3.44b. Soil Classification AK & BR

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1 3.44b Soil Classification AK & BR

2 Why look at soil? Because soil and its constituents are the base material for growing trees.

3 History Why a Forestry Commission soil classification? There is a need for an objective site classification of United Kingdom soil / site types, upon which the growing and management of trees can be based.

4 FC soil classification Soil Classes Soils with well aerated subsoil Soils with poorly aerated subsoil Flushed peatlands main soil classes Unflushed peatlands Man-made soils Rankers and Skeletal soils Littoral soils mining / quarry spoil, brownfield sites etc. bedrock present at < 30cm adjacent to the coast, sands and gravels minor soil classes

5 Typical soil constituents 20-30% AIR COMPONENT 45% MINERAL COMPONENT 30-20% WATER COMPONENT 5% ORGANIC COMPONENT

6 What creates a soil? Parent material - (type of rock) Climate - (heat, water, wind) Organisms - (bugs, insects, fungi, bacteria) Topography - (landform) Time

7 Parent Material The parent material is the material from which a soil is formed, not necessarily the bedrock of a site. The geographic position of the parent material affects the potential water holding capacity, fertility and texture of a soil.

8 Soil particles - texture SAND: coarse rough granular particles SILT: smooth spherical particles CLAY: flat, plate-like particles

9 Soil texture triangle Clay Sand Silt

10 FC soil classification Soil Groups Soils with well aerated subsoil 1 Brown earths 3 Podzols 4 Ironpan soils 12 Calcareous soils Soils with poorly aerated subsoil Flushed peatlands Unflushed peatlands 5 Ground-water gley soils 6 Peaty surface-water gley soils 7 Surface-water gley soils 8 Juncus (or basin) bogs 9 Molinia (or flushed blanket) bogs 10 Sphagnum (flat or raised) bogs 11 Calluna, Eriophorum, Trichophorum (or unflushed blanket) bogs 14 Eroded bogs 2 Man-made soils 13 Rankers and Skeletal soils 15 Littoral soils

11 Soil Horizons L Litter (fresh litter from previous growth season) O Organic material (humus or peat layers) A - Top soil (mineral with incorporated organic material) E Elluvial (removed organic, clay and oxides) B Mineral soil (altered parent material) C Parent material (unaltered) A LAYER CAKE!

12 Generic soil processes Podzolisation (ironpan formation) Gleying Build-up of partially decomposed vegetation (humus/peat)

13 Brown earth Typical brown earth Slight podzolisation Slight gleying Slight build up of partially decomposed vegetation (humus/peat) Rooting is unrestricted by anaerobic conditions

14 Brown earth Soils with brownish or reddish colours, free drainage and good aeration and moderate or strong acidity, throughout the profile. Humified organic matter is incorporated into the mineral soil to give a dark brown topsoil (A horizon). There is no E horizon. The B horizon is distinguished from the underlying C by a richer brown colour due to weathering and the residual accumulation of iron oxides (Bw horizon). O A B C

15 Very Wet Wet V. Moist Soil Moisture Regime Moist Fresh Sl. Dry Mod. Dry Very Dry Soil Humus form Soil Nutrient Regime Very Poor Poor Medium Rich Very Rich Carbonate mor mor, moder moder, oligomull Brown earth oligomull, eumull eumull eumull Rankers and shingle Moisture and Rendzinas Nutrient grid Gravelly or sandy podzols and ironpan soils Gravelly or sandy brown earths Loamy podzols and ironpan soils Loamy brown earths Loamy brown earths of high base status Calcareous brown earths Podzolic gleys and peaty ironpan soils Brown gleys Brown gleys of high base status Calcareous brown gleys Unflushed peaty gleys and deep peats Surface-water gleys Flushed peaty gleys and deep peats Surface-water gleys of high base status Humic gleys of high base status and fen peats Calcareous surfacewater gleys

16 Podzol Podzol soil Acidic soil conditions Oxide leaching Humus movement Humus and oxide deposition Possible ironpan formation Possible surface gley formation Possible subsequent peat formation

17 Podzol Podzols are free draining, well aerated, strongly acid soils with a surface accumulation of raw humus, an Ea horizon from which iron oxides have been removed, and B horizons in which translocated humus or iron oxides have been deposited. The A horizon, which may not be well developed, consists of a mixture of blackish humus particles and bleached sand grains. The Ea horizon consists largely of bleached sand grains and is whitish in colour. Both A and E horizons have a friable consistence. O A E B C

18 Podzol soil

19 Ironpan soil

20 Ironpan The characteristic features of this group are an Eg horizon underlain by a thin ironpan (Bf horizon). The Eg horizon has a grey colour often with a yellowish or greenish hue and ochreous or rusty mottles or streaks. These gley like symptoms are caused by reduction and segregation of iron, during frequent periods of waterlogging and anaerobism. There is a surface accumulation of black greasy peat but this can be as little as a few centimetres thick or as much as 45 cm, the maximum allowed in the group. The subsoil, beneath the ironpan, usually lacks gleying symptoms and is not affected by waterlogging or anaerobism. Ironpan soils are strongly acid throughout the profile. The ironpan normally passes through stones, depending on their porosity, and also forms a conspicuous coating on the stones. O E A Bf B C

21 Soil Moisture Regime Very Dry Mod. Dry Sl. Dry Fresh Moist V. Moist Wet Very Wet Podzols and Ironpans Soil Humus form Soil Nutrient Regime Very Poor Poor Medium Rich Very Rich Carbonate mor mor, moder moder, oligomull oligomull, eumull eumull eumull Rankers and shingle Moisture and Rendzinas Nutrient grid Gravelly or sandy podzols and ironpan soils Gravelly or sandy brown earths Loamy podzols and ironpan soils Loamy brown earths Loamy brown earths of high base status Calcareous brown earths Podzolic gleys and peaty ironpan soils Brown gleys Brown gleys of high base status Calcareous brown gleys Unflushed peaty gleys and deep peats Surface-water gleys Flushed peaty gleys and deep peats Surface-water gleys of high base status Humic gleys of high base status and fen peats Calcareous surfacewater gleys

22 Surface-water gley Typical surface-water gley Waterlogged soil becomes anaerobic (without oxygen). Soil loses bright, ochreous appearance and takes on a grey / black or mottled grey and yellow / blue / pink appearance. Rotten stones are found in the gleyed layers. Rooting is restricted by the anaerobic conditions.

23 Surface-water gley A distinct topsoil or Ag horizon, grey coloured with rusty streaks, and some cm thick, overlies a mottled grey and yellow subsoil, the Bg horizon. At a depth of about 100 cm the mottling becomes less distinct, in the BCg horizon, and within another 50 cm the colour becomes almost uniform in the C horizon. The profile may be attenuated by bedrock so that a true C horizon may be absent. Textures in the type are finer than sandy clay loam at least in the Bg and BCg horizons although the Ag horizon is usually loamy and the C horizon is usually less clayey because it is less weathered. O A B C

24 Soil Moisture Regime Very Dry Mod. Dry Sl. Dry Fresh Moist V. Moist Wet Very Wet Surface-water gley Soil Humus form Soil Nutrient Regime Very Poor Poor Medium Rich Very Rich Carbonate mor mor, moder moder, oligomull oligomull, eumull eumull eumull Rankers and shingle Moisture and Rendzinas Nutrient grid Gravelly or sandy podzols and ironpan soils Gravelly or sandy brown earths Loamy podzols and ironpan soils Loamy brown earths Loamy brown earths of high base status Calcareous brown earths Podzolic gleys and peaty ironpan soils Brown gleys Brown gleys of high base status Calcareous brown gleys Unflushed peaty gleys and deep peats Surface-water gleys Flushed peaty gleys and deep peats Surface-water gleys of high base status Humic gleys of high base status and fen peats Calcareous surfacewater gleys

25 Peaty gley Peaty gley Waterlogged soil becomes anaerobic Litter breakdown is slowed by anaerobic conditions Build up of partially decomposed vegetation less than 45cm deep Rooting is restricted by the anaerobic conditions

26 Peaty gley This is a soil with impeded drainage and surface peat accumulations between 5-25cm thickness. The peat is black or dark brown and amorphous or almost so. When partially dried the peat shows a granular or fine blocky structure. Beneath the peat the Ahg horizon is black or dark grey and usually less than 10 cm thick. The Eg horizon may be well developed, with pale grey colour dominant and ochreous mottling associated with root channels and soft weathered stones. The Bg horizon has a roughly 50:50 mixture of grey and yellow or ochreous mottling. Towards the bottom of the Bg horizon, which may be termed the BCg horizon, the mottling becomes less prominent, usually because the ochreous colour becomes less yellow and more khaki or olive and because the grey colour becomes darker. In the C horizon the colours become less distinct and eventually merge, i.e. the original colour of the parent material is retained. Textures in the type are finer than sandy clay loam in the Bg horizon. O A E B C

27 Soil Moisture Regime Very Dry Mod. Dry Sl. Dry Fresh Moist V. Moist Wet Very Wet Peaty gley Soil Humus form Soil Nutrient Regime Very Poor Poor Medium Rich Very Rich Carbonate mor mor, moder moder, oligomull oligomull, eumull eumull eumull Rankers and shingle Moisture and Rendzinas Nutrient grid Gravelly or sandy podzols and ironpan soils Gravelly or sandy brown earths Loamy podzols and ironpan soils Loamy brown earths Loamy brown earths of high base status Calcareous brown earths Podzolic gleys and peaty ironpan soils Brown gleys Brown gleys of high base status Calcareous brown gleys Unflushed peaty gleys and deep peats Surface-water gleys Flushed peaty gleys and deep peats Surface-water gleys of high base status Humic gleys of high base status and fen peats Calcareous surfacewater gleys

28 FC soil classification Soil Types A soil type defines a soil within a group of soils with similar characteristics. Upland brown earths have a slightly gleyed layer at the top (1u). Many soils are fully classified at the type level.

29 FC soil classification Soil Types Soils with well aerated subsoil 1 Brown earths 1 Typical brown earth 1d Basic brown earth 1u Upland brown earth 1z Podzolic brown earth 3 Podzols 3 Typical podzol 3m Hardpan podzol 4 Ironpan soils 12 Calcareous soils 4 Typical ironpan soil 4z Podzolic ironpan soil 4b Intergrade ironpan soil 12a Rendzina 12b Calcareous brown earth 12t Argillic brown earth

30 Soil Moisture Regime Very Dry Mod. Dry Sl. Dry Fresh Moist V. Moist Wet Very Wet Deep peat Soil Humus form Soil Nutrient Regime Very Poor Poor Medium Rich Very Rich Carbonate mor mor, moder moder, oligomull oligomull, eumull eumull eumull Rankers and shingle Moisture and Rendzinas Nutrient grid Gravelly or sandy podzols and ironpan soils Gravelly or sandy brown earths Loamy podzols and ironpan soils Loamy brown earths Loamy brown earths of high base status Calcareous brown earths Podzolic gleys and peaty ironpan soils Brown gleys Brown gleys of high base status Calcareous brown gleys Unflushed peaty gleys and deep peats Surface-water gleys Flushed peaty gleys and deep peats Surface-water gleys of high base status Humic gleys of high base status and fen peats Calcareous surfacewater gleys

31 FC soil classification Soil Types Man-made soils 2 Man-made soils 2s Mining spoil, stony or coarse textured 2m Mining spoil, shaly or fine textured Rankers and Skeletal soils 13 Rankers and Skeletal soils 13b Brown ranker 13g Gley ranker 13p Peaty ranker 13z Podzolic ranker 13r Rock 13s Scree 13c Ranker complex

32 FC soil classification Soil Types Littoral soils 15 Littoral soils 15s Shingle 15d Dunes 15e Sand with deep water-table 15i Sand with moderately deep water-table 15g Sand with shallow water-table 15w Sand with very shallow water-table

33 FC soil classification Soil Phases A soil phase further describes a specific soil type s potential silvicultural characteristics. Soil phases are only applied to the main mineral and shallow peaty soil types (peat < 45cm deep). Multiple phases maybe combined to describe a soil type. They are a flexible, yet precise description.

34 Soil Phase suffixes used with Soil Types 1-7z, 12b & 12t Suffix Name Description a shallow predominantly 30-45cm soil to bedrock (0-45cm for manmade soils) c cultivated considerable alteration to physical or chemical properties or to vegetation by former agricultural use e ericaceous vegetation contains sufficient Calluna (dominant to frequent) to become a weed problem after planting f flushed considerable enrichment with nutrients from flushing water, as indicated by the presence and vigour of tall Juncus sp., Deschampsia caespitosa or Molinia g slightly gleyed subsoil slightly mottled or with grey patches h humose topsoil contains between 8 and 30% organic matter i imperfectly aerated grey colouration is less prominent than usual, but doesn t quite qualify as type 7b k calcareous ph > 7 in A, E or B horizons

35 Soil Phase suffixes used with Soil Types 1-7z, 12b & 12t Suffix Name Description l loamy texture throughout is not finer than sandy clay loam p peaty presence of an O horizon (containing > 25% organic matter) exceeding varying thickness (depending on soil type): 3 / cm 6 / 6z 25 45cm 4 / 4z 15 45cm s extremely stony stones occupy more than 35% of soil volume v alluvial soil developed in recent alluvium (river sediment) of sandy or coarse loamy texture x indurated has strongly indurated material within 45cm of the soil surface; where the induration is moderately developed or at 45 60cm use (x) z podzolic presence of bleached Ea horizon or humus rich Bh horizon If more than one suffix is used they are placed in the order: v l p h z x g i s a f k c e

36 Intergrades and phases Podzolic peaty gley i.e. very poor and wet Podzol with peaty and gleyed phase i.e. very poor and moist Podzol i.e. very poor and slightly dry

37 Critical depths in soil profiles Peat depth: < 5cm mineral soil, no phase 5 25cm 7 become cm 3 and 5 become 3p and 5p 15 45cm 4, 4z and 4b become 4p, 4zp and 4bp 25 45cm 6 and 6z become 6p and 6zp > 30cm 13p becomes deep peat > 45cm deep peat Depth to bedrock: < 30cm ranker or rendzina 30 45cm shallow phase (a) Depth to induration: < 45cm indurated phase x, or (x) if moderate induration 45 60cm indurated phase (x)

38 FC soil classification recording form Forest Soil type & phase Texture Grid reference GPS waypoint no. Surveyor Date O Stoniness (% volume) Horizon details and depth (cm) (from the surface) A E B C Humus type Root depth ESC Soil Moisture Regime ESC Soil Nutrient Regime

Soil Geography Notes JC-Learn. JC-Learn. Geography Notes Soil. 1 P a g e

Soil Geography Notes JC-Learn. JC-Learn. Geography Notes Soil. 1 P a g e JC-Learn Geography Notes Soil 1 P a g e Soil Soil is the thin covering of loose material that makes up the outermost layer of our planet. It is a living thing and a rich natural resource. Plants need soil