, copper) to avoid plant nutrient deficiencies.

31 Urban-fill based soils May be composed of sand, silt, muck, and natural and manmade rock fragments of various types trucked in to raise the land surface prior to and/or after home construction. The texture, ph, and drainage characteristics of the home yard may vary greatly from place to place depending upon the nature of the fill. Take note of areas of the lawn that are healthy, well drained/less well drained, etc. It may take some trial and error to find suitable areas for particular trees because of the variable soil characteristics. Construction of large planting holes and mixing of the fill may help reduce soil related problems.

32 Select sites in the landscape that do not flood. In places that have high water table or periodically flood, plant trees on mounds constructed of native soil. Mounds should be 1-3 ft high and 3-10 ft in diameter. RECOMMENDATION Site selection - soils Aerial view of 3-10 ft dia. mound 1-3 ft Side view of mound

33 RECOMMENDATION Site selection - soils On sites that may periodically flood select only flood tolerant fruit species (see fact sheet HS202). On sites with a hardpan, if possible dig into or auger planting holes past the hardpan to improve water drainage. On sites with rockland or urban fill soil, use a auger or backhoe and have holes 3 or more feet deep and wide constructed. Multiple holes will increase rooting area and tree stability.

34 Soil depth, drainage, and flood tolerance of tropical fruit crops Flood tolerance Tolerant Guava Sapodilla Caimito Coconut Grafted citrus* Moderately tolerant Banana Canistel Carambola Lime Longan Lychee Mango Not tolerant Atemoya Avocado Jackfruit Mamey sapote Papaya Passion fruit Sugar apple *, Flood tolerance varies with rootstock.

35 RECOMMENDATION Site selection - soils Soil amendments are commonly top soil, muck, sludge, sand, and compost or some mixture thereof. However, because improper use of a soil amendment may harm the health of trees and the diversity of amendments and confusion about their use, i.e., how to tell a good one from a poor one, and how to use it, it may be better not to recommend a soil amendment to inexperienced people. However, if someone feels they need a soil amendment, please see the next slide.

36 RECOMMENDATION Site selection - soils Soil amendments such as top soil, sand, and well composted sludge and compost should only be used in a limited amount in the planting hole. Furthermore, these materials should only be mixed with the native soil in no more than a 60% native soil/40% amendment mixture. The reason for this is that if too much soil amendment is used, movement of water between the planting hole and the native soil may be impeded leading to root rot and decline of the tree.

37 Site selection - rainfall and access to water Rainfall is an important source of irrigation water for fruit trees in the home landscape in that: The best time of year to plant fruit trees in the home landscape is during the spring-summer wet season (May- August). Many homeowners forget to water their fruit trees or may not have the capacity to water trees far from the spigots attached to the home. Access to good quality well and/or city water is also important for irrigating fruit trees in the home landscape during prolonged dry periods.

38 Site selection salinity and access to water Salinity is the amount of salts in the soil solution or irrigation water. Salts may accumulate in the soil of the Keys by irrigation with saline water and salt water intrusion. Salinity is measured by how well an electric current can flow through the soil solution or irrigation water; the higher the salinity the higher electrical conductivity (EC) or total dissolved salts (TDS).

39 Salinity: Properties of sea water and of good quality irrigation water Property Seawater (mm) Irrig. Water (mm) Na <2.0 K <1.0 Ca Mg Cl <2.0 SO HCO <1.5 Ψπ (Mpa) TDS (mg L -1 ) 32, From: Taiz, L. and E. Zeiger Plant Physiol., Sinauer Assoc.

40 Site selection salinity and access to water You can have your water tested for salinity* Water quality ds/m TDS (total dissolved salts) ppm Excellent Good Permissible Doubtful Unsuitable >3.0 >2100 * Contact your local UF County Cooperative Extension Service.

