Biointensive Apple IPM in New England. Daniel R. Cooley Dept. of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences
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1 Biointensive Apple IPM in New England Daniel R. Cooley Dept. of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences
2 Massachusetts Apple IPM Development Use of traps and weather-based forecast models to time pesticide applications Border trap-out methods for maggot Delayed initial fungicide applications for scab Scab resistant apple cultivars as basis for biointensive systems Models to time summer fungicide sprays, modify borders, clean fruit Curculio visual and olfactory traps and border approaches University of Massachusetts begins apple IPM program Field tests of second-level (advanced) IPM Partners with Nature Eco-Apple
3 Apple IPM in New England Growers willing to work on the edge Certainly the relationship with the grower is paramount in this work. Many growers are right at the margin of existence, and amazingly enough, they are willing to take this risk. (Ron Prokopy) Small scale orchards in small states
4 Building biointensive IPM: bottom up Scab resistant cultivars Tuckaway Farm 77 LISA/SARE Apple Project Solves the scab issue, a key problem but
5 Problems with SRCs Market issues Direct sales okay - wholesale problematic Still have insects Still have many diseases Primary resistance gene losing effectiveness in Europe Generally, top down
6 Key pests in New England apple orchards Scab Curculio Sooty blotch & flyspeck Maggot
7 Early apple IPM in Massachusetts ( ) Acceptance of early IPM by growers driven by economics and pesticide resistance concerns NOT environmental issues Public largely unaware of IPM Insect results in IPM and comparison blocks in commercial orchards, MA, 1979 Method IPM Standard Insectide, Apps., Cost/A 6, $54 11, $106 Insect Damage 3.7% 5.4% Coli et al., 1979
8 Early apple IPM in Massachusetts ( ) Dosage equivalents Dosage equivalents Insecticides Miticides Percent injury Dosage equivalents Fungicides Fruit Damage
9 Early second-level IPM ( ) Fungicides Dosage equivalents levels
10 Early second-level IPM ( ) Insecticides Dosage equivalents levels
11 However Significantly more damage with advanced IPM: 4.8% vs. 1.9% More cost associated with practices Decreased profit = $260/ha Biointensive IPM riskier and costlier
12 Evolution of advanced IPM for apple maggot Time sprays according to captures on red sticky sphere
13 Evolution of advanced IPM for apple maggot Time sprays according to captures on red sticky sphere Add odor stimulus and use traps to intercept flies around perimeter (must eliminate inorchard population)
14 Evolution of advanced IPM for apple maggot Eliminate sticky, add toxin Took time to develop current concept, CurveBall Starker Wright and Tracy Leskey
15 Evolution of advanced IPM for apple maggot Results variable Not ready for highrisk orchards Method Mean control standard locations* Mean control challenging locations** Risk in general is higher with CurveBall The cost of deployment will also be higher Calendar Threshold CurveBall 99.9%a 99.9%a 99.7%a 98.7% a 98.7% a 59.7% b *14 commercial blocks MA **3 commercial blocks RI
16 Advanced IPM for sooty blotch & flyspeck Summer sprays of fungicide timed according to fungicide depletion, need for other applications (maggot, etc.) 41% 36% 40%
17 Advanced IPM for sooty blotch & flyspeck Adoption of NC model to New England to predict need for first spray based on wetting hours
18 Advanced IPM for sooty blotch & flyspeck Adoption of NC model to New England to predict need for first spray based on wetting hours Use of less toxic chemicals CaCl2 + Captan 50W (25% rate) Serenade (B. subtilis) + Biotune No Spray Treatment Captan 50W + TopsinM (full rates) Sooty blotch and flyspeck incidence 12%a 24%ab 23%ab 59%c
19 Advanced IPM for sooty blotch & flyspeck Summer pruning Labor intensive, removes small twigs, limbs, suckers in summer Lowers humidity Improves spray deposition in tree
20 Advanced IPM for sooty blotch & flyspeck Modify border Epidemics start on reservoir host plants at orchard borders SBFS decreases with distance from border (both inoculum and humidity effects) Removing borders expensive; leaves nonproductive land
21 Advanced IPM for sooty blotch & flyspeck Can soak in a 5 to 10% bleach solution for ~ 5 min. Rinse, and rub off with a cloth Time consuming, labor intensive - mechanize?
22 Advanced IPM for scab and curculio Potential ascospore dose and inoculum eradication for apple scab Bomb tree to destroy plum curculio Practices for advanced IPM for key pests not widely adopted
23 Implementation of IPM stagnant or decreasing Fungicide use in apples in MA decreased by 40% from Fungicide use in apples in MA increased by 26% from Resistance issues Decreased willingness to take risk Increased costs for practices
24 Increasingly difficult to advance IPM IPM inputs must complement the broad mission of a farm Must work to establish and maintain profitability New England apple growers face increasing global and national competition
25 Changing to more biointensive IPM inputs Within the context of increased farm profitability, what effect will biointensive IPM have? No Maybe Maybe Yes Maybe Reduce input costs Increase crop value (per box) Increase sales (boxes sold) Reduce use of toxic pesticides Have a positive effect on human and environmental health
26 Changing to more biointensive IPM inputs So what will drive adoption of more biointensive IPM practices for apples? No Maybe Yes Yes Relative profitability Risk Public policy Information for and education of consumers
27 Educating consumers: Partners with Nature A program based on a checklist with points for IPM practices Participants got brochures, posters, stickers Began 91 Ironically apple growers disliked the approach Ended program in 99
28 The EcoApple approach Revisited idea in 2002 with Michael Rozyne of Red Tomato and small set of growers Non-profit, connects farmers with markets and consumers with fresh fruits & vegetables Asked question: Is there a premium market for highquality, local apples produced using advanced IPM?
29 The CAR grant to develop concept New York 4 farms 62 acres 3 wholesale marketers 1 direct marketer New England 5 farms 500 acres Both direct and wholesale producers A. Agnello, H. Reissig, J. Carroll & J. Nyrop Dept. of Entomology, NYSAES, Geneva, NY P. Jentsch,Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, NY D. Cooley, A. Tuttle,Dept. of Plant, Soil & Insect Sci., UMass, Amherst, MA
30 The EcoApple approach Pesticide classification: Tom Green, IPM Institute of North America Evaluation based on multiple toxicity components, potential for resistance development, and potential to contaminate groundwater Green: use with justification Yellow: use with justification when green list or other alternatives are not adequate. Red: do not use
31 Fungicide use by all growers
32 Insecticide use by all growers
33 Clean Fruit - New England Orchards
34 EcoApple primary markets Whole Foods Trader Joe s Several independent chains
35 Assessing EcoApple benefits Responses to 2006 RT Grower Interviews Price Better than through other brokers Price is set; get what s been promised Relationship with growers Good working relationship (transparent); communication Understanding when not able to meet target; don t feel that they ll go elsewhere Red Tomato works with smaller guys (don t have to have tractor-trailer loads) Other buyers erratic, even with high-quality produce
36 Assessing EcoApple benefits Access to markets Red Tomato does footwork, relieves pressure for selling Benefit from Red Tomato s contacts, ability to deal with logistics Added value of Eco Apple brand Dependable market, orders, in niche arena
37 Advantages of marketing with Red Tomato Was the price you received from RT? (15 respondents): much higher (7) about the same (6) somewhat lower (2)
38 What is the future? In New England, no research entomologist in apple IPM - slows research on IPM methods Cooperation with broader region, e.g. USDA Kearneysville, NYAES Cornell, etc. keeps research going Growers will need marketing advantages to compensate for increased risk and expense of biointensive IPM If EcoApple and similar marketing programs grow, challenges may come from established markets
39 Thanks Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education Program Northeast Regional IPM Centers USDA/CSREES Crops at Risk Program
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