Paraparaumu 220kV Supply Connection

Transcription

1 Paraparaumu 220kV Supply Connection Assessment of Ecological Effects Prepared for Transpower New Zealand Limited 5 May 2013

2 Document Quality Assurance This report has been prepared in accordance with Boffa Miskell quality assurance procedures, and has been reviewed and approved for release as set out below. Bibliographic reference for citation: Boffa Miskell, Paraparaumu 220kV Supply Connection: Assessment of Ecological Effects. Report prepared by Boffa Miskell Limited for Transpower Limited, Wellington. Prepared by: Matiu Park Associate Principal, Senior Ecologist Boffa Miskell Limited Peer reviewed by: Leigh Bull Associate Principal, Senior Ecologist Boffa Miskell Limited Status: FINAL Revision / version: [3] Issue date: 5 May 2013 Template revision: Boffa Miskell Limited 2012 (unless Boffa Miskell Limited has expressly agreed otherwise with the Client in writing). This report has been prepared by Boffa Miskell Limited on the specific instructions of our Client. It is solely for our Client s use for the purpose for which it is intended in accordance with the agreed scope of work. Any use or reliance by any person contrary to the above, to which Boffa Miskell Limited has not given its prior written consent, is at that person's own risk. Cover photograph: View across Valley Road into Kaitawa Reserve (KCDC Ecosite K150) and existing 110 kv transmission line, Matiu Park, 2013

3 CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction This assessment Assessment Methodology Route Selection Process (Project Shaping) Desktop assessment Field assessment Resource Description Ecological context Protected natural areas Other areas of biological importance Rivers and streams Indigenous Flora Native fauna Landform and soils Land Use and Statutory Context Vegetation Clearance Rules The project proposal Assessment of Effects Protected Natural Areas and Significant Natural Areas Other Vegetation and Terrestrial Habitats Rare and threatened flora Rare and threatened fauna Waterbodies Earthworks and sediment control Additional positive effects Summary Recommendations Conclusions References 21 W12086_Transpower_PRM_220kV_Connection_Ecology_FINAL_ docx

4 Figures Figure 1 Site context... 5 Appendices Appendix 1 Botanical Species List Appendix 2 Site Photos Appendix 3 Proposed site access tracks Appendix 4 Policy 23 ecological significance assessment Appendix 5 Conservation Covenant for Bright Property Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects

5 1.0 Introduction Transpower New Zealand Limited ( Transpower ) is seeking resource consents to construct, operate and maintain two 220kV single circuit pole transmission lines connections to the Paraparaumu Substation in Valley Road, Paraparaumu, from existing 220kV lines on the Kāpiti Coast. This new supply connection is an alternative to re-aligning the existing 110 kv Paekakariki Takapu Road A Line ( PKK TKR A ). Through the investigations into the potential realignment of the 110 kv network, Transpower investigated various options for a new 220 kv supply connection at Paraparaumu. The preferred option comprises the construction, operation, maintenance and protection of two new 220kV pole transmission lines between the Bunnythorpe Haywards ( BPE-HAY ) A and B Lines and a new substation located adjacent to the existing Paraparaumu substation (see Figure 1). This option would include removal of the existing section of the two 110kV lines extending north from the existing Paraparaumu substation and connecting to the Bunnythorpe Haywards A and B lines. In addition, while not included in this assessment, the section of the 110kV lines between the Pauatahanui substation and the Paraparaumu substation would be removed as part of the wider project. 1.1 This assessment In 2012, Boffa Miskell Ltd ( BML ) was commissioned by Transpower to provide ecological advice and assistance for the route selection process, and in 2013 commissioned to prepare an ecological assessment of the proposed Paraparaumu 220kV transmission line. This report comprises an assessment of the ecological effects of this proposal, with particular regard to the ecological matters identified in Sections 5, 6 & 7 of the Resource Management Act. This assessment covers both terrestrial and aquatic environments, with the objectives being to: Identify potential adverse effects of the proposed transmission line on the ecological environment, plants, animals or habitats; If potential adverse effects are identified, recommend ways to avoid, remedy or mitigate such effects; Determine whether ongoing monitoring is required; and Provide an assessment of whether the proposal is appropriate from an ecological perspective. In undertaking the assessment, we have taken into consideration the operative Kāpiti Coast District Plan, the proposed Kāpiti Coast District Plan, the proposed Wellington Regional Policy Statement, the Regional Freshwater Plan, the proposed Wellington Regional Policy Statement (proposed RPS), the Wellington Conservation Management Strategy and the Freshwater Fisheries Regulations The term application site includes the immediate area from the existing Paraparaumu Substation to the 220kV Bunnythorpe Haywards ( BPE-HAY ) A and B Lines connection on the Bright property (area shown in Figure 1), which includes the portion of KCDC Ecosite K150 being traversed. The term wider study area includes the section of 110kV lines between the Pauatahanui substation and the Paraparaumu substation which would be removed as part of the wider project (refer to Boffa Miskell, 2012 for the wider area of study). Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 3

6 This report begins with a description of the assessment methodology and consultation undertaken for this study, including the site/route selection process. Detailed resource and project descriptions are provided. This is followed by the assessment of effects, which looks at the range of potential direct and indirect effects which could occur as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed transmission line. The report concludes with recommendations for measures to mitigate the potential adverse effects identified in this assessment. As the proposal will replace the need for the majority of an existing section of 110kV supply line between the Pauatahanui and Paraparaumu substations, consideration has also been given to the potential ecological benefits of removing part of the existing Maugahao to Paekakariki ( MHO-PKK ) A and B and the Paekakariki to Takapu Road (PKR-TKR) A lines (approximately 24 km of line in total). Figure 1 illustrates the extent of the proposed works associated with this application. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 4

7 Proposed 220kV Development Existing 220 kv Line Existing 110 kv Line Designation Ecological Area K145 K168 MHO-PKK-B 1 Open Space - Conservation Regenerating Kanuka Forest Remnant Coastal Broadleaved Kohekohe Forest Conservation Covenants (Indicative) within Bright Property Wharemauku Stream & tributaries K168 BPE-HAY-B BPE-HAY-A K150 MHO-PKK-A PA R A PA R A U M U k V C O N N E C T I O N K150 K150 Figure 1 SITE CONTEXT K095 K150 K150 K150 Date: April 2013 Revision: 0 Plan Prepared for Transpower New Zealand Ltd by Boffa Miskell Limited Author: MP Checked: PM km 1: A3 File Ref: W12086_ECO_Fig1_A3.mxd