41 Symptoms of salinity stress Leaf wilting Reduce leaf size Chlorosis/nutrient deficiencies Marginal and tip necrosis Leaf abscission Stem dieback Reduced flowering and fruit set Reduced fruit size Fruit abscission Reduced crop yields Increased susceptibility to damage from other stresses Tree death

42 Mango, salinity stress symptoms marginal necrosis

43 Lychee, salinity stress symptoms marginal necrosis

44 Tropical fruit crop tolerance to salinity stress Tolerant Guava Date palm Coconut Not tolerant Mango Avocado Papaya Carambola Lychee Banana

45 Avoidance and/or recovery of salt stressed tropical fruit trees Plant in areas with good quality soil and irrigation water Reduce canopy volume/area to reduce transpirational demand Periodic leaching of the soil profile by high rates of irrigation Amend soils with well composted organic matter Mulch trees to reduce soil surface evaporation and salt accumulation Amend irrigation water or use city water sources

46 Site selection salinity and access to water Most tropical fruit crops are not tolerant of saline soil conditions, saline irrigation water, and salt spray. Exceptions to this are coconut palm and to a limited extent guava. Symptoms of salinity stress include: marginal leaf chlorosis, leaf drop, poor plant vigor/growth tree decline, stem dieback, tree death.

47 RECOMMENDATION rainfall and irrigation The best time of year to plant fruit trees in the home landscape is during the spring-summer wet season (May-August). Be sure you have access to water before planting trees as newly planted trees need to be water immediately after planting and every day or so for the first week after planting. Young trees during the first year especially, should be periodically watered during prolonged dry periods. If in doubt about the quality of your irrigation water, have it tested.

48 RECOMMENDATION rainfall and irrigation If you have saline water (doubtful, unsuitable): Plant trees away from areas that experience or have experienced salt water intrusion. Find a source of good quality water. Water can be treated but it is expensive. Grow salt tolerant fruit crops. Fertilize trees frequently with small amounts rather than periodic large amounts. Periodically (every 3-6 months) over-irrigated the soil around your trees to flush excess salts from the root zone. Keep water off the leaves when irrigating as the salts in the irrigation water will damage them.

49 RECOMMENDATION - Site selection in the home landscape Make a map of your home and yard The warmest to coolest sides adjacent to your home are south, west, east, and north. The warmest and coolest locations in the landscape may be similar. In general, the tops of even slight slopes are warmer than the lower areas. Areas adjacent to pavement are warmer than away from pavement. Take note of where windy and wind-protected areas are located. Take note of mature trees (e.g., pines) that may be used as overhanging trees which provide additional cold protection to cold sensitive trees.

50 Site selection in the home landscape light exposure and tree spacing** In general, fruit crops grow and produce best when exposed to full sunlight. Shaded trees tend to be weak growing and less productive. The lower limbs of mature trees may be lost if shaded for too many hours of the day, resulting in fruit trees that only have fruit far from the ground. The ultimate size of fruit trees varies with species and growing conditions. Some have the potential to grow very large (e.g., mango, avocado, sapodilla), others are inherently smaller (e.g., guava, jaboticaba).

51 Site selection in the home landscape make a map of your home and yard Take note of the shadiest areas and areas of greatest sun exposure. Most trees do best with exposure to full sunlight. Take note of soil areas that drain well and those that do not. In general, you want - The warmest sites possible Areas with well drained soils Plant the least cold-hardy trees adjacent to the south or west side of structures; at the top of a slope; adjacent to mature trees or; near pavement. Build mounds 2-3 ft high and 6-10 ft in diameter of native soil in wet and flood-prone areas.

52 Site selection in the home landscape tree spacing examples Avocado, mango, lychee, mamey sapote, and loquat should be planted 30 ft or more from buildings and other trees. These trees should be selectively pruned and maintained at a foot height, maximum. Carambola, sugar apple, atemoya, and guava should be planted 20 ft or more from buildings and other trees and should be selectively pruned and maintained at a 6-12 foot height, maximum. Jaboticaba are small bush-like trees and may be planted 10 ft away from buildings and other trees.

53 Table 1. Recommended plant height for tropical fruit trees grown in the home landscape in Florida. Common Name Scientific Name Recommended Maintenance Tree Height (ft) Abiu Pouteria caimito 8-12 Atemoya Annona cherimola x A. squamosa 8-12 Avocado Persea Americana Banana Musa hybrids --- Black sapote Diospyros digyna Caimito (star apple) Chyrsophyllum cainito 8-12 Canistel (egg fruit) Pouteria campechiana Carambola Averrhoa carambola 6-12 Cashew Anacardium occidentale Citrus Citrus species Cocoa Theobroma cacao 6-8 Coconut Cocos nucifera --- Coffee Coffea arabica, C. canephora 5-15 Guava Psidium guajava 3-12 Jaboticaba Myrciaria cauliflora 8-12

