Management of blackleg caused by Dickeya. Amy Charkowski Professor BioAgricultural Sciences and Pest Management

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1 Management of blackleg caused by Dickeya Amy Charkowski Professor BioAgricultural Sciences and Pest Management

2 Collaborators: Jay Hao Gary Secor Keith Perry Carol Ishimaru Steve Johnson Noah Rosenzweig Advisors: Gerry Saddler* Ian Toth Jean van der Wolf Minna Pirhonen Funding: Grower Organizations Universities USDA-ARS USDA-CARE

3 Dickeya and Pectobacterium Closely related bacterial pathogens Cause rot, wilt, and blackleg in many crops, including potato Dickeya is an emerging problem in potato in some regions

4 Field Symptoms - Dickeya

5 Multiple blackleg species are present in North American potatoes Pectobacterium atrosepticum P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense P. carotovorum subsp. odoriferum P. parmentieri (P. wasabiae) Dickeya dianthicola D. dadantii

6 Dickeya dianthicola -Found in US and worldwide -Possibly present in US in other crops for many years Dickeya solani -Aggressive soft rot species -Emerged in Netherlands -Not yet reported in North America Wikipedia

7 Because multiple species are present and they infect many plant species, there are significant challenges in: -Detection -Epidemiology -Breeding for resistance

8 What caused this outbreak? Rain in 2013 and 2014 spread pathogen, but cool temperatures caused latency. Warmer temps in 2015 on commercial farms resulted in significant outbreak.

9 Can we eliminate Dickeya? Is it a recent introduction? Is it established in the environment?

10 Blackleg disease diagram and management Pathogen Potato Farm Environment

11 Blackleg disease diagram and management Pathogen Potato Pathogen testing, sanitation Farm Environment

12 Is seed lot testing available for Dickeya? 1. Which test to use? 2. Which part of plant to test? 3. How many samples to test per seed lot? 4. When to test the plants? 5. Are tests predictive of disease the next year?

13 There is no inexpensive single test that can identify all Pectobacterium and Dickeya species

14 In , tested all published PCR assays for Dickeya and Pectobacterium PelADE and Dia-C PCR assays were effect and are currently the most commonly used

15 PelADE = detects all Dickeya species Dia-C = detects D. dianthicola Additional assays in final stages of development

16 Recent lab validation assays with 7 different labs led by Secor (NDSU) and Fox (Maine) 98% agreement between labs

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18 Which part of potato plant should be tested for Dickeya?

19 Probability of erroneous acceptance of field How many tubers should be tested per seed lot? Clayton and Slack Amer. Potato J. Probability of infected seed tuber in lot

20 When to test for Dickeya? Field Season: Post-Harvest: up to 5 stems per field when symptoms present (WI) 454 lots of 1058 total (ME) 150 lots from 16 states, 3 provinces (ND) FY1-FY3 lots (WI)

21 Should stems from a postharvest grow-out be tested for Dickeya? Dickeya is endemic in Hawaii and Florida. Cross-contamination can occur during shipping and planting. Symptoms may not develop reliably. Recommendation: If symptoms occur in the post-harvest test, have a second sample from the warehouse tested for Dickeya.

22 Are lab tests on tubers predictive of disease the following year? Very little data available for the US Symptoms seem more likely to occur on East Coast Hot and humid weather promotes disease

23 In Netherlands: Samples tested in 4 groups of 50 tubers, with minimum of 200 per seed lot All samples negative = 3-4% chance of blackleg in the subsequent year. 1 to 3 positive = ~10% of lots have blackleg 4 positive = ~25% of lots have blackleg If Dickeya is present, expect blackleg in ~50% of seed lots If multiple Dickeya/Pectobacterium strains are found, then rate of blackleg is very high.

24 Are tissue culture plantlets a source of Dickeya? Already routinely tested Dickeya quickly kills plantlets in tissue culture

25 Are greenhouse-grown tubers a source of Dickeya? Epidemiological evidence so far does not support this. Severe symptoms likely to develop under greenhouse conditions.

26 Are greenhouse-grown tubers a source of Dickeya? To reduce risk in a greenhouse: 1. Irrigate with high quality water (ground water, not surface water). 2. Use good sanitation protocols. 3. Do not grow other crops alongside seed potatoes in greenhouses.

27 Sanitizers for blackleg management Dickeya and Pectobacterium are very sensitive to sanitizers Follow label directions, sanitize between seed lots at planting and harvest. Same sanitizers also control spread of viruses and fungi

28 PERFUNGICIDESAUG2010.pdf

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30 Senator PSPT or Senator 509C (Thiophanate-methyl) as a seed piece treatment for Pectobacterium atrosepticum (blackleg)

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32 -use on clean surfaces -use recommended dilution -leave wet for 10 minutes -rinse with potable water afterward and air dry

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35 Ontario New Brunswick

36 Blackleg disease diagram and management Pathogen Potato Pathogen spread Farm Environment

37 How does Dickeya spread? 1. Seed 2. Irrigation water 3. Insects (spread Pectobacterium) 4. Equipment Survival in soil is not an important factor

38 Are weeds or volunteer potatoes important for spread of Dickeya? Little data available for US fields Possible risk for seed growers Unlikely to be a major risk for commercial growers

39 Blackleg disease diagram and management Pathogen Potato Potato resistance Farm Environment

40 Are there resistant varieties? Potato varieties differ in susceptibility. Little is known about mechanisms of resistance/tolerance and good molecular markers are lacking

41 Questions? Pathogen Potato Farm Environment