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9 2.0 Assessment Methodology 2.1 Route Selection Process (Project Shaping) Ecological involvement in this project commenced following Transpower defining the study area. We assisted in the route selection process from the original options refinement through to the final route selection between the existing Paraparaumu substation and the interconnect area with the existing 220kV transmission line. Thus, the ecological values of the area have been considered throughout the route selection process. Following the initial route selection process, a more detailed assessment of the ecological values of KCDC Ecosite K150 (Kaitawa Reserve) was undertaken to inform the AEE. The preliminary findings were discussed with Transpower and other consultants in the project team, with particular attention to maintaining and protecting the ecological values of KCDC Ecosite K150. Consideration was also given to the underlying conservation covenants on the Bright property traversed by the proposal. These considerations provided guidance on refinements to the location of the transmission line to minimise disturbance to areas of ecological value traversed by the proposal. These changes have resulted in the avoidance of direct effects on KCDC Ecosite K150, including the associated removal of the existing 110kV transmission line towers located within this Ecosite, as well as the location of the proposed transmission poles in the less ecologically valuable locations of the Bright property, ultimately resulting in no loss of indigenous vegetation and associated potential adverse effects on the ecology of the wider site. In summary, the ecological input through the project shaping and route selection process has influenced the final location of the transmission line and associated access track infrastructure (roads and tower locations) to avoid, remedy or mitigate potential ecological effects within the application site. 2.2 Desktop assessment A large number of biological databases and information from published and unpublished biological inventories were interrogated as part of a desktop review, providing the basis for the ecological and habitat assessments: Information on landforms, soils, and erosion was derived from the New Zealand Land Use Resource Inventory (NZLRI), and Land Environments of New Zealand (LENZ). A Protected Natural Area (Department of Conservation Protected Natural Areas Programme) report has been completed for the Foxton Ecological District (Ravine, 1992). The PNA programme identifies areas within ecological districts whose protection is necessary to preserve the full range of representative biodiversity. This programme identifies Recommended Areas of Protections (RAP's) and also other areas of biological value that do not meet the criteria for a RAP but are nonetheless of local importance. Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecological Sites Survey undertaken by Wildlands (2003) to provide KDCD with a schedule to identify and protect areas of significant indigenous vegetation or significant habitat for indigenous fauna under the Resource Management Act Vegetation communities were identified using high resolution aerial photos provided by Transpower in combination with the Land Cover Database II (Ministry for the Environment). Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 6

10 2.3 Field assessment Following the desktop ecological exercise undertaken as part of the project shaping phase, a site visit was undertaken on 18 January 2013 to obtain a familiarisation of the application site and to investigate the KCDC Ecosite K150 Kaitawa Reserve. At the time of the site visit, the weather was fine and sunny. Investigations undertaken during this site visit included a botanical survey of the upper gully traversed by the proposed transmission lines (survey inventory attached as Appendix 1). The terrestrial ecology within and adjacent to the application site was described, and plant communities identified. In addition, the entire length of the main gully system in Ecosite K150 below the proposed transmission lines was traversed, as were a number of smaller side gullies and faces to understand the vegetation patterns of the main gully system. Particular attention was paid to wet areas, gullies and faces with varying aspects. The main gully was also viewed from a number of raised areas for particular vegetation characteristics and extent of remnant vegetation (primary forest trees). Subsequently, a further visit was undertaken on 5 April 2013 to Valley Road and this portion of the wider Ecosite K150. Staff from the Kāpiti Coast District Council (KCDC) were present during this visit to discuss the ecological aspects of the proposal. High-resolution aerials were used to determine the extent of indigenous vegetation and property boundaries through the project shaping phase, for field work and as part of this assessment. Google Earth, the Kāpiti Coast District Plan and Kāpiti Coast District Council s Schedule of Ecological Sites were used to provide ecological context and other considerations. A number of photographs of the application site and Ecosite K150 are attached as Appendix Resource Description 3.1 Ecological context The application site straddles the Foxton (31.02) and Tararua Ecological Districts (38.01), with the majority of the project and associated works which are the subject of this assessment being located within the Foxton Ecological District (ED). Given that the past and current vegetation of the project area is described in considerable detail in other ecological reports and inventories (Ravine 1992, Wildlands 2003), this information will not be repeated in any great detail here. The Foxton ED is part of the Manawatu Ecological Region and contains the largest sand dune system in New Zealand (Ravine 1992). This ED is defined by the dune topography and associated vegetation. Wind is a dominant feature of the climate with north-westerly gales common and affecting the dune landscape, vegetation and land uses. Historically, the Foxton ED would have been mostly forested, with a great part having swamp forest dominated by kahikatea and pukatea with plentiful rimu and swamp maire (Ravine, 1992). There is some evidence that these swamp forest were reduced greatly in extent even before European times by Maori burn-off (Cowie, Fitzgerald and Owens, 1967). Today the Foxton ED is almost entirely modified by farming and urbanisation, with pasture, plantation pine, gorse and regenerating shrublands throughout. Less than 5% of the ED has predominantly indigenous vegetation with 20 protected natural areas in the district, totalling 2.2% of the ecological district (Ravine 1992). Suffice to say that the great majority of indigenous plant communities and habitats once found within the Foxton ED are now absent. This means that any areas of existing remnant indigenous vegetation or advanced secondary vegetation are of Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 7

11 Area (ha) Ranking ecological value and may be providing habitat and refuges for plant or animal species that are rare or threatened. The kohekohe-dominated coastal forest that occurs within the wider KCDC Ecosite K150 (Kaitawa Reserve) would have dominated much of the area historically. Scattered remnants of this original forest occur near and adjacent to the application site, including two remnants on the Bright property. With the exception of part of the KCDC Ecosite K150 traversed by the proposal and a number of smaller remnants of coastal broadleaved kohekohe forest and some early regenerating kanuka forest, the application site is almost entirely dominated by improved pasture. However, regeneration is occurring in a number of areas within the application site, predominantly pioneer scrub and shrublands dominated by kanuka. 3.2 Protected natural areas A portion of one protected natural area, Kaitawa Reserve (Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecosite K150), is traversed by the proposed transmission line. The Kāpiti Coast District Plan Heritage Register includes the following information on this area: Site Name Dominant habitat(s) or vegetation type Justification Recommend -ation Eligible for Ecological Site designation? Kaitawa Reserve Pukateamaire tawake swamp forest, mahoe forest, kohekohekanuka forest 7.59 Local Very small fragments of underrepresented habitat types including swamp forest. Indicative of previous diversity of vegetation type in the area. Provides habitat for kereru. Active restoration plan is in place. Protected in part as Council Scenic Reserve and part Recreational Reserve. Recommend for Ecological Site designation Yes A detailed botanical plant species list, including exotic species, from the upper portion of this Ecosite traversed by the proposed transmission lines is provided in Appendix 1 of this assessment. Other than the area of the KCDC Ecosite K150, no other sites located within the application site are listed as having known biological values under the Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNA) or the Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecological Sites Survey (Wildlands, 2003). 3.3 Other areas of biological importance The two small remnants of coastal kohekohe forest (located on the Bright Property) and the other areas of regenerating vegetation within the application site are not listed within the ecological sites inventory. The Bright property, where much of the transmission line infrastructure and associated access tracks are proposed, is subject to a number of conservation covenants which are discussed in more detail in section of this assessment. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 8