54 Common Name Scientific Name Recommended Maintenance Tree Height (ft) Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus 8-14 Longan Dimocarpus longana Loquat Eriobotrya japonica 6-12 Lychee Litchi chinensis Macadamia Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla Mamey sapote Pouteria sapota Mamoncillo Melicocus bijugatus Mango Mangifera indica 6-15 Pineapple Annanas comosus --- Pitaya Hylocereus undatus and hybrids --- Sapodilla Manilkara zapota Soursop Annona muricata 8-12 Spondias Spondias species 8-12 Sugar apple Annona squamosa 8-12 Tea z Camellia sinensis 5-6 White sapote Casimiroa edulis and C. tetrameria 10-15

55 Overview of tropical fruit crops for the home landscape

56 Avocado (Persea americana) Requires well drained soil plant on mounds if necessary. There are two types of avocado, A-types and B- types. In general avocados need cross pollination with a complimentary cultivar, i.e., A-type and B-type. Therefore, you may need to plant two avocado trees near each other for good fruit set. Exceptions are Lula and Taylor. However, if neighbors also have avocado trees this may not be necessary.

57 Avocado (Persea americana) Limited cold tolerance (25-30 o F). Recommend Guatemalan (G) or G - West Indian hybrids. Recommended cultivars include Brogdon, Brookslate, Tonnage, Miguel, Choquette, Monroe, Taylor, and Hall. Others untested but worth trying include Day and Ettinger. Others recommended but hard to find include Gainesville, Mexicola, and Winter Mexican.

58 Cold tolerant 6 inches Brogdon B-type

59 Choquette Tonnage Hall Monroe

60 Russell Donnie Miguel Simmonds

61 Lychee (Litchi chinensis) Limited cold tolerance (24-25 o F). Requires well drained soil plant on mounds if necessary. Unreliable bearing is a problem with all lychee cultivars. Requires a cool period in the late fall/winter for good flowering in the spring. Do not apply nitrogen containing fertilizers from Sept.-March. Irrigate well from March through Aug., then cut back or stop watering from Nov.- Feb. Numerous cultivars to choose from, however, Mauritius is more reliable bearing than others.

62 Mauritius

63 Brewster

64 Bosworth 3 ( Kwai May Pink )

65 Hak Ip ( Black Leaf )

66 Carambola (Averrhoa carambola) Limited cold tolerance (26-28 o F). Requires well drained soil plant on mounds if necessary. Highly sensitive to wind plant only in a wind protected area of the landscape. Moderately shade tolerant and may be planted in areas of light shade. Requires frequent light applications of fertilizers. Iron should be applied in chelated form 2-4 times during the warm part of the year. Recommended trees are mulched with 4-6 inches of clean organic matter (6 away from trunk). Water trees well during dry periods.

67 Arkin

68 Lara Kary

69 B-10 Fwang Tung B-10

70 Mango (Mangifera indica) Limited cold tolerance (25-28 o F). Does not acclimate to cold temperatures. Does best on well drained soil plant on mounds if necessary. Highly sensitive to salt intrusion/poor quality water. Periodic application of micronutrients (manganese, zinc, iron) is important. Do not over-water trees especially during the winter. Water trees during extended dry periods only. Recommend cultivars include Tommy Atkins, Keitt, Kent, Glenn, Cogshall, Irwin and many others.

71

72 Keitt

73 Nom Doc Mai Palmer Sensation Carabao

74 Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Well adapted to most soil types; requires well-drained soils. Very tolerant of limited fertilizer and watering regime (although will benefit from irrigation during flowering and fruiting). Very cold tolerant tree (to 10 o F), fruit to o F. Major problems include loss of crop due to severe freezing, Caribbean fruit fly, and fire blight. Recommend planting in warm site, paper bag fruit when small, and remove and destroy fire-blight infected wood. Numerous cultivars to choose from.

75 Thales Advance Champagne Wolfe Photos, JH Crane

76 Jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) Small, bush-like tree that may have 4-6 crops per year. Limited cold tolerance (27-29 o F). Trees propagated by seed, may take up to 8 years to flower and fruit. Grows best in well drained, fertile, slightly acid soils (ph 5-7). Benefits from light mulching around the tree (keep it away from the tree trunk).

