Potato Consumption. Why grow potatoes. Principles and Practices to Raise a Quality Potato Cop

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Terence Alvin Benson
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Principles and Practices to Raise a Quality Potato Cop Ajay Nair

Processing Vegetables Acreages Vegetable Processing (acres) Fresh

Pumpkin 824 5 Watermelon 823 Potato 465 181 Cantaloupe 217 Squash

xx Total 9544 IA Ag Statistics, 2007 Iowa Fresh and Processing

corn 4,503 Potatoes 1,763 Pumpkins 1,476 Green Peas 811 Squash 227

beans 107 Cabbage (head) 90 Onions 69 Others xx Potato Consumption

fresh (about 1/3) 60 frozen 15 chips 17 dehydrated 2 lbs canned

Potato consumption has increased significantly the last 20 years

IA Ag Statistics, 2012 Why grow potatoes Relatively simple to grow

1 Principles and Practices to Raise a Quality Potato Cop Ajay Nair Department of Horticulture Iowa State University Iowa Fresh and Processing Vegetables Acreages Vegetable Processing (acres) Fresh (acres) Sweet corn Green peas Snap beans Pumpkin Watermelon 823 Potato Cantaloupe 217 Squash Tomato Cabbage (head) 141 Bell Peppers Others xx Total 9544 IA Ag Statistics, 2007 Iowa Fresh and Processing Vegetables Acreages Vegetable Fresh and Processing (acres) Sweet corn 4,503 Potatoes 1,763 Pumpkins 1,476 Green Peas 811 Squash 227 Tomato 226 Watermelon 167 Cantaloupe 155 Bell Peppers 116 Snap beans 107 Cabbage (head) 90 Onions 69 Others xx Potato Consumption Most produced and consumed vegetable Per capita average 145 lbs 50 fresh (about 1/3) 60 frozen 15 chips 17 dehydrated 2 lbs canned Next two closest are tomatoes at 93 lbs and sweet corn at 28 lbs. Potato consumption has increased significantly the last 20 years what type of potato product? IA Ag Statistics, 2012 Why grow potatoes Relatively simple to grow One time harvest Versatile table use Consumer familiarity Store well for winter use Russet Red Gold Fingerling Specialty 1

Plan it before you plant it! Know your market Cultivar selection Primary market considerations Quality Good skin quality No hollow heart Flavor Local Reduced chemicals Quality!

; fingerling Depends on market fresh or processing Chips or fries require a low sugar content and/or high specific gravity (Russets) Maturity ranges within types: White: Early = Superior, Late =

2 Plan it before you plant it! Know your market Cultivar selection Primary market considerations Quality Good skin quality No hollow heart Flavor Local Reduced chemicals Quality!!!!! Varietal Types White, red, russets; specialty = yellow, purple, orange, etc.; fingerling Depends on market fresh or processing Chips or fries require a low sugar content and/or high specific gravity (Russets) Maturity ranges within types: White: Early = Superior, Late = Kennebec Red: Early = Norland, Late = Pontiac Maturity index Cultivar Characteristics Very Early Dark Red Norland Deep red skin color; smooth skin Red Norland Bright red skin color, smooth skin Early Russet Norkotah Long to slightly oblong, smooth skin, good baking quality Red Gold Light red skin, yellow flesh, not suitable for long term storage Superior Oval to oblong tubers, suitable for table as well as chip making Mid season Cascade Smooth skin, round tubers (chipping and fresh) Snowden ideal for baking and French fries (12 spacing) Yukon Gold Smooth light yellow skin, oval shape Late Atlantic Brown skinned, ideal for making chips, susceptible to hollow heart Katahdin smooth skinned, round tubers Kennebec Long and oval tubers (Chipping and fresh) Russet Burbank Brown strongly russeted skin, ideal for french fries Site Selection (warm is the key) Sandy to clay loam Must be well-drained ph = on the lower end ( ) Ideal = sandy loam: dries out early and warms up faster in the spring. Slope = to the south. A 20 degree slope absorbs 6% more heat than level. Sandy soils Fruitland, IA Scab : Streptomyces scabies 2

Major activities Seed prep (Cutting) Planting Spraying Cultivation

Typically, 16 to 18 one hundred pound bags of seed potatoes are

Cut pieces If to an possible average of 2 oz.

alcohol Dip every 5 whole cuts tubers Callus formation 3-5 days at

formation Rotting of unsuberized potato seed Planting and

critical as direct seeding Make furrows (4 6 deep) Apply

3 Major activities Seed prep (Cutting) Planting Spraying Cultivation Hilling Harvest Seed prep Source certified seed! Typically, 16 to 18 one hundred pound bags of seed potatoes are needed to plant an acre. Cut pieces If to an possible average of 2 oz. it is Disinfect knives better to use Size B 190 proof ethyl alcohol Dip every 5 whole cuts tubers Callus formation 3-5 days at room temperature (68 F) Do not stack deeper than 2 pieces Callus formation Rotting of unsuberized potato seed Planting and fertilizing Loosen the soil Clods are ok Soil contact is not as critical as direct seeding Make furrows (4 6 deep) Apply fertilizer Half at planting and half at hilling Phosphorous (fall?) Potassium Hill soil over seed pieces (4 6 above field grade) Lawn fertilizer broadcaster will do the job 3

Land preparation Potato Schedule Tubers planted - 1-2 ounce pieces, several nodes Can be planted six weeks before the last spring frost is

Nutrient recommendation Nutrient concentration(s) from soil test Fertilizer needed (lb/a) Status Phosphorus (ppm) Phosphate (P 2 O 5 ) Less than

140 Medium 150 141-200 High 75 201 and higher Very High 50 Organic matter (%) Nitrogen (N) Less than or equal to 3% Low 150 3.1 19.0 Medium 120 19.

labeled for use in potato production Preemergence broadleaves and grasses Post emergence grasses S metolachlor (Dual Magnum; apply and incorporate

than 1%) Pendimethalin (Prowl H 2 O) Trifluralin (Treflan) Clethodim (Select Max) Cultivation and hilling : before Cultivation and hilling : after

4 Land preparation Potato Schedule Tubers planted ounce pieces, several nodes Can be planted six weeks before the last spring frost is expected early to mid April (better when soil temperatures are above 45F. ) Row spacing 36 to 42 with 8 to 12 within the row. Nutrient recommendation Nutrient concentration(s) from soil test Fertilizer needed (lb/a) Status Phosphorus (ppm) Phosphate (P 2 O 5 ) Less than or equal to 15 Low Medium High and higher Very High 0 Potassium (ppm) Potash (K 2 O) Less than or equal to 80 Low Medium High and higher Very High 50 Organic matter (%) Nitrogen (N) Less than or equal to 3% Low Medium and higher High 40 Weed Management Potato cultural practices provide opportunities for weed management There are several herbicides that are labeled for use in potato production Preemergence broadleaves and grasses Post emergence grasses S metolachlor (Dual Magnum; apply and incorporate before planting) Eptam (apply before planting) Linuron (after planting but before crop emergence; do not apply when soil organic matter is lower than 1%) Pendimethalin (Prowl H 2 O) Trifluralin (Treflan) Clethodim (Select Max) Cultivation and hilling : before Cultivation and hilling : after Hilling is important because: It keeps the soil loose. Prevents greening of potatoes. Stops annual weeds from germinating. Can help to prevent disease (blight). increase yield 4

Irrigation Most important cultural factor that determines yield and

blackspot, hollow heart, heat sprouting, etc.

1 yields by increasing the proportion of rough, misshapen tubers.

more than quality Stolon tip, site of tuber formation Maximum tuber

5 Irrigation Most important cultural factor that determines yield and quality Demand linear up to full canopy cover and then holds steady until vine die off. Short on water = knobby tubers, growth cracks, internal necrosis, blackspot, hollow heart, heat sprouting, etc. o Potatoes are particularly sensitive to water stress during tuber initiation and early tuber development. o Water deficits at this time can substantially reduce U.S. No. 1 yields by increasing the proportion of rough, misshapen tubers. o Water stress during tuber bulking usually affects total tuber yield more than quality Stolon tip, site of tuber formation Maximum tuber 60 70F, no 80F soil temperature Tuber bulking When to irrigate? Moisture sensors Tensiometers: Water in plastic tube with porous ceramic tip. Vacuum above water column is measured As soil dries, greater tension 5

6 Pests and diseases Watermark Soil Moisture Meter Insects CPB = Colorado potato beetle Cutworms Aphids Leafhoppers $279 $39 Diseases Early blight Blackleg Late Blight Potato blackleg Colorado Potato Beetle Originated in central Mexico first collected in USA in 1811 (Missouri River Valley) and described in 1824 Feeding on buffalo-bur, Solanum rostratum No practical significance for 4 decades CPB -- Adult oval, convex yellowish-brown 9 to 14 mm long ten longitudinal black stripes on wing covers variable number of black spots on the pronotum CPB -- Eggs Egg - yellow or orange, elongated, 1.8 mm long deposited on end and grouped into rows CPB -- Larvae soft, grub-like Red at first Later turn yellowish-red or orange black head and legs two rows of black spots along each side of the body. Up to 10 mm Ian Marsman 6

CPB Life Cycle Overwinter as adults in the soil

emerging plants Lay eggs on underside of potato

Preflowering: 20 30% Flowering: 5 10% Tuber

fr/hyppz/ CPB - Management Previous year plot Crop

Systemic insecticides (season-long) Biological

7 CPB Life Cycle Overwinter as adults in the soil Emerge in May and walk or fly to fields Feed on emerging plants Lay eggs on underside of potato leaves CPB Damage Tolerable Defoliation Preflowering: 20 30% Flowering: 5 10% Tuber formation: 30% CPB - Management Previous year plot Crop rotation An isolation distance of 650 ft. Systemic insecticides (season-long) Biological insecticides Foliar insecticides (3 rd instar larvae) Next year plot Am I there? I give up! 650 ft is a long way 7

Active ingredient Chemical class Insecticide Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Admire Pro Gaucho Genesis Thiamethoxam Neonicotinoid Actara Platinum Acetamiprid Neonicotinoid Assail Cyfluthrin Pyrethroid

Novodor Potato Flea Beetle Overwinters as adult in or close to previous season s potato field The eggs are laid in the soil Insecticides for CPB work for these as well Potato Leaf hopper Does not

earlier) Light interception (photosynthesis) is the key process that drives plant productivity Blackleg of potato Bacterium prefers cool, wet weather Only use certified disease free seeds Sanitation,

8 Active ingredient Chemical class Insecticide Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Admire Pro Gaucho Genesis Thiamethoxam Neonicotinoid Actara Platinum Acetamiprid Neonicotinoid Assail Cyfluthrin Pyrethroid Baythroid XL Esfenvalerate Pyrethroid Asana XL Zeta cypermethrin Pyrethroid Mustang Maxx Permethrin Pyrethroid Ambush Pounce Spinosad Spinosyn Entrust Spintor Bacillus thuriengiensis Bacterium Novodor Potato Flea Beetle Overwinters as adult in or close to previous season s potato field The eggs are laid in the soil Insecticides for CPB work for these as well Potato Leaf hopper Does not overwinter in the north Transported through air streams from southern states feeds on potato leaves, destroys leaf tissues, and creates a classic symptom called the hopperburn Insecticides (mentioned earlier) Light interception (photosynthesis) is the key process that drives plant productivity Blackleg of potato Bacterium prefers cool, wet weather Only use certified disease free seeds Sanitation, rouging, and the use of treated B-grade seed potatoes are recommended Early blight This fungus prefers damp weather and thrives in o F, It defoliates the leaves of potatoes, reducing the yields watering early in the morning, controlling weeds will help removal or deep burial or residue recommended. Bravo and Gavel 75DF are two commonly used fungicides. 8

Concentric rings Disease = early blight The most effective ways of combating disease is the use of crop rotation, disease-free seed, resistant cultivars, pesticide rotation, sanitation, and regular

Tomato, Pepper, Eggplant, and Potato Warm season; dicots Self-pollinated; insects can help Alternate leaves Tomato: Lycopersicon esculentum Pepper: Capsicum annum Eggplant: Solanum melongena Potato:

Downey mildew Cole crops >2 Fusarium yellows Cole crops Powdery mildew Cole crops, curcubits no Belly rot Cucumber Scab of cucumber Cucurbits yes Angular leafspot Curcubits 1 2 Anthracnose Curcubits

Solanaceae Diseases Rotation Crops years Disease Affected required Phomopsis bl rot h Eggplant 3 Stem anthracnose Lima bean 3 Sclerotinia Many yes Southern stem blight Most long Anthracnose Pepper

9 Concentric rings Disease = early blight The most effective ways of combating disease is the use of crop rotation, disease-free seed, resistant cultivars, pesticide rotation, sanitation, and regular scouting. Tomato, Pepper, Eggplant, and Potato Warm season; dicots Self-pollinated; insects can help Alternate leaves Tomato: Lycopersicon esculentum Pepper: Capsicum annum Eggplant: Solanum melongena Potato: Solanum tuberosum Rotation Crops years Disease Affected required Common blight Beans 2 3 Alternaria leafspot Cole crops many Blackleg Cole crops >4 Black rot Cole crops >3 Clubroot Cole crops 6 10 Downey mildew Cole crops >2 Fusarium yellows Cole crops Powdery mildew Cole crops, curcubits no Belly rot Cucumber Scab of cucumber Cucurbits yes Angular leafspot Curcubits 1 2 Anthracnose Curcubits >2 Downey mildew Curcubits no fruit decay Curcubits Pythium fruit rot Curcubits Gummy stem blight Curcubits >2 Anything Missing? Solanaceae Diseases Rotation Crops years Disease Affected required Phomopsis bl rot h Eggplant 3 Stem anthracnose Lima bean 3 Sclerotinia Many yes Southern stem blight Most long Anthracnose Pepper Bacterial leafspot Pepper, Tomato >3 Scab of potato Potato yes Blackleg Potato, etc. >3 Late blight Potato, tomato Early blight Solanaceae Bacterial wilt Solanaceae, peanuts no Streptomyces soil rot Sweetpotato no Scurf Sweetpotatoes 3 4 Anthracnose Tomato >2 Bacterial canker Tomato >5 Bacterial speck Tomato >3 Gray mold Tomato Fusarium wilt Tomato, curcubits Phytophthora capsici Solanaceae, cucurbits many Adapted from Mary Peet, NC State Harvesting John Deere, single row, Model 30 9

Thanks to all graduate and undergraduate students Steve

When immature, skin is thin and easily damaged new

Skin thickens and matures 10 to 14 days after the foliage

10 Thanks to all graduate and undergraduate students Steve Rachut Fertile, IA Potato Storage Can harvest at any stage. When immature, skin is thin and easily damaged new potatoes. Skin thickens and matures 10 to 14 days after the foliage dies back. Hold for 2 to 3 weeks at 55 to 60F and high relative humidity to promote healing of cuts and bruises. 10

11 Acknowledgements Many THANKS It s a balancing act! Brandon Carpenter Dana Jokela Jennifer Tillman Ray Kruse John Krzton-Presson Kristine Neu Moriah Bilenky Bernie Havlovic Nick Howell Vince Lawson QUESTIONS 11

DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI

3/20/2017 Overview Managing Fungal Diseases DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI Michael Harding and Ron Howard Alberta Agriculture & Forestry RJH Ag Research Potato Post-Harvest Management Workshop Lacombe, AB March