12 3.4 Rivers and streams An upper tributary of the Wharemauku Stream is the only permanent waterbody located within the application site. This stream channel is steeply incised and surrounded by the remnant and regenerating indigenous vegetation of the Kaitawa Reserve (KCDC Ecosite K150). More detail on the vegetation of this area is outlined in the assessment of effects. The Wharemauku Stream is listed in Appendix 1 of the proposed RPS, in Table 16 (Rivers and lakes with significant indigenous ecosystems). The Wharemauku Stream is also listed in Appendix 1 of the proposed RPS as habitat for threatened indigenous fish species and habitat for six or more indigenous fish species in the catchment. 3.5 Indigenous Flora The presence of several species of indigenous flora have been noted in the Foxton ED (Ravine, 1992) and the Wellington Conservation Management Strategy (e.g. Korthalsella salicornioides, dwarf mistletoe). This assessment considered any habitat that would support such species. Based on the site visit and the botanical survey undertaken, these species are unlikely to occur within the application site. The proposed transmission line alignment avoids all surface indigenous vegetation features and therefore habitat for these species. 3.6 Native fauna The Kāpiti Coast District Plan Heritage Schedule notes the Kaitawa Reserve (KCDC Ecosite K150) provides habitat for kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae), a species classified by the Department of Conservation as Not Threatened (Miskelly et al. 2008). During the site visits only limited birdlife was observed including tui and fantail. However, given the site s context, it is likely that other native forest birds listed above are present either seasonally or from time to time. Other Not Threatened native forest avifauna which may occur in this portion of the Kaitawa Reserve or wider landscape include grey warbler (Gerygone igata), silver-eye (Zosterops l. lateralis), fantail (Rhipidura fuliginosa placabilis), tomtit (Petroica macrocephala toitoi), tui (Prosthemadera n. novaeseelandiae), bellbird (Anthornis m. melanura), morepork (Ninox n. novaeseelandiae) and shining cuckoo (Chrysococcyx l. lucidus). North Island kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis) and bush falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae bush) have also been recorded in the wider landscape; both species are classified as Nationally Vulnerble (Robertson et al. 2007; Miskelly et al. 2008; Boffa Miskell 2011) A lizard survey was not undertaken given that all transmission line infrastructure is proposed to be located within areas of improved pasture. Such areas do not provide important habitat for skink or gecko species. 3.7 Landform and soils In terms of landform and soils at the application site, the Land Use Classification (LUC) classification is predominantly 6e6 (with a small proportion of 6e3 LUC in the northern section of the proposal), which indicates the application site moderately steep to steep inland greywacke hill country in areas of moderate rainfall (1,140-1,270 mm p.a.) with seasonal soil moisture deficiencies. Based on the LUC database, erosion for this LUC area is negligible but with the potential for moderate soil slip, scree and sheet erosion where forest cover is removed. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 9

13 Pastures are prone to scrub reversion and maintenance of a complete vegetation cover is necessary. 4.0 Land Use and Statutory Context With the exception of the area of indigenous vegetation within the Kaitawa Reserve (KCDC Ecosite K150), of which ownership is presumed to be Kāpiti Coast District Council road reserve 1, all the land that is the subject of this application is owned by the Bright s. The substation is located within land owned by Transpower. The application is primarily located within land zoned Open Space and Rural in the Kāpiti Coast District Plan. The Ecosite K150 portion traversed by the proposal is located within Residential zoned land and comprises Crown Land (subject to the Land Act 1948). The surrounding land to the immediate north and east comprises similar steep farmland with gullies with scattered regenerating indigenous vegetation (kanuka). To the west, there are large areas of regenerating indigenous vegetation dominated by mahoe and kanuka that are part of a wider Open Space zoning (which includes Ecosite K168 Paraparaumu Quarry Scrub ). The land to the south of the application site is predominantly residential housing. The Kāpiti Coast District Plan includes a number of rules in relation to the management of effects on Ecosites scheduled in the Heritage Register (Part I). These provisions are outlined in the subsequent sections of this assessment. Large areas of the Bright property, within which the majority of the proposed PRM 220kV infrastructure is proposed, are subject to a number of conservation covenants which are discussed in more detail in Section of this report. 4.1 Vegetation Clearance Rules Kāpiti Coast District Plan Under the operative Kāpiti Coast District Plan, the disturbance, removal, damage or destruction ( modification ) of naturally occurring indigenous vegetation, where such modification is in accordance with the Permitted Activity Standards (provided in D and D Native Vegetation) is a permitted activity. Any vegetation clearance associated with the earthworks to construct the access tracks would be able to comply with permitted activity standards within D and D6.2.1 Native Vegetation. Indicative access tracks are identified on the map attached as Appendix 3 and illustrate that all areas of existing indigenous vegetation are able to be avoided by largely maintaining existing farm access tracks. Rule 3A.1.5 of the Kāpiti Coast District Plan also restricts clearance of locally indigenous vegetation, with modification of native vegetation not permitted where that vegetation: a) exceeds 4 metres in height and which has a trunk circumference greater than 95cm measured at a point no higher than 1.4 metres above the ground, except for where the vegetation: i. is predominantly (50% or greater) mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) or kānuka (Kunzea ericoides); and ii. has a canopy of no more than 4 metres tall. Where the modification shall be limited to a maximum area of 2ha any given 12 month period. 1 We understand that the Kāpiti Coast District Council is undertaking a more detailed investigation of the ownership status of Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecosite K150 in relation to the Valley Road road reserve. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 10