77 Photos, JH Crane Jaboticaba

78 Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Limited cold tolerance (to ~28 o F); prolonged exposure to temperatures in the low 40s results in internal breakdown of the fruit; extreme high temperatures may cause sunburn. Requires well drained soils. Fruit take 8-12 months to mature from planting. Flowering can be induced by applying 1/16 th teaspoon of calcium carbide to the crown. Mealy bug is a major insect pest. Nematodes may also be a problem so use clean material.

79 Smooth Cayenne Photo, USDA-ARS, HI

80 Banana (Musa sp. and hybrids) Three groups of bananas sweet bananas eaten fresh (desert), starchy cooking bananas and plantains. There are numerous clones/cultivars of banana and multiple names for the same clone is common. Plant growth slows below 60 o F and stops below 50 o F. Symptoms of chilling injury (caused by below 60 o F but above 32 o F) symptoms include choking, dull yellow or greenish-gray color to fruit and increased fruit rots.

81 Banana (Musa sp. and hybrids) The psuedostem (above ground stems) may be killed by freezing temperatures, however, the plant will generally regrow from the rhizome (underground stem). Plant in full sunlight (best), in well-drained areas only and wind protection is beneficial. Major disease problems include Panama disease (attacks roots) and black sigatoka (attacks leaves). Major insect problems include the banana weevil (attacks corm). Burrowing and spiral nematodes may also be major problems (attacks roots).

82 FHIA01 also called Goldfinger

83 FHIA02 also called Mona Lisa

84 Praying Hands Jamaican Red

85 Sugar apple (Annona squamosa) and atemoya (A. cherimola x A. squamosa) Limited cold tolerance (<32 o F). Plant only in well drained soils. Periodic application of micronutrients (manganese, zinc, iron) is important. Easily pruned to maintain small stature. Recommend cultivars include Red and Lessard Thai sugar apple and Gefner atemoya.

86 Gefner atemoya Red sugar apple Lessard Thai sugar apple

87 Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Limited cold tolerance (28-30 o F). Requires well drained soil plant on mounds if necessary. Unreliable bearing is a problem with all longan cultivars. Requires a cool period in the late fall/winter for good flowering in the spring. Do not apply nitrogen containing fertilizers from Sept.-March. Irrigate well from March through Aug., then cut back or stop watering from Nov.- Feb. A number of cultivars to choose from: Kohala, Degelman, Edau, and others.

88 Kohala

89 Papaya (Carica papaya) Not cold tolerant (~31-32 o F). Not salt and flood tolerant. Fast growing, plant seeds in Dec., plant seedling in March, harvest in Sept.- Oct. Numerous cultivars but most not available to home owners. Take seed from fruit, clean, dry, plant in artificial media, when seedlings 8 12 inches high, plant. Plant at least 3 plants (8-12 ft apart).

90 Bisexual plant Male plant

91 Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) * Limited cold tolerance (26-32 o F). Moderately tolerant of flooded/wet soil conditions. Moderately tolerance of salt spray and saline soil/water conditions. No major nutrient problems although iron should be applied regularly in calcareous soils. Some cultivars appear more susceptible to Caribbean fruit fly than others. No major diseases. Fruit available Feb. June. *, considered invasive and not recommended for planting in south Florida

92 Prolific Brown Sugar

93 Guava (Psidium guajava)* Limited cold tolerance (25-28 o F). Moderately tolerant of flooded/wet soil conditions. Moderately tolerance of salt spray and saline soil/water conditions. Iron should be applied regularly in calcareous soils. Some cultivars appear more susceptible to Caribbean fruit fly than others. Red algae and anthracnose diseases. Fruit available Aug.-Oct. + Feb.-March. *, considered invasive and not recommended for planting in south Florida

94 Thai white guava (green crunchy) Lara pink guava (ripe, soft)

95 For self-improvement and Master Gardener training There are 15 tropical fruit crop PowerPoint presentations on the UF Presentations website at (requires UF gatorlink username and password). These presentations may be used for self-improvement, Master Gardener Training, reference, or individual workshops.

96 For more information UF-IFAS publications web site: UF-TREC FruitScapes web site: or UF-TREC: Fla. State Hort. Soc.:

97 Credits Author Dr. Jonathan H. Crane, Tropical Fruit Crops Specialist Photographs copyrighted Ian Maguire Carlos F. Balerdi Jonathan H. Crane This presentation is copyrighted, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences