HOW TO CITE REFERENCES

Transcription

1 HOW TO CITE REFERENCES By - Post-Doc Researcher, Department of Architecture, Aalto University, School of Arts, Design and Architecture, mina.dimarino@aalto.fi

2 HOW TO CITE REFERENCES The following examples are taken from a scientific journal. However, you can also follow Harvard style which is one of the most used styles. 2

3 HOW TO CITE REFERENCES WITHIN THE LIST OF REFERENCES Journal article Hersperger, A. M., Langhamer, D., & Dalang, T. (2012). Inventorying human-made objects - A step towards better understanding land use for multifunctional planning in a periurban Swiss landscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105(3), Book Niemela, J. (Ed.). (2012). Urban ecology - Patterns, processes and applications. New York - Oxford. Chapter in an edited book McDonnell, M. J., & Hahs, A. K. (2009). Comparative ecology of cities and towns - Past, present and future. In M. J. McDonnell, A. K. Hahs, & J. H. Breuste (Eds.), Ecology of cities and towns - A comparative approach (pp ). New York - Cambridge. available 3

4 HOW TO CITE REFERENCES WITHIN THE LIST OF REFERENCES Technical or research report, published in print and online Gobster, P. H., and & Haight, R. G. (2004). From landscapes to lots - Understanding and managing Midwestern landscape change (General Technical Report NC-245). St. Paul, MN - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station. Retrieved from - http -// Web pages and other online-only sources with changing content Editor. (n.d.). Guide for authors. Landscape and Urban Planning, Retrieved January 1, 2012 from http// uthorinstructions. available 4

5 HOW TO CITE REFERENCES WITHIN THE LIST OF REFERENCES Journal article, non-english source Vogel, B., Molich, T., & Klar, N. (2009). Der Wildkatzenwegeplan - Ein strategisches Instrument des Naturschutz (The Wildcat Infrastructure Plan - A strategic instrument of nature conservation). Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung, 41, available 5

6 HOW TO CITE REFERENCES WITHIN THE TEXT Authors cited outside and within parentheses - We used the Cuzick and Edwards (1990) test summed across all cases (Cuzick & Edwards, 1990). Multiple works in same parentheses -...Urban areas tended to have less diverse assemblages of bird species than adjacent natural areas (Beissinger & Osborne, 1982; Cam, Nichols, Sauer, Hines, & Flather, 2000; Gavareski, 1976)... Multiple authors, 2nd occurrence -...responses to habitat features were scale dependent (Bolger, Scott, & Rotenberry, 1997; Cam et al., 2000). the sources are cited chronologically and sources with the same data alphabetically. If the author surname is part of the text Gavareski (1976) suggests that the sustainability.. if the authors are more than two According to Bolger et al. (1997) available 6

7 HOW TO CITE OTHER REFERENCES Publication by organizations and government agencies In the text According to the Foundation Agricultural Organization (FAO 1999) major change requires. In the references Foundation Agricultural Organization, 1999, A strategy for sustainable agriculture, New York. Department of City Planning (UK), 2000, Policies and guidelines, available at planning/planning/pages/default.aspx (last access on November 2012). News papers Hoff R., (2008) Sustainable development, The Irish Weekend Herald, 14th July, available 7

8 HOW TO INCLUDE PICTURE CAPTIONS Or you can say Image by the author or Image by the group no. Fig. 1 Map by Southside District Commission, April 30, 2009, Image available at Fig. 2 Example: cartography of the standard 1 Species - fauna and flora s potential 8and actual wealth related to a specific ecosystem and a zone., Image available at

9 HOW TO INCLUDE TABLE CAPTIONS Table 1. Number of Nationally Important Wetlands and Number with Treatened Water Regimes as at Table available at IF THE TABLE IS YOURS YOU DO NOT NEED TO MENTION ANY SOURCES 9 Table 1, Title table available at

10 HOW TO CITES SLIDES FROM LECTURE Title of the slide, title of the lecture, name of the invited speaker, place (e.g.department of Architecture, Aalto University,) date (e.g. November 17,

11 HOW TO CITES SOME FINDINGS FROM A LECTURE WITHIN THE TEXT You migh have a 1 within the text and footnote in the bottom of the page where the lecture is mentioned Contents of the footnote title of the lecture, name of the invited speaker, place e.g.department of Architecture, Aalto University, date - e.g. November 17,

12 HOW TO CITE QUOTATIONS According to Gavareski (1976, p. 22) the sustainable planning BLOCK OF QUOTATION Gavereski (2009) highlights the issues related to the sustainable cities as follows: the sustainable planning (p.22) SECONDARY SOURCE Weber (1966) as cited by Papa (2008) provides OR Referring to Weber (1966), Papa (2008) stated that. available 12

13 TECHINICAL WRITING SKILLS By - Post-Doc Researcher, Department of Architecture, Aalto University, School of Arts, Design and Architecture, mina.dimarino@aalto.fi

14 Technical writing skills Before you start writing Decide what the objective of the report is Write down the objective Always have in mind a specific reader Decide what information you need to include Have access to a good dictionary Identify someone who can provide feedback Review by English native speakers (academic language services, language editing services) 14

15 Technical writing skills A sentence should contain a single unit of information. Therefore, avoid compound sentences wherever possible. In particular, be on the lookout for words like and, or and while which are often used unnecessarily to build a compound sentence. Improving your technical writing skills available at 15

16 Technical writing skills Example (this example fixes some other problems also that are dealt with below) Bad: Time division multiplexed systems are basically much simpler, the combination and separation of channels being affected by timing circuits rather than by filters and inter-channel interference is less dependent on system non-linearities, due to the fact that only one channel is using the common communication medium at Library any 10 instant. Good: Systems multiplexed by time division are basically much simpler. The channels are combined and separated by timing circuits, not by filters. Interference between channels depends less on non-linear features of the system, because only one channel is using the common communication medium at any time. Improving your technical writing skills available at 16

17 Technical writing skills Writing Clinic service provided by Aalto University WHY? Academic writing is demanding for everyone. Writing your thesis or dissertation in English adds an extra challenge for non-native writers. We want to facilitate your writing process and help you improve as a writer. WHAT? Individual writing tutoring to help you learn how to plan, organise, write and revise academic papers; consultations are minutes long and are arranged in Otaniemi, Arabianranta or via Skype Business if needed. WHO? Aalto University degree students and faculty at ARTS, CHEM, ELEC, ENG, SCI, and specified researchers at BIZ. WHEN? During the academic autumn and spring semesters: 19th August - 11th December 2015; 7th January -17th June HOW? Book via MyCourses For further inquiries, contact: writingclinic@aalto.fi or Facebook. N.B. This service is unfortunately not available to visiting or exchange students at this university, but only Aalto degree students and faculty. 17

18 ETHICAL ISSUES By - Post-Doc Researcher, Department of Architecture, Aalto University, School of Arts, Design and Architecture, mina.dimarino@aalto.fi

19 ETHICAL INTEGRITY ETHICAL ISSUES Ethical integrity is essential to writing and publication. Important ethical concerns to consider while writing a manuscript include etiquette, fraudulent publication, plagiarism, duplicate publication, authorship, and potential for conflict of interest. strategies have been developed to prevent or detect ethical violations, and use of these strategies will enhance ethical integrity when preparing a manuscript for publication. Cynthia R. King, PhD, NP, RN, FAAN, available at 19

20 ETHICAL ISSUES ETHICAL INTEGRITY We need to maintain high standards of scholarly work and stress the importance of integrity in the dissemination of knowledge. Scholarly work must be conducted responsibly and ethically. Don't take things that aren't yours," "play fairly," and "share everything." these are important principles for authors to remember. Cynthia R. King, PhD, NP, RN, FAAN, available at 20

21 THANK YOU Post-Doc Researcher, Department of Architecture, Aalto University, School of Arts, Design and Architecture Finland 21