14 b) is within an ecological site (Schedule 3.1); c) is a rare and threatened vegetation species (Schedule 3.3); d) is listed as a notable tree (Schedule 10.1); e) is listed in the schedule of key indigenous tree species (Schedule 3.2) and exceeds either of the maximum size criteria (diameter or height); f) forms a contiguous area of more than 100m²; or g) is within 20 metres of a waterbody (including within the waterbody itself) or the coastal marine area. The proposed application complies with the permitted activity standards outlined above Proposed Kāpiti Coast District Plan Under the proposed Kāpiti Coast District Plan, the following rules that have legal effect relating to clearance of indigenous vegetation that require consideration are as follows: Rule 3A.2.3 (Buildings and earthworks on sites containing an ecological site) is not applicable as the proposed track access is not within the ecological site K150. Furthermore, the track will be not trigger the standards in terms of distance from the ecological site boundary K150. Rule 3A.4.2 (Modification of any locally indigenous vegetation) is not applicable as there are no proposed earthworks within ecological sites (specifically K150), works to a notable trees, or locally indigenous negation that forms a contiguous area of 100m², outside the designation. Rule 3A.4.5 (Buildings and development in and within 10 metres of an ecological site) is not applicable as there are no proposed earthworks within 10 of ecological sites (specifically K150), outside the designation Regional Policy Statement Policies 22, 23 and 46 of the proposed Regional Policy Statement for the Wellington Region are relevant to this proposed application and an ecological significance assessment is attached as Appendix 4 of this assessment. The Wharemauku Stream, of which a tributary is traversed by this proposal, is listed in Appendix 1 of the proposed RPS 2009, Table 16 (Rivers and lakes with significant indigenous ecosystems). The Wharemauku Stream is also listed in Appendix 1 of the proposed RPS 2009 as habitat for threatened indigenous fish species and habitat for six or more indigenous fish species in the catchment. Within the proposed RPS 2009 protection of streams listed in Appendix 1 are addressed by policies 17, 23 and 42. These policies cover: Policy 17: Protecting significant values of rivers and lakes regional plans. Policy 23: Protecting indigenous ecosystems and habitats with significant indigenous biodiversity values district and regional plans. Policy 42: Protecting aquatic ecological function of water bodies consideration. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 11

15 4.1.4 Regional Freshwater Plan The Wharemauku Stream and its tributaries are listed in Appendix 3 of the Regional Freshwater Plan as Waterbodies with Nationally Threatened Indigenous Fish Recorded in the Catchment. The stormwater network within the substation site includes an upgrade of the stormwater run-off area for the Paraparaumu substation. The discharge is proposed to join the existing network across Valley Road and into a tributary of the Wharemauku Stream. Therefore it is considered that there will be no adverse effects on this listed waterbody. The proposal involves the installation of farm drainage pipes to maintain existing storm flows in overland flow paths as part of the upgrade of the existing farm access tracks. All farm drainage pipes will be installed to grade and will be stabilised immediately upon completion. One culvert is proposed in a small ephemeral watercourse below the forestry block as part of the main access road from Nikau Valley. Site observations indicate that there is no permanent flow of water, with a large farm pond having been developed at the base of this gully system historically. This culvert will be installed to grade to maintain current flows and is not considered to result in any adverse ecological effects. It is understood that these are permitted activities based on catchment size. The installation of these drainage pipes and culvert across this ephemeral stream would be a permitted activity in that the catchment is less than 50 ha; the natural course of the stream would not be altered; and provisions 3 and 4 as well as the accompanying standards would be complied with. 5.0 The project proposal The proposed PRM 200kV transmission line location extends from the north-east of the existing Paraparaumu substation and connects with the BPE-HAY A and B lines to cover a total distance of approximately 800 metres. The transmission line will comprise two single circuit 220kV conductor lines supported by poles with heights ranging between approximately 16 and 31m. The pole spacing will vary depending on topography and ground clearance requirements through the application site. The proposed substation would be located immediately to the north-east of the existing Paraparaumu substation (see Figure 1). With the exception of a portion of KCDC Ecosite K150 and two small areas of regenerating indigenous vegetation (all of which are traversed by the proposed transmission line), the entire route is located within areas of improved pasture. The alignment of the proposed transmission lines generally resembles the alignment of the existing MHO-PKK A and B lines and extends to the north-east of the existing Paraparaumu substation towards an elevated valley which continues north through Nikau Valley. The southern end of the proposed transmission line spans an upper tributary of the Wharemauku Stream which includes an area of remnant coastal broadleaved forest (KCDC Ecosite K150) running west-east through the base of the gully. Beyond this, the line extends through a working rural landscape containing a predominant cover of grass and scattered areas of regenerating kanuka and two specific areas of remnant coastal forest retained in the steeper gullies. The top of the line connects with existing flat top towers along the BPE-HAY A and B lines to the south of Nikau Valley. The layout of the proposed development, including the configuration of the proposed substation and transmission line, are shown on Figure 1. A full description of the proposal is included in the NOR documents. In ecological terms, the key features of the development are summarised below: Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 12

16 The substation is constructed on a level platform accessed along Valley Road with a total area of approximately 2,400m 2. The proposed transmission lines will be constructed along 6 single circuit pole structures (P1 P6) which reach between approximately 16 and 31 metres above existing ground level. The proposed connection will be transmitted along six Simplex Goat conductors which each have a diameter of mm. Two smaller earth wires will also strung along the top of poles. The upgrade of existing farm access tracks and crossings of ephemeral overland flow paths.. The following table provides a detailed description of the proposed transmission line in relation to any areas with identified ecological values (i.e. presence of indigenous vegetation or habitat for indigenous fauna). The transmission line heights provided are based on the approximate height of the lowest conductor line at maximum operating temp (60 degrees) to the average height of the existing vegetation (heights provided by AECOM on 17 April 2013) and take into account the Transpower Growth Limit Zone (GLZ) DIAGRAMS (for trees subject to the Tree Regulation): Table 1: Route Description for PRM 220kV Transmission Line. Feature Substation Description Upgrade of the existing Paraparaumu substation. Scattered native and exotic shelterbelt and amenity plantings will be lost. This vegetation is discussed in the Assessment of Landscape and Visual Effects. Upgrade of the existing stormwater run-off and associated stormwater network to a tributary of the Wharemauku Stream. Poles PRMG1 and PRMG2 Located within the existing Paraparaumu substation. Construction access will utilise existing sealed access driveway and Valley Road. Both lines between Poles PRMG1 / PRMG2 and P5 and P6 traverse a part of Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecosite K150 Kaitawa Reserve. This Ecosite comprises kohekohedominated coastal broadleaved forest surrounded by regenerating indigenous shrubland and Douglas fir. The heights of the transmission lines above the canopy of KCDC Ecosite K150 range between approximately 18 m at the lowest point to 26 m (in the centre of the gully). No indigenous vegetation clearance required. Poles P5 and P6 Both poles are located in improved pasture. Construction access will be from existing farm access tracks located in improved pasture. Scattered regenerating indigenous scrubland (kanuka) is present below the mid points of both proposed transmission lines between Poles P6 and P4 and P5 and P3. The heights of the transmission lines above these areas of indigenous vegetation range between 18 m and 22 m. No indigenous vegetation clearance required. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 13

17 Feature Poles P3 and P4. Description Both poles are located in improved pasture. Construction access will be from existing farm access tracks located in improved pasture. Regenerating indigenous scrubland (kanuka) is present below the mid points of both proposed transmission lines between Poles P3 and P1 and Poles P4 to P2. The lowest height of the transmission lines between Poles P4 and P2 is approximately 7 m above this area of indigenous vegetation. The lowest height of the transmission line between Poles P3 and P1 is approximately 24 m above this area of indigenous vegetation. No indigenous vegetation clearance required. Poles P1 and Tee-B Pole is located in improved pasture. Construction access will be from existing farm access tracks located in improved pasture. No indigenous trees present. No indigenous vegetation clearance required. Pole P2 and Tee-A Poleis located in improved pasture. Construction access will be from existing farm access tracks located in improved pasture. No indigenous trees present. No indigenous vegetation clearance required. Construction access track All construction and maintenance access tracks are located in improved pasture. No intermittent or perennial streams are crossed. No indigenous trees present. No indigenous vegetation clearance required. 6.0 Assessment of Effects Based on the project description and existing environment, the principal ecological effects of the proposal for this assessment are the potential effects of the transmission lines on bird movement within the wider ecological corridor; of which the KCDC Ecosite K150 forms part of, including the wider Kaitawa Reserve downstream of the proposal. This assessment also considers the implications of this proposal on the conservation covenants on the Bright property. 6.1 Protected Natural Areas and Significant Natural Areas Only a small part of one significant natural area, KCDC Ecosite K150 Kaitawa Reserve, will be traversed by the proposed transmission line (between poles PRM G1 / G2 and P5 and P6). This area of coastal broadleaved forest dominated by kohekohe formed an important component of the project shaping process described above, including as habitat for indigenous fauna. The transmission line between poles PRMG1 / PRMG2 and P5 / P6 has been designed to fully span the entire area of this small portion of KCDC Ecosite K150, which will result in avoidance of direct effects on this Ecosite. At the lowest point, the proposed transmission line span would be located Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 14

18 approximately 23 m above the canopy of this Ecosite. No vegetation would be removed and all construction activities, including earthworks associated with upgrading the access tracks to Poles P5 and P6, would be located at least 10 m from this Ecosite. Given the mature nature of much of this remnant vegetation, the future canopy height of Kaitawa Reserve is unlikely to significantly exceed the current canopy height in the area proposed to be traversed by the transmission line. Accordingly, no future vegetation clearance or trimming for line safety and maintenance of conductor swing clearance would be required within this Ecosite. Recommendations to this effect are outlined below. As an aside, we note that this proposal will result in the removal of the existing 110kV pole and associated transmission lines from within this Ecosite. Removal of this existing line is anticipated to improve the existing ecological values of this portion of the Ecosite through enabling this area of vegetation to naturally regenerate. This is also discussed below in relation to effects on indigenous fauna. Recommendations to this effect are outlined below Other Vegetation and Terrestrial Habitats Aside from the KCDC Ecosite (K150) discussed above, there is no other remnant indigenous vegetation within or immediately adjacent to the proposed alignment. However, as outlined in Table 1, there are several locations along the proposed alignment of the PRM 220kV transmission line which traverse a small number of areas of regenerating indigenous vegetation. While these areas did not meet the significance assessment criteria necessary to be identified as Significant Natural Areas / Ecosites by the Kāpiti Coast District Plan Heritage Resister, they provide areas of habitat for wildlife as well as having a limited role for bird movement within and around the wider environment. Given the steeply incised nature of the gully systems and landforms where the majority of vegetation occurs in close proximity to the proposed transmission line alignment, all indigenous vegetation and habitat is avoided by the height of the transmission lines and the layout of the poles and associated access tracks. However, in a couple of specific locations (i.e. on the high spur between Poles P4 and P2) some minor vegetation clearance or trimming may be necessary in future to ensure sufficient safety margins associated with conductor swing clearance. These locations and a description of likely effects are as follows: Paraparaumu Substation The upgrade of the Paraparaumu substation would involve the loss of approximately 1,500 m2 of established native and exotic shelterbelt and amenity plantings. These plants have not been identified as having ecological value, other than providing occasional habitat and potentially seasonal food resource for forest birds. The loss of this vegetation is discussed in the Assessment of Landscape and Visual Effects Between Poles P3 and P1 and P4 and P2 Two areas of approximately 0.6 and 0.2 ha of regenerating kanuka forest and scrub are located either under or immediately adjacent to the transmission line spans between Poles P3 and P1 and P4 and P2. No vegetation clearance is required within these areas as part of the construction of the transmission poles or associated access roads, consistent with the conservation covenants on the regenerating indigenous vegetation on the Bright property (discussed in section below). However, we note that some limited vegetation trimming may be required in these areas as part of future line swing and conductor clearance. As noted below, the proposed conductor span Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 15

19 heights are anticipated to be higher than the existing 110kV lines that already traverse these areas of regenerating indigenous vegetation on the Bright property Coastal broadleaved kohekohe forest Two small remnants of coastal broadleaved kohekohe forest (approximately 0.5 ha and 0.6 ha in size) are located approximately 40 metres and 110 metres respectively from the proposed transmission line on the Bright property. These remnants are considered to have ecological value and have therefore been avoided by the proposal. As outlined in the following section, a number of conservation covenants also protect these areas of remnant indigenous vegetation through restricting indigenous vegetation clearance or modification Conservation covenants (Bright Property) There are a number of conservation covenants on the Bright property 2 which require consideration as part of this assessment. The conservation covenants are as follows: 1. The Covenantor will comply with all notices and do all things necessary to control and destroy rabbits and other noxious pests and to control and eradicate noxious plants on the Zoned Land. 2. The Covenantor will not cut down or remove or allow to be cut down or removed any of the native bush situated on the Zoned Land. 3. The Covenantor will not develop any part of the Zoned Land or undertake any activity on the Zoned Land which may affect the native bush without first obtaining the Council s consent in writing to such a development or activity. 4. The Covenantor will not develop any exotic forests on the Zoned Land without first agreeing to a management plan with the Council. 5. The Covenantor will generally manage the Zoned Land in such a way to protect against unsuitable development in order to preserve and enhance the Zoned Land s existing scenic and other environmental qualities. In considering these conservation covenants, we note that the proposed transmission lines are a continuation of the existing situation (which existed prior to the covenants being developed). Firstly, we consider that the proposal largely maintains the existing number of transmission towers (six) and will involve a similar extent of associated access tracks within the conservation covenant area on the Bright property. Secondly, the proposed transmission lines traverse largely the same areas of regenerating kanuka forest and scrub that the existing transmission lines traverse, however with increased line span heights and therefore reduced requirements for future line swing maintenance in these areas. Ultimately, in respect of these conservation covenants, it is our opinion that: No native bush is proposed to be removed as part of this application. Council s consent is being sought for this proposal (outside of the RMA consent application process that this assessment forms part of). 2 Pursuant to the Reserves Act 1977, the Conservation Covenants are registered on all that parcel of land being Lot 1 on DP being a subdivision of part of the land contained in Certificate of Title 45A/489 (Wellington Registry) under the Second Schedule. A copy of the Certificate of Title and associated Conservation Covenants are attached to this assessment as Appendix 5. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 16

20 The applicant does not plan to develop any exotic forest within the application site (given exotic forestry plantations in close proximity to 220kV transmission lines would be contrary to the long-term safety of the conductor and line swing clearance zones). Through the legal property access arrangements proposed (undertaken outside of the RMA consent application process), the applicant would continue to manage the transmission line infrastructure, including access tracks, in a manner that continues to preserve and enhance the Zoned Land s existing scenic and other environmental qualities. Accordingly, we do not consider the application is contrary to these conservation covenants and no ecological mitigation is recommended for this component of the proposal. 6.3 Rare and threatened flora With the exception of those areas of indigenous vegetation traversed by the proposal (discussed in section 6.2 above), the proposed transmission lines and associated access tracks lie entirely in improved pasture. Our field work has established that the habitats of threatened plants known to occur within this ecological district are not present within the application site. More importantly, the Project shaping process has resulted in the avoidance of direct effects on all areas of indigenous vegetation and habitat. 6.4 Rare and threatened fauna The proposed transmission lines and associated access tracks lie entirely in improved pasture; such habitat is not important to any of the threatened fauna (including lizards and snails) known to occur in this ecological district. Given the proposed transmission lines location close to the forested Akatarawa and Hemi Matenga Ranges and the nearby listed ecological areas that form part of Kaitawa Reserve, the application site is likely to form part of a wider ecological corridor for bird species. However, it is not anticipated that the current proposal will result in a significant or measurable adverse effect on birdlife due to loss of habitat. Avifauna species may be impacted by transmission lines and associated structures either through electrocution or collisions. New Zealand species known to be affected include New Zealand falcon, harrier, kea, kereru and kaka (Fox 2010). Electrocution of birds may occur where a bird lands on transformer boxes or bridge transmission lines that have not been insulated when they attempt to perch on lines or pylons (i.e. birds acting as a contact between phase wires, or between a phase wire and earth). Thus, birds can be at greater risk of electrocution on smaller distribution poles and in substations where the electric phases are closer together, rather than on larger transmission structures where they are further apart. The avifauna community that is present at the site currently occurs in an environment containing the existing transmission lines and associated structures. We consider that the proposed project will result in less chance of electrocution and collisions due to the design of the structures compared to those currently present. This is due to a greater distance of the conductors above the tree canopy, removal of a tower from within the Ecosite, an average distance of 5.5 m between individual lines on each pole and insulation of transformers. Consequently, it is not anticipated that the current proposal will result in significant or measurable adverse effect on birdlife due to electrocution or collision with the transmission line and associated structures. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 17

21 6.5 Waterbodies Only one waterbody is proposed to be traversed by this proposed transmission line: a tributary of the Wharemauku Stream beneath Poles PRMG1 and PRMG2 and P5 and P6 (which flows through KCDC Ecosite K150). At this location, the waterbody is deeply incised, with all poles and associated earthworks (including upgrading of access tracks) proposed some distance from this waterbody. Given the location, scale and proximity of the proposed earthworks away from the waterbody, we are satisfied with the statement in the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan that any earthworks can be undertaken in a manner that will ensure there will be no effects on this tributary of the Wharemauku Stream or its freshwater communities. In terms of waterbody crossings, the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (Southern Skies, 2013) states that where the farm track crosses an ephemeral overland flow path, farm drainage pipes will be installed to protect the track. Any farm drainage pipe installed will be installed and grade and the out of the pipe will be stabilised. For the access to the steeper pole locations (P3, P4, P5 and P6) a construction methodology has been specifically chosen to avoid the requirement to excavate a formal track into the area. Southern Skies (2013) states that the excavator will simply track across the grass to avoid land disturbance on the steep visual section of the project. Where excess spoil is produced through formation of tracks and platforms, the spoil will be stockpiled adjacent to the foundation for later reinstatement. All erosion and sediment control devices will be designed and sized in accordance with Greater Wellington Regional Council guideline Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines for the Wellington Region 2002 (reprinted 2006) (GWRC Guideline). The Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (Southern Skies, 2013) states that stabilisation or completion to final specifications forms a key component of the overall environmental strategy and notes that the existing access tracks are in good condition and only in parts need minor grading and the placement of aggregate. As outlined above, the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan seeks to ensure that there will be no effects on waterbodies through a number of stringent site management controls in relation to construction earthworks. An upgrade of the existing stormwater run-off area from the Paraparaumu Substation is proposed. Currently, all stormwater run-off from the Paraparaumu Substation site is diverted into an underground culvert under Valley Road before entering the tributary of the Wharemauku Stream. The proposed upgrade of the substation will require the extension of this system to accommodate a larger substation site, but utilising the existing stormwater pipe. We have assessed this as a minor change to the existing situation. 6.6 Earthworks and sediment control As discussed above, all the transmission poles and access tracks are proposed in areas of improved pasture with generally easy access via existing farm access tracks. While limited earthworks will be required in some areas on more steeply sloping land, we consider that these locations are of sufficient distance from any sensitive receiving environments that close adherence to the best practice erosion and sediment control techniques proposed (refer Southern Skies, 2013) will ensure there any potential effects are sufficiently avoided. We do not believe there is any sedimentation risk associated with construction earthworks on this tributary of the Wharemauku Stream. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 18

22 6.7 Additional positive effects Following completion of this project, the associated removal of approximately 24 kilometres of the existing 110kV line between Paraparaumu and Pauatahanui (the Maugahao to Paekakariki (MHO-PKK) A and B and Paekakariki to Takapu Road (PKR-TKR) A lines), as part of this wider proposal, would ultimately result in the removal of up to a total of 156 poles and poles and improve the potential for natural regeneration within these areas. Overall, we consider that this scale of removal will generate positive ecological effects, particularly where the existing 110kV transmission line is located within or adjacent to indigenous vegetation or located in areas of habitat for avifauna species known to be at risk of electrocution or collisions associated with transmission lines and associated structures. We note that falcon and kaka have been recorded in areas where the existing 110kV line is located (Boffa Miskell, 2011). 6.8 Summary It is our overall assessment that the proposed substation and 220kV transmission lines will have negligible adverse effects on the local ecology. All areas of indigenous vegetation and habitat for indigenous species have been avoided through project shaping and design and the longterm maintenance of the transmission lines is anticipated to result in ultimately less vegetation line clearance than the existing 110kV transmission lines. The proposed 220kV transmission line poles largely replace the existing 110kV poles in this area, with overall ecological benefits in terms of pole placement outside of areas of indigenous vegetation and increased line clearance above areas of indigenous vegetation. Taking into consideration the conservation covenants on the application property, we consider the project has been designed to avoid areas of indigenous vegetation and habitat. Overall, the proposal is considered to be consistent with the intention of these conservation covenants in terms of the RMA requirements. Further, outside of the PRM 220kV application site, the wider transmission line upgrade project will result in the removal of approximately 24km of line and poles. Overall, this resulting line removal will reduce potential impacts on indigenous fauna and may facilitate the natural regeneration of some of these areas, resulting in an overall net ecological benefit of this project. Given that the proposal involves no loss of indigenous vegetation or habitat, no mitigation is required. 7.0 Recommendations Overall, our approach to this project has been to avoid significant ecological effects wherever possible. As a result, all direct effects on indigenous vegetation have been avoided through a rigorous and thorough route selection process. The proposal largely maintains, or results in, an ecological improvement over and above the current 110kV transmission line as a result of the proposed removal of the existing Transmission Tower P682 within Ecosite K150 and the removal of other towers further south. While there may be some future adverse effects associated with future indigenous vegetation trimming of regenerating indigenous vegetation in a small number of locations within the Bright property, we consider they represent an improvement on the existing situation and are better aligned with the conservation covenants on this property. As outlined above, we recommend that as part of the transmission line development, the following requirements should be taken into account to minimise future indigenous vegetation line maintenance requirements as far as possible and to ensure the area of the application Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 19

23 property subject to the conservation covenants can continue to regenerate consistent with the areas existing scenic and other environmental qualities. The following are recommended: 1. Requirement for careful removal of the existing Tower P862 from within KCDC Ecosite K Minimise as far as practicable future indigenous vegetation trimming associated with conductor swing clearance within the area of that parcel of land being Lot 1 on Deposited Plan being a subdivision of part of the land contained in Certificate of Title 45A/489 (Wellington Registry). 3. Any future indigenous vegetation trimming or modification associated with conductor swing clearance trimming or line shall be undertaken by a qualified arborist. 8.0 Conclusions In summary, it is our assessment that the potential ecological effects associated with the proposed new PRM 220kV transmission line and associated upgrade to the Paraparaumu Substation are negligible. When considered in conjunction with the proposed removal of 24 km of transmission line and associated towers from the existing Maugahao to Paekakariki (MHO-PKK) A and B and Paekakariki to Takapu Road (PKR-TKR) A lines resulting from this project further south, we assess that the project will result in a net ecological benefit in the medium to long-term. Overall, we consider that that the proposal will ensure the long-term maintenance and protection of areas of indigenous vegetation and this will have some ecological benefits across the wider study area. Matiu Park Senior Ecologist Boffa Miskell Limited 8 May 2013 Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 20

24 9.0 References Ecological References AECOM Preliminary NOR Information PRM Deviation. Draft Report prepared by AECOM for Transpower New Zealand Ltd. for the 220kV PRM DEV A & B Transmission Lines. Boffa Miskell Transmission Gully Report 8 Avifauna & Bat: Description and Values. Prepared by Boffa Miskell Limited for New Zealand Transport Agency and Porirua City Council as part of the AEE application documentation. Boffa Miskell Pauatahanui to Paraparaumu 110kV Line Removal: Landscape and Visual Considerations. Report produced by Boffa Miskell Ltd. for Transpower New Zealand Ltd. Report No. W12086_018A. Boffa Miskell PRM 220kV Supply Connection Landscape and Visual Effects Assessment. Report prepared for Transpower New Zealand Limited as part of the AEE application documentation. de Lange, P. J., et.al Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand (2008 revision). New Zealand Journal of Botany 47: Department of Conservation: BIOWEB Threatened Plants Database. Unpublished database. Cowie, J. D.; Fitzgerald, P.; Owers, W. 1967: Soils of the Manawatu-Rangitikei sand country. Soil Bureau Bulletin 29 Fox, N New Zealand falcons zapped. Wingspan 14: Heine, J.C. 1975: Interim Report on soils of the Wellington Region. N.Z. Soil Bureau Record 39, Internal Report, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Hitchmough, R. (compiler) New Zealand threat classification system lists Threatened species occasional publication 23. Hitchmough, R.; Bull, L.; Cromarty, P. (comps) 2007: New Zealand Threat Classification System lists Department of Conservation, Wellington. Landcare: Land Environments of New Zealand Unpublished geographical database. Leathwick et al : Land Environments of New Zealand. Produced for Manaaki Whenua and Ministry for the Environment. McEwen, W. M. (1887). Ecological Regions and Districts of New Zealand. Third Revised edition in Four 1: Maps. Report produced for Department of Conservation, Wellington. Ministry for the Environment: Landcover Database Version II - Unpublished database. Miskelly, C.M., Dowding, J.E., Elliot, G.P., Hitchmough, R.A., Powlesland, R.G., Robertson, H.A., Sagar, P.M., Scofield, R.P. & Taylor, G.A. (2008): Conservation status of New Zealand birds, Notornis 55: Robertson, C.J.R.; Hyvonen, P.; Fraser, M.J.; Pickard, C.R : The Atlas of Bird Distribution in New Zealand Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington. Norton, D.; Roper-Lindsay, J. 1999: Criteria for assessing ecological significance under Section 6(c) of the Resource Management Act Unpublished report prepared for Ministry for the Environment, Wellington. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 21

25 Page, M. J Land Use Capability Classification of the Wellington Region. Landcare Research Science Series No.6. Ravine, D.A. 1992: Foxton Ecological District, Survey report for the Protected Natural Areas Programme. Published by the Department of Conservation, Wanganui. Sawyer, J. 2001: Bibliography of plant checklists and vegetation survey data for Wellington Conservancy (excluding Chatham Islands). Department of Conservation, Second Edition June p. Sawyer, J. 2004: Plant Conservation Strategy, Wellington Conservancy (excluding Chatham Islands) Department of Conservation, Second Edition June p. Southern Skies Limited PRM 220kV Connection Project Erosion and Sediment Control Plan. Report prepared for Transpower New Zealand Limited as part of the AEE application documentation. Wildlands Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecological Sites Survey. Consultants Contract No.662. Prepared for Kāpiti Coast District Council. Wildlands Wildlands Kāpiti Coast District Council Potential Ecological Sites Survey Wildlands Consultants Ltd Contract Report No Prepared for Kāpiti Coast District Council. Williams, P.A., Wiser, S., Clarkson, B., & Stanley, M.C New Zealand s historically rare terrestrial ecosystems set in a physical and physiognomic framework. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 31(2): Statutory Plans and Guidelines Department of Conservation. 2010: Preliminary Draft Conservation Management Strategy for the Wellington Region, January DOCDM p. Greater Wellington Regional Council. 1995: Regional Freshwater Plan for the Wellington Region. Publication No. WRC/PP.G.95/58. Greater Wellington Regional Council.1995: Regional Policy Statement for the Wellington Region. Publication No. WRC/PP.G.95/28. May Greater Wellington Regional Council. 2000: Regional Coastal Plan for the Wellington Region. Publication No. WRC/RP.G.00/02. June Greater Wellington Regional Council. 2000: Regional Soil Plan for the Wellington Region. Publication No. WRC/RP.G.00/5. Greater Wellington Regional Council. 2002: Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines for the Wellington Region. 112 p Greater Wellington Regional Council Proposed Regional Policy Statement for the Wellington Region. Greater Wellington Regional Council. 2009: Greater Wellington Regional Pest Management Strategy. 168 p. Kāpiti Coast District Council. 1999: Kāpiti Coast District Plan. Kāpiti Coast District Council Proposed Kāpiti Coast District Plan. Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 22

26 Appendix 1 Botanical Species List Botanical species list for the upper section of Kaitawa Reserve, Kāpiti Coast District Council SNA Site K150. Valley Road, Paraparaumu. Centred on R26 790/298. List compiled on 28 January 2013 By P. Enright and M. Park. * = native but not to the area;? = id to be confirmed BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME VASCULAR NATIVE MONOCOT TREES Cordyline australis Rhopalostylis sapida ti kouka, cabbage tree nikau DICOT TREES AND SHRUBS Alectryon excelsus titoki Aristotelia serrata makomako, wineberry Beilschmiedia tawa tawa Brachyglottis repanda rangiora Coprosma grandifolia Kanono, manono, large-leaved coprosma, raurekau Coprosma rhamnoides Coprosma robusta karamu Corynocarpus laevigatus * karaka Dysoxylum spectabile kohekohe Elaeocarpus dentatus hinau Geniostoma ligustrifolium var ligustrifolium hangehange Fuchsia excorticata kotukutuku, tree fuchsia Hedycarya arborea porokaiwhiri, pigeonwood Hoheria populnea * houhere, lacebark Kunzea ericoides kanuka Melicytus ramiflorus mahoe Myrsine australis mapou Olearia rani var. colorata heketara Pennantia corymbosa kaikomako Piper excelsum subsp excelsum kawakawa Pittosporum eugenioides tarata, lemonwood Pittosporum tenuifolium kohuhu Pseudopanax arboreus whauwhaupaku, five-finger Schefflera digitata pate, seven-finger MONOCOT LIANES Ripogonum scandens Freycinetia banksii DICOT LIANES Calystegia tuguriorum Clematis paniculata Metrosideros diffusa Muehlenbeckia australis Parsonsia heterophylla Passiflora tetrandra FERNS Asplenium bulbiferum Asplenium flaccidum kareao, supplejack kiekie NZ bindweed puawananga, white clematis white climbing rata pohuehue, large-leaved muehlenbeckia kaihua, parsonsia kohia, NZ passionflower hen and chicken fern makawe a Raukatauri, hanging spleenwort Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 23

27 Asplenium gracillimum Blechnum chambersii Blechnum filiforme Cyathea dealbata Cyathea medullaris Doodia australis Histiopteris incisa Hymenophyllum demissum Hymenophyllum flexuosum Hypolepis ambigua Lastreopsis glabella Leptopteris hymenophylloides Loxogramme dictyopteris Microsorum pustulatum subsp. pustulatum Microsorum scandens Paesia scaberula Pellaea rotundifolia Pneumatopteris pennigera Poylphlebium endlicherianum Pteris macilenta Pteris tremula, Pyrrosia eleagnifolia GRASSES Uncinia uncinata MONOCOT HERBS Astelia solandri DICOT HERBS Hydrocotyle moschata var. moschata hen and chicken fern nini, lance fern panako, threadfern ponga, silver fern mamaku rasp fern Histiopteris, water fern, mata, Bat's wing fern drooping filmy fern, irirangi, piripiri irirangi, filmy fern smooth shield fern heruheru, single crepe fern lance fern kowaowao, hound's tongue mokimoki, fragrant fern, lace fern, ring fern, scented fern tarawera, button fern pakau, gully fern titipo, brake shaking or tender brake, Australian bracken ota, leather-leaf fern Hook sedge, kamu, matau-a-maui kowharawhara hairy pennywort VASCULAR EXOTIC Achillea millefolium Agapanthus praecox subsp. orientalis Apium nodiflorum Asparagus scandens Calystegia silvatica subsp. disjuncta Carex spicata? Chamaecytisus palmensis Conyza bilbaoana Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Dactylis glomerata Ehrharta erecta Hedychium gardnerianum Hedera helix subsp. helix Holcus lanatus Hypericum androsaemum Iris foetidissima Jacobaea vulgaris Juncus effusus var. effusus Laurus nobilis Lotus pedunculatus Orobanche minor Passiflora mixta Physalis peruviana Pinus radiata yarrow agapanthus water celery climbing asparagus great bindweed tree lucerne fleabane montbretia cocksfoot veldt grass wild ginger, Kahili ginger ivy Yorkshire fog tutsan stinking iris ragwort leafless rush Bay tree lotus broomrape banana passionfruit Cape gooseberry radiata pine Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 24

28 Plantago lanceolata Prunus spp. Pseudopanax hybrid (garden escape?) Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus robur Ranunculus repens Rhamnus alaternus Rubus fruticosus agg. Rumex acetosella Senecio bipinnatisectus Solanum chenopodioides Solanum nigrum Stachys sylvatica Tradescantia fluminensis Trifolium pratense Trifolium repens narrow-leaved plantain wild cherry Douglas fir European oak creeping buttercup evergreen buckthorn blackberry sheep sorrel Australian fireweed velvety nightshade black nightshade hedge woundwort wandering Willie red clover white clover Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 25

29 Appendix 2 Site Photos Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu Assessment of Ecological Effects 27

30 Photo 1: Looking across Valley Road towards exis ng 110kV line within KCDC Ecosite K150 Kaitawa Reserve. Exis ng 110kV transmission line tower within Ecosite visible to right. Photo 2: Interior of KCDC Ecosite K150 looking north-east. Photo 3: Close-up of tributary of the Wharemauku Stream within KCDC Ecosite K150. Photo taken January Photo 4: Looking across regenera ng kanuka and improved pasture on Bright property (within Conserva on Covenant area) with exis ng Paraparaumu Substaion in centre of image. W12086_PRM_220kV_Upgrade Photo 5: Looking from Bright property across KCDC Ecosite K150 (with exis ng 110kV tower in centre) towards exis ng Paraparaumu Substa on. Valley Road to right of image. Photo 6: Illustra ng nature of typical exis ng farm access tracks in vicinity of proposed 220kV connec on with exis ng 220kV transmission lines. W12086_PRM_220kV_Transmission_Line_Upgrade_VEG_SitePhotos_A4.indd